Constant Market Share and Price Spread Analysis

4

CONSTANT MARKET SHARE AND PRICE SPREAD ANALYSIS

Š›ƒǤƒŽ‹ǡƒ‡‡•ǤƒŠƒƒ†–Š‹”ƒǤ‡–Šƒƒ”ƒ

–”‘†—…–‹‘

ƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡‹••‘‡–Š‹‰†‡ϐ‹‡†‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ•Šƒ”‡‘ˆƒ…‘’ƒ›‘—–‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽ•‡‰‡–•ƒŽ‡•ǡ

™Š‹…Š …ƒ „‡ ‡‹–Š‡” –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘” ˜ƒŽ—‡ †‡ƒŽ– „› –Š‡ …‘’ƒ›Ǥ ƒ”‡– •Šƒ”‡ ‹• —…Š •‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–

ƒ•‹–‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Š‡…‘•—‡”•ǯ’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ˆ‘”ƒ’”‘†—…–‘˜‡”‘–Š‡”•‹‹Žƒ”’”‘†—…–•ǤŠ‹‰Š‡”ƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡

announces the strength of the company, higher sales, lesser efforts to win the market and strict barriers for the competitors to entry.

Š‡ …‘•–ƒ– ƒ”‡– •Šƒ”‡ ȋȌ ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ ˆ‘”‡”Ž› ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• –Š‡ …Šƒ‰‡ …ƒ—•‡† „› –Š‡ …Šƒ‰‡• ‹

competitiveness, demonstrates the development of the competitiveness and the structure of market share

‘ˆ ƒ …‘—–”›Ǥ – …‘’ƒ”‡• –Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽ ‡š’‘”– ‰”‘™–Š ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ …‘—–”› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ –Šƒ–

™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†‹ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›Šƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†‹–•‡š’‘”–•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘•‘‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†ǤŠ‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•

‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›…ƒ””‹‡†‘—––‘“—ƒ–‹ˆ›–Š‡‡š’‘”–’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆƒ…‘—–”›…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ …‘—–”›™Š‹…Š‡š’‘”–•–‘ƒ”‡––Šƒ–‹•‰”‘™‹‰•Ž‘™‡”–Šƒ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘”ƒ’”‘†—…–™Š‹…ŠŠƒ•‹–•

demand growing slowly than average, can have a decrease in its aggregate market share even if it maintains

‹–•ƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡Ǥ‡…‡ǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘…‘•–ƒ–ƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡•ƒƒŽ›•‹•–Š‡‡š’‘”–••Š‘—Ž†‘”‹‡–‡†–‘™ƒ”†•

the most dynamic markets and products in the world trade.

Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ„ƒ…‰”‘—†

›•œ›•‹ ‹ ͳͻͷ͵ Šƒ† †‘‡ ’‹‘‡‡”‹‰ ™‘”• „› —•‹‰ –Š‡ …‘•–ƒ– ƒ”‡– •Šƒ”‡ ȋȌ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ™Š‹…Š made it popular in applied international economics. The analysis ‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ…‘—–”›ǯ•

•Šƒ”‡‹™‘”Ž†ƒ”‡–••Š‘—Ž†”‡ƒ‹…‘•–ƒ–‘˜‡”–‹‡ǤŠ‡„ƒ•‹…‹†‡–‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‹•ǣ ݍ^௧ =σ ݍ_{௣ ௣}^௧ =σ ݏ_{௣ ௣}^௧ ܳ_௣^௧ _ԙȋͳȌ

‘”ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǣ

ݏ^௧ =σ ݏ_{௣ ௣}^௧ܵ_௣^௧ _ԙȋʹȌ Where ݍ^௧჉‰”‡‰ƒ–‡‡š’‘”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘…—•…‘—–”›

ݍ_௣^௧

α‡š’‘”–•‘ˆ–Š‡’Ǧ–Š…‘‘†‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘…—•…‘—–”›

ܳ௣௧

α™‘”Ž†‡š’‘”–•‘ˆ–Š‡’Ǧ–Š…‘‘†‹–›

ݏ^௧჉‰”‡‰ƒ–‡‡š’‘”–••Šƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘…—•…‘—–”›‹–‘–ƒŽ™‘”Ž†‡š’‘”–•

ݏ_௣^௧ =^௤೛೟

ொ_೛^೟ǡ•Šƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Ǧ–Š…‘‘†‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘…—•…‘—–”›‹–Š‡’Ǧ–Š…‘‘†‹–›‘ˆ™‘”Ž†‡š’‘”–•Ǥ

ܵ_௣^௧ = ^ொ೛೟

σ ொ೛ _೛^೟,

ǡ•Šƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Ǧ–Š…‘‘†‹–›‘ˆ™‘”Ž†‡š’‘”–•‹–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ™‘”Ž†‡š’‘”–•Ǥ

t = time.

Š‡•‹’Ž‡•–ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒƒŽ›•‡•…ƒ„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†„›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‰†‡–‹–›ʹ™‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘–‹‡ǣ

ௗ௦^೟

ௗ௧ =σ ݏ_{௣ ௣}^{௧ௗௌ೛೟}

ௗ௧ +σ ܵ_{௣ ௣}^௧ௗ௦೟

ௗ௧ ԙȋ͵Ȍ

 †‡–‹–› ͵ –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ ‡š’‘”– •Šƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘…—• …‘—–”›(^ௗ௦೟

ௗ௧ ) is decomposed into two

‡Ž‡‡–•ǣ ƒ •–”—…–—”ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‡…– †—‡ –‘ …Šƒ‰‡• ‹ …‘‘†‹–› •Šƒ”‡• ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† –”ƒ†‡(σ ܵ_{௣ ௣}^௧ௗ௦೟

ௗ௧ ), and the competitiveness effect (σ ݏ_{௣ ௣}^଴οݏ_௣οܵ_௣) ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‡ƒ•—”‡• –Š‡ …Šƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘…—• …‘—–”›ǯ• ‡š’‘”–• †—‡

‘Ž›–‘‡š’‘”–•Šƒ”‡…Šƒ‰‡•‹‡ƒ…Š…‘‘†‹–›Ǥ›•œ›•‹•—‰‰‡•–‡†–‘—•‡›‡ƒ”Ͳ™‡‹‰Š–•–‘‡ƒ•—”‡–Š‡

•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡…–ƒ–…‘•–ƒ–ƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡•ƒ†›‡ƒ”ͳ™‡‹‰Š–•–‘…‘’—–‡–Š‡…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••…‘’‘‡–ǡ

