CRANIOFACIAL
REGION MEASUREMENT
HEAD Width of forehead (ft-ft) FACE Width of face (zy-zy)
Morphological height of face (n-gn) Physiognomical height of face (n-sto) Height of lower face (sn-gn)
Height of mandible (sto-gn) Height of chin (sl-gn)
Height of lower profile (prn-gn)
Distance between glabella and sub-nasale (g-sn) ORBITS Inter-canthal width (en-en)
Binocular width (ex-ex) Length of eye fissure (ex-en)
Endocanthion – facial midline (en-se) Pupil facial midline distance (pupil –se) Orbito-glabellar distance (ex-g)
Height of eye fissure (ps-pi)
Endocanthion-facial midline surface distance (en-se surface) NOSE Width of the nasal root (mf-mf)
Width of nose (al-al)
Width between facial insertion of alar base (ac-ac) Width of columella (sn’-sn’)
Height of nose (n-sn)
Length of nasal bridge (n-prn) Nasal tip protrusion (sn-prn) Width of nostril floor (sbal-sn) Thickness of ala (al’-al’) Length of ala (ac-prn) Length of columella (sn-c-) LIPS AND MOUTH Width of philtrum (cph-cph)
Width of mouth (ch-ch) Height of upper lip (sn-sto) Height of cutaneous lip (sn-ls) Vermillion height of upper lip (ls-sto) Vermillion height of lower lip (sto-li) Height of cutaneous lower lip (li-sl) Lower lip height (sto-sl)
Halves of labial fissure length (ch-sto) Table 1. Craniofacial anatomic regions and anthropometric measurements.
REGION MEASUREMENT
Group ICC
1 2 3 4 All groups
HEAD Width of forehead (ft-ft) 84.4 (11.9) 87.6 (7.2) 89.8 (4.0) 91.3 (2.4) .723 FACE Width of face (zy-zy) 80.9 (8.4) 88.7 (2.7) 88.5 (4.5) 89.7 (10.72) .764
Morphological height of face (n-
gn) 66.7 (15.4) 71.5 (8.0) 71.8 (1.9) 70.9 (5.6) .695
Height of lower face (sn-gn) 40.9 (9.7) 45.8 (5.1) 41.8 (6.6) 44.0 (7.1) .735 Height of lower profile (prn-gn) 52.3 (8.9) 57.8 (6.5) 55.1 (3.8) 55.4 (6.6) .764 ORBITS Inter-canthal width (en-en) 24.4 (4.3) 27.9 (4.8) 25.8 (2.2) 25.9 (3.1) .686 Binocular width (ex-ex) 63.5 (6.0) 68.9 (6.2) 66.5 (3.6) 67.1 (6.4) .901 RIGHT Endocanthion – facial
midline (en-se) 13.7 (3.9) 14.9 (2.5) 14.4 (2.8) 15.7 (2.5) .604 LEFT Endocanthion – facial
midline (en-se) 14.8 (3.0) 17.2 (3.5) 16.8 (1.4) 15.8 (2.6) .607 RIGHT Pupil facial midline
distance (pupil –se)
22.6 (2.9) 24.9 (2.5) 23.5 (2.8) 24.6 (2.6) .766 LEFT Pupil facial midline distance
(pupil –se) 24.8 (3.3) 26.4 (3.6) 26.2 (1.4) 26.4 (3.2) .865 RIGHT Orbito-glabellar distance
(ex-g) 36.4 (5.3) 38.7 (3.8) 37.6 (3.9) 39.5 (2.7) .774
LEFT Orbito-glabellar distance
(ex-g) 37.8 (3.8) 39.9 (2.6) 39.7 (2.0) 40.5 (4.2) .874
RIGHT Height of eye fissure (ps-
pi) 7.6 (1.8) 7.8 (3.4) 8.9 (1.1) 8.3 (1.0) .851
LEFT Height of eye fissure (ps-pi) 7.8 (1.2) 8.2 (2.5) 8.8 (1.3) 8.2 (1.3) .824 NOSE Width of the nasal root (mf-mf) 15.6 (2.9) 16.2 (2.3) 16.1 (1.6) 16.9 (3.9) .688 Width of nose (al-al) 22.6 (2.0) 23.6 (1.8) 24.3 (2.1) 22.9 (2.1) .785 Width between facial insertion of
alar base (ac-ac)
18.9 (2.9) 19.6 (3.4) 19.4 (3.7) 19.9 (2.3) .735
Nasal tip protrusion (sn-prn) 11.5 (1.0) 11.2 (1.0) 12.2 (3.5) 12.1 (0.8) .603 LIPS
AND MOUTH
Width of philtrum (cph-cph) 6.4 (2.0) 6.4 (1.5) 6.9 (1.7) 7.7 (1.7) .777 Width of mouth (ch-ch) 29.4 (7.8) 30.1 (3.1) 30.3 (2.4) 33.0 (5.9) .842 Table 2. Medians and Interquartile ranges for the anthropometric measurements with acceptable inter- and intra-rater agreement. All measurements are expressed in millimeters
. ICC=Intraclass correlation
coefficient.