™Š‡”‡ƒ•ƒŽ†™‹‹ͳͻͷͺ‡’Ž‘›‡†›‡ƒ”Ͳ™‡‹‰Š–•–‘…‘’—–‡„‘–Š–Š‡…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ƒ†–Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡…–

™Š‹…ŠŽ‡ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡•‹†—ƒŽͳ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‰„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽƒ†–Š‡…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡–‡”Ǥ

ͳͻ͹ͳǡ‹…Šƒ”†•‘‹–‡”’”‡–‡†–Š‡”‡•‹†—ƒŽ–‡”(σ ݏ_{௣ ௣}^଴οݏ_௣οܵ_௣) as a second measurement of competitiveness,

•‹…‡‹–™‘—Ž†‹†‹…ƒ–‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡…‘—–”›™ƒ•‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰‹–•‡š’‘”–•Šƒ”‡•‹”ƒ’‹†Ž›‰”‘™‹‰…‘‘†‹–‹‡•

ƒ†ƒ”‡–•Ǥ‡…‘„‹‡†ƒ•’‡›”‡•Ǧƒ†ƒƒ•…Š‡Ǧ–›’‡•›•–‡•‘ˆ™‡‹‰Š–•‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ••—”‡…‘•‹•–‡…›‹

–Š‡ƒ……‘—–‹‰ˆ‘”…Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‡š’‘”–•Ǥ

ͳͻͺͺǡ‹Žƒƒƒ’’Ž‹‡†–Š‡†‹•…”‡–‡Ǧ–‹‡†‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‹–Š‡…ƒ•‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‹•‡š’”‡••‡†‹

–‡”•‘ˆƒ„•‘Ž—–‡…Šƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›ǯ•‡š’‘”–•ǤŠ‡•›•–‡‘ˆ™‡‹‰Š–•‹–Š‹•˜‡”•‹‘‹•…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†—•‹‰

ƒ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡ ™‡‹‰Š–• ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ƒ† ϐ‹ƒŽ ›‡ƒ”Ǥ Š‹•…Š‘‹…‡”‡ϐŽ‡…–• –Š‡ ˆƒ…– –Šƒ– ƒ …‘—–”›ǯ• ‡š’‘”–

structure and total world trade are changing over time, but that there is no reason to believe that either the

•–”—…–—”‡ƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰Ǧ‘”‡†Ǧ‘ˆǦ’‡”‹‘†™ƒ•†‘‹ƒ––Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡’‡”‹‘†Ǥ

Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•™ƒ•ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†„›‡”‹‡•ƒ†˜ƒ†‡”‡‡”‹ͳͻͺͺǤƒ–‡”˜ƒ”‹‘—•

‡‹‡–’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡• —•‡†–Š‡–‡…Š‹“—‡–‘…‘’ƒ”‡–Š‡…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••ǤʹͲͲͲǡ‹‘‹•ƒƒŽ›œ‡†–Š‡

‡Ž‰‹—ˆ‘”‡‹‰•‡…–‘”„›…‘’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡…‘—–”›ǯ•…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••™‹–Š‹–•ƒ‹–”ƒ†‹‰’ƒ”–‡”•Ǥ ƒ‰‡”„‡”‰

ƒ†‘ŽŽ‹‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–Š‡•ƒ‡‹ʹͲͲʹǡ‘˜‡”ƒ•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆʹͲ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†…‘—–”‹‡•„‡–™‡‡ͳͻ͸ͳƒ†ͳͻͺ͵Ǥ

Š‡•–—†›†‘‡„›‘Ž•–ƒ†‡‹••‹ʹͲͲͶ™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•„›ˆ‘…—•‹‰‘–Š‡‡š’‘”–

rivalry of the ASEAN members and China.

”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ–‹Ž‹–›

Š‡…‘•–ƒ–ƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡ȋȌƒƒŽ›•‹•‹•‡ƒ––‘•Š‡†Ž‹‰Š–—’‘–Š‡‡š’‘”–’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆƒ…‘—–”›

ƒ†–Š‡”‡„›–‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Š‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰”‡ƒ•‘•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡‡š’‘”–’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ǤŠ‡‡š’‘”–’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡

‹• ƒƒŽ›œ‡† „› ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡† ‡š’‘”– ‰”‘™–Š –‘ „‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡† ‹–‘ …‘‘†‹–›ǡ ƒ”‡–Ǧ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡ

ƒ†…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••‡ˆˆ‡…–•ǤŠ‡‡–Š‘†…ƒ„‡™‡ŽŽ—•‡†–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡…‘—–”›ǯ•…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡

’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Šƒ˜‡‰”‘™‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š‹–•…‘’‡–‹–‘”•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–‘ϐ‹‰—”‡‘—––Š‡‡š’‘”–‹‰Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›

™‹–Š”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡‘”—ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡‰”‘™–Š”ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•…ƒ„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ–‡…Š‹“—‡ϐ‹‰—”‡

out pattern and trend of trade for the purpose of policy formulation.

‡›™‘”†•ǣ‘•–ƒ–ƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡ǡ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡ǡƒ’’Ž‹‡†‡…‘‘‹…•ǡƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡ǡ‡š’‘”–’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ

‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡•—’’‘”–

Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•…ƒ„‡†‘‡‹š…‡ŽǤ

ƒ–ƒ”‡“—‹”‡‡–

Ȉ š’‘”–†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†’”‘†—…–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†…‘—–”›ǡ‘˜‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•

Ȉ š’‘”–†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”…‘—–”‹‡•ǡ‹…ƒ•‡…‘’ƒ”‹•‘‹•‡‡†‡†Ǥ Ȉ ’‘”–†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†’”‘†—…–‘ˆ–Š‡‹’‘”–‹‰…‘—–”›Ǥ

‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›

Š‡ ‡š’‘”– ‰”‘™–Š —†‡” ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‹• …‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ•…‘Ǧ‹’ƒ…– ‘ˆ ˆ‘—” ˆƒ…–‘”• ƒ‡Ž› ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ƒ”‡–

‰”‘™–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–ǡ…‘‘†‹–›…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‡ˆˆ‡…–ǡƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡‡ˆˆ‡…–ƒ†…Šƒ‰‡‹…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••ǤŠ‡‡š’‘”–

data of the country can be decomposed into structural, competitive and second order effects according to the

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘”—ŽƒǢ

οܳ_௞௜௝=ܵ_௞௜௝^଴ ×οܳ_௞௜௝+ܳ_௞௜௝^଴ ×οܵ_௞௜௝+οܵ_௞௜௝×οܳ_௞௜௝

Where,

ܵ_௞௜௝^଴ ×οܳ_௞௜௝ is structural effect

ܳ_௞௜௝^଴ ×οܵ௞௜௝ is competitive effect οܵ_௞௜௝×οܳ_௞௜௝ is second order effect.

Ǯǯ‹•–Š‡…Šƒ‰‡‘˜‡”’‡”‹‘†ǡǮͲǯ‹•–Š‡„ƒ•‡’‡”‹‘†ǡǮͳǯ‹•–Š‡ϐ‹ƒŽ’‡”‹‘†ǡǮǯ‹•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ’”‘†—…–‡š’‘”–•ǡǮǯ

‹•–Š‡•Šƒ”‡‘ˆ‡š’‘”–•‹˜ƒŽ—‡–‡”•Ǥ

Š‡†‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘ˆ‘”—Žƒ‡ƒ††‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ‡š’‘”–•—†‡”…‘•–ƒ–

ƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‹•’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤŠ‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•…‘˜‡”•–Š‡‡š’‘”–†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘˜‡”ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–‹‡‹

‘”†‡”–‘ϐ‹‰—”‡‘—––Š‡‡š’‘”–’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ƒ†…Šƒ‰‡•‹…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••

ƒ„Ž‡ ͳǤ ‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘”—Žƒ‡ ƒ† ‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘’‘‡–• ‘ˆ ”‘™–Š ‘ˆ š’‘”–• †‡”

‘•–ƒ–ƒ”‡–Šƒ”‡ƒŽ›•‹•

ƒ‹

component —„…‘’‘‡– ‘”—Žƒ ‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘

Structural effect

”‘™–Š‡ˆˆ‡…– ^{ܵ௄଴×οܳ}

ȟ ‹ –‘–ƒŽ ’”‘†—…– ‡š’‘”–• ‘ˆ …‘—–”›

Ǯǯ†—‡–‘…Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•–‘–ƒŽ

‡š’‘”–•

Market effect ^{ܵ௞௜௝଴ ×οܳ௞௜௝െ ܵ௞௜଴ ×οܳ௞௜} ȟ‹‡š’‘”–•‘ˆ…‘—–”›Ǯǯ‘ˆ’”‘†—…–Ǯ‹ǯ

–‘…‘—–”›ǮŒǯ†—‡–‘…Šƒ‰‡‹ƒ”‡–

†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‡š’‘”–‹‰…‘—–”›Ǥ

Commodity effect ^{ܵ௞௜௝଴ ×οܳ௞௜௝െ ܵ௞௝଴ ×οܳ௞௝}

ȟ ‹ ‡š’‘”–• ‘ˆ …‘—–”› Ǯǯ ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…– Ǯ‹ǯ –‘ …‘—–”› ǮŒǯ †—‡ –‘ …Šƒ‰‡ ‹

…‘‘†‹–› …‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡š’‘”–‹‰

country.

Interaction effect ^(ܵ௞௜௝

଴ ×οܳ_௞௜௝െ ܵ_௞௜^଴×οܳ_௞௜)െ(ܵ_௞௜௝^଴ ×οܳ_௞௜௝

െ ܵ_௞௝^଴ ×οܳ_௞௝)

ȟ ‹ ‡š’‘”–• ‘ˆ …‘—–”› Ǯǯ ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…– Ǯ‹ǯ –‘ …‘—–”› ǮŒǯ †—‡ –‘ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ ‹

market and commodity effects.

Sub total ^{ܵ௞௜௝଴ ×οܳ௞௜௝} ȟ‹‡š’‘”–•‘ˆ…‘—–”›Ǯǯ‘ˆ’”‘†—…–Ǯ‹ǯ

–‘ …‘—–”› ǮŒǯ †—‡ –‘ …Šƒ‰‡ ‹ ‡š’‘”–

˜ƒŽ—‡–‘‡š’‘”–†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘ǮŒǯǤ

Competitive

effect ‡‡”ƒŽ

competitive effect

ܳ^଴×οܵ_௞

ȟ ‹ ‡š’‘”–• ‘ˆ …‘—–”› Ǯǯ ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…– Ǯ‹ǯ –‘ …‘—–”› ǮŒǯ †—‡ –‘ ƒ …Šƒ‰‡ ‹

…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ…‘—–”›Ǯǯˆ‘”–‘–ƒŽ

‡š’‘”–•–‘–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ

’‡…‹ϐ‹…

competitive effect

ܳ_௞௜௝^଴ ×οܵ_௞௜௝െ ܳ^଴×οܵ_௞

ȟ ‹ ‡š’‘”–• ‘ˆ …‘—–”› Ǯǯ ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…– Ǯ‹ǯ –‘ …‘—–”› ǮŒǯ †—‡ –‘ ƒ …Šƒ‰‡ ‹

…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡•• ‘ˆ …‘—–”› Ǯǯ ‹

‡š’‘”–‘ˆ’”‘†—…–Ǯ‹ǯ–‘†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘ǮŒǯǤ

—„Ǧ–‘–ƒŽ ^ܳ௞௜௝

଴ ×οܵ_௞௜௝

ȟ‹‡š’‘”–•‘ˆ…‘—–”›Ǯǯ‘ˆ’”‘†—…–Ǯ‹ǯ

–‘…‘—–”›ǮŒǯ†—‡–‘

ƒ …Šƒ‰‡ ‹ ‡š’‘”–‹‰ …‘—–”›ǯ•

ƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡‘ˆ’”‘†—…–Ǯ‹ǯ‹ƒ‡š’‘”–

†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘ǮŒǯǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••Ǥ

Second order effect

—”‡•‡…‘†

order effect ⁽

ܳ^ଷ

ܳ^଴െ1) ×οܵ_௞௜௝×οܳ_௞௜௝

ȟ ‹ ‡š’‘”–• ‘ˆ …‘—–”› Ǯǯ ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…– Ǯ‹ǯ –‘ …‘—–”› ǮŒǯ †—‡ –‘ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘

‘ˆ •’‡…‹ϐ‹… …‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ƒ†

structural effect.