CRANIOFACIAL
REGION MEASUREMENT Group ICC
1 2 3 4 All groups
FACE Physiognomical height of
face (n-sto)* 41.1 (10.4) 39.9 46.1 44.1 (2.9) .432
Height of mandible (sto-
gn)* 22.2 (5.4) 21.5 26.2 27.2 (1.9) .238
Height of chin (sl-gn) 13.3 (4.2) 11.9 (3.1) 10.3 (5.4) 14.7 (4.7) -.400 Distance between glabella
and sub-nasale (g-sn) 35.2 (6.1) 32.9 (6.9) 36.8 (4.7) 37.2 (4.4) .327 ORBITS RIGHT Length of eye
fissure (ex-en) 20.5 (3.5) 22.3 (2.7) 20.4 (1.8) 21.9 (1.9) .562 LEFT Length of eye fissure
(ex-en) 20.6 (3.0) 22.1 (2.7) 20.4 (1.6) 21.9 (2.3) .492 RIGHT Endocanthion-
facial midline surface distance (en-se surface)
14.0 (4.2) 15.3 (2.8) 14.8 (3.0) 16.1 (2.8) .408
LEFT Endocanthion-facial midline surface distance (en-se surface)
15.2 (3.1) 17.8 (3.6) 17.4 (1.2) 16.3 (2.7) .581
NOSE Width of columella (sn’-
sn’) 4.9 (1.2) 4.9 (1.7) 4.9 (0.8) 4.8 (0.5) .179
Height of nose (n-sn) 26.4 (5.6) 29.5 (4.6) 30.6 (3.8) 28.6 (3.4) .184 Length of nasal bridge (n-
prn) 19.9 (8.0) 21.2 (2.5) 21.6 (2.9) 20.1 (3.4) .323 RIGHT Width of nostril
floor (sbal-sn) 6.4 (1.2) 6.7 (1.0) 7.2 (1.4) 6.8 (0.9) .458 LEFT Width of nostril
floor (sbal-sn) 6.4 (2.2) 7.5 (1.5) 7.2 (1.8) 6.9 (1.6) .249 RIGHT Thickness of ala
(al’-al’) 2.9 (1.0) 2.3 (0.8) 2.5 (0.6) 2.5 (0.5) .455 LEFT Thickness of ala (al’-
al’) 2.6 (1.0) 2.9 (1.0) 2.6 (1.0) 2.7 (0.5) .378
RIGHT Length of ala (ac-
prn) 16.7 (2.4) 17.8 (1.6) 18.7 (3.2) 17.6 (1.0) .500 LEFT Length of ala (ac-
prn) 16.9 (3.6) 17.6 (1.9) 18.4 (1.7) 18.3 (1.1) .419 RIGHT Length of
columella (sn-c-) 4.9 (0.9) 6.0 (0.8) 4.9 (0.4) 5.5 (0.9) .440 LEFT Length of columella
(sn-c-) 4.9 (1.4) 5.6 (0.8) 4.7 (1.5) 4.9 (0.9) .393 LIPS AND
MOUTH Height of upper lip (sn-
sto)* 16.1 (4.7) 13.7 14.0 15.3 (2.4) -.046
Height of cutaneous lip (sn-
ls) 10.6 (3.6) 11.5 (2.6) 10.9 (1.5) 10.5 (1.3) .393 Vermillion height of upper
lip (ls-sto)* 7.4 (2.7) 9.8 4.8 6.6 (2.1) .375
Vermillion height of lower
lip (sto-li)* 4.5 (0.9) 5.8 5.5 4.5 (3.8) .479
Height of cutaneous lower
lip (li-sl) 7.5 (1.5) 7.7 (1.5) 7.7 (1.2) 7.2 (2.8) .374 Lower lip height (sto-sl)* 11.8 (1.5) 12.6 12.3 11.8 (2.0) .797 RIGHT Halves of labial
fissure length (ch-sto)* 17.7 (4.1) 15.3 13.9 19.8 (3.7) .873 LEFT Halves of labial
fissure length (ch-sto)* 15.5 (5.7) 13.4 12.1 18.2 (2.0) .862 Table 3. Medians and Interquartile ranges for the anthropometric measurements with low inter- and intra- rater agreement. All measurements are expressed in millimeters
. ICC=Intraclass correlation
coefficient.
*=measurements contain missing data points, thus interquartile range could not be calculated for some groups