Dynamic structural

residuals ^{οܵ௞௜௝×οܳ௞௜௝െ(}

ܳ^ଷ

ܳ^଴െ1) ×οܵ_௞௜௝×οܳ_௞௜௝

ȟ ‹ ‡š’‘”–• ‘ˆ …‘—–”› Ǯǯ ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…– Ǯ‹ǯ –‘ …‘—–”› ǮŒǯ †—‡ –‘ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ ‘ˆ

•’‡…‹ϐ‹……‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡…–ƒ†ƒ”‡–

effect

—„Ǧ–‘–ƒŽ ^{οܵ௞௜௝×οܳ௞௜௝}

ȟ ‹ ‡š’‘”–• ‘ˆ …‘—–”› Ǯǯ ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…– Ǯ‹ǯ –‘ …‘—–”› ǮŒǯ †—‡ –‘ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ ‘ˆ

structural effect and competitive effect.

‘–ƒŽ ^{οܳ௞௜௝} ȟ ‹ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ‡š’‘”–• ‘ˆ …‘—–”› Ǯǯ –‘

†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘ǮŒǯ‘ˆ’”‘†—…–Ǯ‹ǯǤ

‘”‡†‘—–‡šƒ’Ž‡

›ƒ‹‰—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡŠ‡”‡™‡ƒ”‡ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡‰”‘™–Š”ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡š’‘”–˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆŠƒ‹Žƒ†ǯ•ƒ–ϐ‹•Š

‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡’‡”‹‘†ͳͻͺ͹ǦʹͲͲͺǤŠ‡†‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‹•…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–‹ƒ„Ž‡ʹǤ

ƒ„Ž‡ʹǣ‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ”‘™–Š”ƒ–‡‘ˆš’‘”–ƒŽ—‡‘ˆŠƒ‹Žƒ†ǯ•ƒ–ϐ‹•Š‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•

ƒ‹

component —„Ǧ…‘’‘‡–

ͳͻͻ͵Ǧͳͻͻ͸

˜‡”ͳͻͺͻǦ 1992

ͳͻͻ͹ǦʹͲͲͲ

˜‡”ͳͻͻ͵Ǧ 1996

ʹͲͲͳǦʹͲͲͶ

˜‡”ͳͻͻ͹Ǧ 2000

ʹͲͲͷǦʹͲͲͺ

˜‡”ʹͲͲͳǦ 2004

–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡…–ȋΨ…Šƒ‰‡‹‡š’‘”–˜ƒŽ—‡Ȍ ʹͻ ͳ͸ͷ ʹͺʹ ͵

”‘™–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–ȋΨ–‘•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡…–Ȍ Ǧʹ͹Ͳʹͷʹ͹ ʹͺͲ͵ͻʹͻ ͳ͵ͻͺ͵͵͹ Ͷ͵ͷͺͲͲ

ƒ”‡–‡ˆˆ‡…–ȋΨ–‘•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡…–Ȍ ͺ͵ͷ ͳͶ͸ Ǧʹͷͺͺ ǦʹʹͶʹ

‘‘†‹–›‡ˆˆ‡…–ȋΨ–‘•–”—…–—”ƒŽ

‡ˆˆ‡…–Ȍ

ͶͲͳͷͺͷ Ǧ͵ͺͺʹͺͺ͸ Ǧ͸ͲͷͲ͸͵ ǦͻͻͶ͵͸

–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘‡ˆˆ‡…–ȋΨ–‘

•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡…–Ȍ

ʹ͵ͲͲʹͲ͹ ͳͲ͹ͺͻͳͳ Ǧ͹ͻͲͷͺ͸ Ǧ͵͵ͶͲʹͳ

‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡…–ȋΨ–‘…Šƒ‰‡‹‡š’‘”–˜ƒŽ—‡Ȍ ͻ͵ ǦͶͳ Ǧ͹ʹ ͳʹ

‡‡”ƒŽ…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡…–ȋΨ–‘

…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡…–Ȍ

ǦͶͺͳͺͷ͵ ͷͺ͹ͻͳ͸ͷ ͸͵͸Ͷ͸ͻʹ Ǧͻ͵ͺ͹

’‡…‹ϐ‹……‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡…–ȋΨ–‘

…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡…–Ȍ

Ͷͺͳͻͷ͵ Ǧͷͺ͹ͻͲ͸ͷ Ǧ͸͵͸Ͷͷͻʹ ͻͶͺ͹

‡…‘†‘”†‡”‡ˆˆ‡…–ȋΨ…Šƒ‰‡‹‡š’‘”–˜ƒŽ—‡Ȍ Ǧʹʹ ǦʹͶ ǦͳͲͻ ͺͷ

—”‡•‡…‘†‘”†‡”‡ˆˆ‡…–ȋΨ–‘

•‡…‘†‘”†‡”‡ˆˆ‡…–Ȍ

͵͵ ͳͲ ͳ͹ Ͷͳ

›ƒ‹…•–”—…–—”ƒŽ”‡•‹†—ƒŽ•ȋΨ–‘

•‡…‘†‘”†‡”‡ˆˆ‡…–Ȍ

͸͹ ͻͲ ͺ͵ ͷͻ

Šƒ‰‡‹‡š’‘”–˜ƒŽ—‡Ψ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ

„•‘Ž—–‡…Šƒ‰‡‹‡š’‘”–˜ƒŽ—‡ȋǮͲͲͲ̈́Ȍ ǦͳͲͻ ͻ ͳͺ ͳͶͲ͹͵

–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–•

Š‡‰”‘™–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–ƒ†–Š‡•’‡…‹ϐ‹……‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹†‹…ƒ–‡ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹ƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡‘ˆŠƒ‹Žƒ†ǯ•ƒ–ϐ‹•Š

‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‡”‹…ƒȋǤȌƒ”‡–ƒ†–Š—•ƒ•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ‰”‘™–Š‹•”‡…‘”†‡†‹–Š‡…ƒ–ϐ‹•Š‡š’‘”–•‘ˆ

Šƒ‹Žƒ†Ǥ…‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’‘”–†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ•‹‹Žƒ”’”‘†—…–•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”ƒŒ‘”…‘—–”‹‡•–‘–Š‡ǤǤǡ—•‹‰–Š‡

same technique, could give a clear picture of the more competitiveness enjoyed by Thailand.

”‹…‡•’”‡ƒ†ƒƒŽ›•‹•

ͳǤ‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘

ƒ”‡–‹‰‹•–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆ„—•‹‡••ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–†‹”‡…––Š‡ϐŽ‘™‘ˆ‰‘‘†•ƒ†•‡”˜‹…‡•ˆ”‘’”‘†—…‡”

to consumer or user. Marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need

ƒ†™ƒ––Š”‘—‰Š…”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ†‡š…Šƒ‰‹‰’”‘†—…–•ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡™‹–Š‘–Š‡”•Ǥ 2.Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ„ƒ…‰”‘—†

ƒ”‡–‹‰ —…–‹‘•ǣ

Any single activity performed in carrying a product from the point of its production to the ultimate consumer

ƒ›„‡–‡”‡†ƒ•ƒƒ”‡–‹‰ˆ—…–‹‘Ǥ–ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ›‘‡‘”…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š”‡‡†‹‡•‹‘•ǡ˜‹œǤǡ–‹‡ǡ space and form.

Ǥ‰ǤǦŠ‡ƒ”‡–‹‰‘ˆϐ‹•Šƒ›‹˜‘Ž˜‡…ƒ””›‹‰ǡ’”‹…‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ•‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡ„—›‹‰ǡ‰”ƒ†‹‰ǡ’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡ packing, storage, etc.

ƒ”‡–‹‰Šƒ‡Ž•ǣ

Marketing channels are routes consisting of intermediaries through which commodities move from producers to consumers.

Ǥ‰ǤǦ ‹•Šƒ”‡–‹‰…Šƒ‡Ž•Ǧ

ȋ‹Ȍ ‹•Š‡”ƒǦ—…–‹‘‡‡”Ǧ‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”Ǧ‘•—‡”

ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‹•Š‡”ƒǦ—…–‹‘‡‡”Ǧ”‘…‡••‘”ǦŠ‘Ž‡•ƒŽ‡”Ǧ‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”Ȃ‘•—‡”

ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ‹•Š‡”‡Ǧ—…–‹‘‡‡”Ǧ‘‹••‹‘ƒ‰‡–•Ǧ”‘…‡••‘”ȋ ‹•Š‡ƒŽ’Žƒ–•ȌǦš’‘”–‡”

ȋ‹˜Ȍ ‹•Š‡”‡Ǧ‘…ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡”•Ǧ‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”•Ǧ‘•—‡”•

ȋ˜Ȍ ‹•Š‡”‡Ǧ‘…ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡”•ǦŠ‘Ž‡•ƒŽ‡”•Ǧ‘‹••‹‘ƒ‰‡–•Ǧ‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”•Ǧ…‘•—‡”•

ȋ˜‹Ȍ ‹•Š‡”‡Ǧ••‡„Ž‡”•ǦŠ‘Ž‡•ƒŽ‡”•ǦǦš’‘”–•

”‹…‡’”‡ƒ†ǣ

The difference between the price paid by consumer and the price received by the producer for an equivalent

“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ’”‘†—…–‹•‘™ƒ•’”‹…‡•’”‡ƒ†Ǥƒ”‡–‹‰•›•–‡‹•‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–™Š‡’”‹…‡•’”‡ƒ†‹•‹‹—Ǥ

Š‡’”‹…‡•’”‡ƒ†‹…Ž—†‡•Ȃ

ȋ‹Ȍ ƒ”‡–‹‰‘•–ȋȌǣŠ‡…‘•–•‘”‡š’‡•‡•‹…—””‡†‹‘˜‹‰–Š‡’”‘†—…–‘”•‡”˜‹…‡ˆ”‘’”‘†—…‡”•

to consumers.

Ǥ‰ǤǦ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ’ƒ…‹‰ǡ’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡ‡–…Ǥ

ȋ‹‹Ȍ ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ”‰‹ȋȌǣ”‘ϐ‹–•‘”‹…‘‡‡ƒ”‡†„›˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ”‡–‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ”‹‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹‘˜‹‰

the produce from the production to the ultimate consumption.

Ǥ‰ǤǦ‘‹••‹‘ǡ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”̵•’”‘ϐ‹–ǡ‡–…Ǥ

‘ǡ”‹…‡’”‡ƒ†ȋȌᑐ•—‡”̵•”‹…‡ȋȌǦ”‘†—…‡”̵•”‹…‡ȋȌ ე‡–‹‰‘•–Ϊƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ”‰‹Ǥ

͵. ”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ—–‹Ž‹–›

Ȉ ‘—–”‹‡•…ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ƒ††‡†˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ”‘ϐ‹•Š„›‡š’‡”–ƒ”‡–‹‰Ǥ

Ȉ ‘•—‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒ‹Ž› „‡‡ϐ‹––‡† †—‡ –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡† ƒ”‡–‹‰ •—…Š ƒ• –Š‡› ‰‡– ˆ”‡•Š ϐ‹•Š ƒ– Ž‘™‡”

prices

Ȉ ”‘†—…‡”• ‰‡–• „‡‡ϐ‹––‡† ƒ• ‹ˆ –Š‡‹” ’”‘ϐ‹–• ”‹•‡ ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ’”‹…‡• Ǧ ƒ––ƒ‹‡† ˆ”‘

improvements in quality, or lower costs following from improvements in productivity.

Ȉ ƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆƒ”‡–•–”—…–—”‡™‘—Ž†‡Šƒ…‡–Š‡‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡…›‘ˆϐ‹•Šƒ”‡–‹‰•›•–‡ƒ†‘ˆˆ‡”˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡

information for developing policy framework.

Ȉ ”‹…‡•’”‡ƒ†ƒƒŽ›•‹•Š‡Ž’–‘ϐ‹†–Š‡•Šƒ”‡‘ˆϐ‹•Š‡”‡‹–Š‡…‘•—‡”ǯ•”—’‡‡Ǥ

Ȉ ƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ’”‹…‡ƒ––Š‡Žƒ†‹‰…‡–‡”•ƒ†‹”‡–ƒ‹Žƒ”‡–•™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’–‘‡ƒ•—”‡–Š‡‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡…›‘ˆ

the marketing system ͶǤ ‡›™‘”†•

ƒ”‡–‹‰ǡ”‹…‡ǡƒ”‡–‹‰ˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ”‡–‹‰…‘•–

5. ‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡•—’’‘”–

•Ǥš…‡Ž

͸Ǥ ƒ–ƒ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•

ƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ“—ƒ–‹–›ƒ†•’‡…‹‡•‘ˆϐ‹•Šǡ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘…‘•–ǡ’”‹…‡‘ˆϐ‹•Š•‘Ž†–‘–Š‡…‘•—‡”•ǡƒ—…–‹‘

rate and retailers price was collected.

͹Ǥ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›

Š‡‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‘’–‡†ˆ‘”†‡–‡”‹‹‰–Š‡‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡…›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡–‹‰•›•–‡

–‡’ͷǣ—ƒ–‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡ƒ”‡–‹‰…‘•–

–‡’ǣ—ƒ–‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ”‰‹

Step III: Estimation of the price spread

–‡’ǣ•–‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ˆϔ‹…‹‡…›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡–‹‰•›•–‡

”‹…‡•’”‡ƒ†

”‹…‡ •’”‡ƒ† ‘” ”‘•• ƒ”‡–‹‰ ƒ”‰‹ȋȌ ‹• –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‡– ’”‹…‡ ”‡…‡‹˜‡† „› –Š‡

ϐ‹•Š‡”‡ƒ–Žƒ†‹‰…‡–”‡ȋ”‹…‡ƒ–ϐ‹”•–•ƒŽ‡•Ȍƒ†’”‹…‡’ƒ‹†„›–Š‡…‘•—‡”ȋ‡–ƒ‹Ž’”‹…‡‘””‹…‡ƒ–Žƒ•–

•ƒŽ‡•Ȍˆ‘”ƒ›‰‹˜‡…‘‘†‹–›ƒ–ƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”’‘‹–‘ˆ–‹‡‹ƒƒ”‡–Ǥ

ƒ”‡–‹‰‘•–ȋȌǣ

Š‡…‘•–•‘”‡š’‡•‡•‹…—””‡†‹‘˜‹‰–Š‡’”‘†—…–‘”•‡”˜‹…‡ˆ”‘’”‘†—…‡”•–‘…‘•—‡”•Ǥ Ǥ‰ǤǦ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ’ƒ…‹‰ǡ’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡ‡–…Ǥ

ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ”‰‹ȋȌǣ

”‘ϐ‹–• ‘” ‹…‘‡ ‡ƒ”‡† „› ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ”‡– ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ”‹‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ‘˜‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘†—…‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡

production to the ultimate consumption.

Ǥ‰ǤǦ‘‹••‹‘ǡ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”̵•’”‘ϐ‹–ǡ‡–…Ǥ

”‹…‡’”‡ƒ† 呐•—‡”̹•”‹…‡ȋȌǦ”‘†—…‡”̹•”‹…‡ȋȌ ე‡–‹‰‘•–Ϊƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ”‰‹Ǥ

ˆϐ‹…‹‡…›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡–‹‰•›•–‡

‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–ƒ”‡–‹‰•›•–‡‹•–Š‡‘‡ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›’”‘†—…‡”‰‡–•ƒš‹—„‡‡ϐ‹–Ǥƒ‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–

ƒ”‡–‹‰ •›•–‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ”‡–‹‰ …‘•– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ– ‹‹—Ǥ Š‡ ‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡…›‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡–‹‰ ‹• ƒ••‡••‡†„›

working out the following indicators.

‹•Š‡”‡̵••Šƒ”‡‹–Š‡…‘•—‡”̵•”—’‡‡ƒ†”‘••ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ”‰‹ȋȌ™‡”‡—•‡†ˆ‘”ƒƒŽ›•‹‰–Š‡

trends in landings and studying the price behaviour.

ͳǤ ”‘••ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ”‰‹ȋȌ

αǦ

‹•‡–ƒ‹Ž”‹…‡ǡ‹•ƒ†‹‰…‡–”‡”‹…‡

Š‡”‡ƒ†‹‰…‡–”‡”‹…‡ȋȌ‹•–Š‡‡–’”‹…‡”‡…‡‹˜‡†„›–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡”‡ƒ–Žƒ†‹‰…‡–”‡ȋϐ‹”•–

•ƒŽ‡•Ȍƒˆ–‡”†‡†—…–‹‰–Š‡ƒ—…–‹‘…Šƒ”‰‡•ƒ†‹•–Š‡’”‹…‡’ƒ‹†„›–Š‡…‘•—‡”

2. ‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡Šƒ”‡‘ˆ ‹•Š‡”‡‹–Š‡‘•—‡”ǯ•—’‡‡•ȋ Ȍ

αȋȀȌȗͳͲͲ

͵Ǥ ‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡Šƒ”‡‘ˆƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ”‰‹‹‘•—‡”ǯ•—’‡‡ȋȌ

αȋͳǦȀȌȗͳͲͲ

Š‡”‡α”‡–ƒ‹Ž…‡–”‡’”‹…‡ αŽƒ†‹‰…‡–”‡’”‹…‡ ͺǤ ‘”‡†‘—–‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ Case I:

ϐ‹•Š‡”ƒǡ”Ǥ‘‘•ƒ…‘‡•–‘Žƒ’—œŠƒ ‹•Šƒ†‹‰‡–”‡ǡ™‹–ŠͳͲͲ‰‘ˆƒ”†‹‡ϐ‹•ŠǤŠ‡–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘

…Šƒ”‰‡•–‘„”‹‰–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡•–‘–Š‡Žƒ†‹‰…‡–”‡ƒ”‡̷‡ǤͲǤ͹ͲȀ‰Ǥ‡–ƒ‡•–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡•–‘ƒƒ—…–‹‘‡‡”ǡ”Ǥ

ƒ˜‹ƒ†–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡•ƒ”‡ƒ—…–‹‘‡†ƒ†‘‡™Š‘Ž‡•ƒŽ‡””Ǥ‘›ƒ’—”…Šƒ•‡•–Š‡Ž‘–̷•ǤͷͲȀ‰Ǥ”Ǥƒ˜‹–ƒ‡•

ƒ—…–‹‘”ƒ–‡̷•ǤͲǤ͵ͷȀ‰ˆ”‘”Ǥ‘‘•ƒǤ”Ǥ‘›ƒ„”‹‰•–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡•–‘’ƒŽƒ›ƒƒ”‡–™‹–Š–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘

…‘•–̷‡ǤͲǤͺͷȀ‰ƒ†•‡ŽŽ•–Š‡Ž‘––‘ƒ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”ǡ”Ǥ—ƒ”̷•ǤͷͷȀ‰Ǥ”Ǥ—ƒ”•‡ŽŽ•–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡•–‘…‘•—‡”•

̷•Ǥ͸ͲȀ‰‹–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ”‡–Ǥ–‹•ƒ••—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘Ž‘••‹–”ƒ•‹–ƒ†‘•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ––‹‡Žƒ‰Ǥ Case II:

ϐ‹•Š‡”ƒǡ”Ǥ“„ƒŽ…‘‡•–‘ŠƒŽ‹›ƒ ‹•Šƒ†‹‰‡–”‡ǡ™‹–ŠͳͲͲ‰‘ˆ•ƒ”†‹‡ϐ‹•ŠǤŠ‡–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘

…Šƒ”‰‡•–‘„”‹‰–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡•–‘ŠƒŽ‹›ƒŽƒ†‹‰…‡–”‡‹•̷‡ǤͲǤ͸ͲȀ‰Ǥ‡–ƒ‡•–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡•–‘ƒƒ—…–‹‘‡‡”Ǧ …—Ǧ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”ǡ”Ǥƒƒ—ƒ†•‡ŽŽ•–Š‡Ž‘–̷•ǤͷͲȀ‰Ǥ”Ǥƒƒ—–Š‡•‡ŽŽ•–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡•–‘…‘•—‡”•̷•ǤͷͷȀ kg at ramanattukara market and he provides the transportation charges from chaliyam to ramanattukara

ƒ”‡–̷‡ǤͲǤ͹ͲȀ‰ƒ†‹…‹‰…Šƒ”‰‡•̷‡ǤͲǤͷͲȀ‰Ǥ

‘”‘—–ǡǡ”‹…‡’”‡ƒ†ǡƒ†”‘†—…‡”ǯ••Šƒ”‡‹…‘•—‡”̵•”—’‡‡ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ˆ‘”„‘–Š–Š‡…ƒ•‡•Ǥ ͻǤ ‘’—–ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‹“—‡

ƒ•‡Ǧǣ

ȋȌ ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘…‘•–’ƒ‹†„›”Ǥ‘‘•ƒǡϐ‹•Š‡”ƒ

αͳͲͲšͲǤ͹Ͳα•Ǥ͹ͲǤ

ȋȌ ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘…‘•–’ƒ‹†„›”Ǥ‘›ƒǡ™Š‘Ž‡•ƒŽ‡”

αͳͲͲšͲǤͺͷα•Ǥͺͷ

׵

‘–ƒŽƒ”‡–‹‰‘•–ȋȌαΪα͹ͲΪͺͷα•Ǥͳͷͷ ȋȌ ‘‹••‹‘–ƒ‡„›”Ǥƒ˜‹ƒ—…–‹‘‡‡”ˆ”‘”Ǥ‘‘•ƒ

αͳͲͲšͲǤ͵ͷα•Ǥ͵ͷǤ ȋȌ ”‘ϐ‹–‡ƒ”‡†„›”Ǥ‘›ƒ

αͳͲͲšȓͷͷǦȋͷͲΪͲǤͺͷȌȔαͳͲͲȋͷͷȂͷͲǤͺͷȌ

α•ǤͶͳͷǤ

ȋȌ ”‘ϐ‹–‡ƒ”‡†„›”Ǥ“„ƒŽǡ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”

αͳͲͲȋ͸ͲǦͷͷȌαͳͲͲšͷα•ǤͷͲͲǤ

׵ ‘–ƒŽƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ”‰‹ȋȌαΪΪα͵ͷΪͶͳͷΪͷͲͲ

α•ǤͻͷͲ

׵

”‹…‡’”‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ͳͲͲ‰ƒ”†‹‡Š‡”‡

αΪ

αͳͷͷΪͻͷͲα•ǤͳǡͳͲͷǤ

׵

‘–ƒŽ’”‹…‡”‡…‡‹˜‡†„›”Ǥ‘‘•ƒǡϐ‹•Š‡”ƒ

αȋͳͲͲšͷͲȌǦȋ͹ͲΪ͵ͷȌαͷͲͲͲǦͳͲͷ

α•ǤͶǡͺͻͷ

׵

‘–ƒŽ’”‹…‡’ƒ‹†„›–Š‡…‘•—‡”•αͳͲͲš͸Ͳα•Ǥ͸ǡͲͲͲ

׵

”‘†—…‡”̵••Šƒ”‡‹…‘•—‡”̵•”—’‡‡

ͶͺͻͷšͳͲͲαͺͳǤͷ’‡”…‡–

α͸ͲͲͲ

ƒ•‡ǣ

ȋȌ ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘…‘•–’ƒ‹†„›”Ǥ“„ƒŽǡϐ‹•Š‡”ƒ

αͳͲͲšͲǤ͸Ͳα•Ǥ͸Ͳ

ȋȌ ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘…‘•–’ƒ‹†„›”Ǥƒƒ—ƒ—…–‹‘‡‡”Ǧ…—Ǧ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”

αͳͲͲšͲǤ͹Ͳα•Ǥ͹Ͳ

ȋȌ ‘•–•ˆ‘”‹…‹‰’ƒ‹†„›”Ǥƒƒ—

αͳͲͲšͲǤͷͲα•ǤͷͲ

׵

‘–ƒŽƒ”‡–‹‰‘•–•ȋȌ

αΪΪ

α͸ͲΪ͹ͲΪͷͲ

α•ǤͳͺͲ

”‘ϐ‹–‡ƒ”‡†„›”Ǥƒƒ—

αͳͲͲȓͷͷǦȋͷͲΪͲǤ͹ͲΪͲǤͷͲȌȔ

αͳͲͲȋͷͷǦͷͳǤʹȌ

α•Ǥ͵ͺͲ

׵

‘–ƒŽƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ”‰‹ȋȌα•Ǥ͵ͺͲ

׵

”‹…‡•’”‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ͳͲͲ‰•ƒ”†‹‡

αΪ

αͳͺͲΪ͵ͺͲ

α•Ǥͷ͸Ͳ

׵

‘–ƒŽ’”‹…‡”‡…‡‹˜‡†„›”Ǥ“„ƒŽǡϐ‹•Š‡”ƒ

αȋͳͲͲšͷͲȌǦ͸Ͳ

αͷͲͲͲǦ͸Ͳ

α•ǤͶǡͻͶͲ

׵

Total price paid by the consumers

αͳͲͲšͷͷ

α•ǤͷǡͷͲͲ

׵

”‘†—…‡”̵••Šƒ”‡‹…‘•—‡”̵•”—’‡‡αͶͻͶͲšͳͲͲαͺͻǤͺ’‡”…‡–

ͷͷͲͲ

ƒ•‡ͳ

ƒ‡‘ˆϐ‹•Š Sardine

ƒ”‡–‹‰…‘•–ȋȌ ͳͷͷ

ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ”‰‹ȋȌ ͻͷͲ

”‹…‡•’”‡ƒ† ͳͳͲͷ

”‘†—…‡”••Šƒ”‡ ͺͳǤͷ

‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡Šƒ”‡‘ˆƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ”‰‹‹‘•—‡”ǯ•—’‡‡ ͳͺǤͷ

ͳͳͲͷ

ƒ•‡ʹ

ƒ‡‘ˆϐ‹•Š Sardine

ƒ”‡–‹‰…‘•–ȋȌ ͳͺͲ

ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ”‰‹ȋȌ ͵ͺͲ

”‹…‡•’”‡ƒ† ͷ͸Ͳ

”‘†—…‡”••Šƒ”‡ ͺͻǤͺ

‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡Šƒ”‡‘ˆƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ”‰‹‹‘•—‡”ǯ•—’‡‡ ͳͳ

ͷ͸Ͳ

ͳͲǤ –‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–•

ƒ”‡–‹‰•›•–‡‹ƒ•‡Ǧ‹•‘”‡‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡––Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆƒ•‡Ǧǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡’”‹…‡•’”‡ƒ†‹•Ž‡••‹ƒ•‡Ǧ–Šƒ

ƒ•‡ǦǤŠ‡’”‘†—…‡”̵••Šƒ”‡‹…‘•—‡”•”—’‡‡‹•‘”‡‹ƒ•‡Ǧ–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆƒ•‡ǦǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ

Ž‡••—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ”‹‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹ƒ•‡Ǧ–Šƒƒ•‡ǦǤ‘ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‡–‹‰‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡…›™‹ŽŽ„‡‘”‡™Š‡”‡

the intermediaries are minimum in the marketing system.

—‰‰‡•–‡†”‡ƒ†‹‰

v •™ƒ–Š›ǡƒ†ƒ–Š‹ƒ†Šƒ•ǡƒ†ƒ”ƒ›ƒƒ—ƒ”ǡƒ†Š›ƒǡƒŽ‹ȋʹͲͳʹȌƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ†—–‹Ž‹œƒǦ tion of marine by catch: Problems and prospects. Journal of Fisheries Economics and DevelopmentǡͳʹȋʹȌǤ

’’ǤͳǦͺǤ

v •™ƒ–Š›Ǥƒ†„†—ƒƒ†ǤǤ”‹…‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ†ƒ”‡–‹‰‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡…›‘ˆƒ”‹‡ϐ‹•Š‹—–‹…‘”‹ǡ Tamil Nadu

v ƒŽƒ••ƒǡǤȋͳͻ͸ͷȌ”ƒ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡Ǥƒ…Š‡•–‡”…Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ…‘Ǧ

‘‹…ƒ†‘…‹ƒŽ–—†‹‡•ǡ͵͵ǡͻͻȂͳʹ͵Ǥ

v ”‡†‘—Šƒ†‹Ǧ•ˆƒŠƒ‹ƒ†Ž‡‹…Šƒ‡Ž†‡”•‘ȋͳͻͻͻȌ‘•–ƒ–ƒ”‡–Šƒ”‡•ƒŽ›•‹•ǣ•‡•ǡ

‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†”‘•’‡…–•ǤͶ͵”†—ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†‡•‘—”…‡…‘Ǧ

‘‹…•‘…‹‡–›Š‡Ž†‘ʹͲǦʹʹƒ—ƒ”›ͳͻͻͻǤ

v ‘’ƒŽǡ‹‹–ƒƒ†Š›ƒǡƒŽ‹ƒ†”‹•Šƒǡƒ†‹”ƒ†ƒ”ǡƒ†ƒ–‹Šƒǡ”ƒ†‡‡’ƒ†ƒ”‹ǡ

ƒ†—ƒ”ǡƒ‡•Šƒ†Šƒ”ƒǡ”’‹–ƒƒ†‘—•ƒ›ǡȋʹͲͳͶȌǤƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ†’”‘…‡••‹‰Ǥǣ‹˜‡Ǧ

Ž‹Š‘‘†–ƒ–—•‘ˆ ‹•Š‡”•‹†‹ƒǤ‡–”ƒŽƒ”‹‡ ‹•Š‡”‹‡•‡•‡ƒ”…Š•–‹–—–‡ǡ‘…Š‹ǡ’’ǤʹͶ͹Ǧʹ͹ͻ v ‡Šƒ”‹‰ŠƬƒ†ƒ‘Šƒ‡›ȋʹͲͳͳȌǣ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••ˆƒ–ϐ‹•ŠŠ‡ǤǤƒ”‡–ǣ

‘•–ƒ–ƒ”‡–Šƒ”‡ƒŽ›•‹•ǡ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡…‘‘‹…•Ƭƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡͳͷǣ͵ǡʹͳͶǦʹʹͻ

v ‘Š†ǤŠƒŠ™ƒŠ‹†ƒŒ‹–Šƒƒ†ƒƒ”ŒƒŠ„†—Žƒ•Š‹†ȋͳͻͻ͵Ȍ‘•–ƒ–ƒ”‡–Šƒ”‡ƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ

–Š‡‹„‡””ƒ†‡Ǥ‡ƒ‹ƒǤ‘…Ǥ…‹ǤƬ—ǤͳȋͳȌǣ͹ͳǦͺͲǤ

v ƒ–Š‹ƒ†Šƒ•ǡǤƒ”ƒ›ƒƒ—ƒ”ǡǤƒ†•™ƒ–Š›ǡǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤƒ”‹‡ ‹•Šƒ”‡–‹‰‹†‹ƒǡ‡–”ƒŽƒǦ

”‹‡ ‹•Š‡”‹‡•‡•‡ƒ”…Š•–‹–—–‡ǡ‘…Š‹ǡʹ͹͸’’Ǥ