Susilowati 2025 IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 1469 012008 (1)

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PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

Morphological and yield traits of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) cultivated in South Sulawesi,

Indonesia

To cite this article: M Susilowati et al 2025 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1469 012008

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Morphological and yield traits of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) cultivated in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

M Susilowati¹, S Wahyuni²* and A Setiadi²

1Research Center for Horticulture, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, 16911, West Java, Indonesia

2Research Center for Estate Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, 16911, West Java, Indonesia

*Email: [email protected] ǀ ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6158-2516

Abstract. Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) are native to the Maluku Islands, Indonesia. It has been spread to various regions, including South Sulawesi Province. Nearly 98% of Clove plantations are mostly cultivated by farmers. Major clove production areas in South Sulawesi include Luwu, Bulukumba, Toraja, Sinjay, Selayar, and Bantaeng. Clove morphological and yield characters from each production area were varied, possibly reflecting genetic variation. This variation is important for plant breeding activities, especially for the selection of plant populations. This study aimed to determine clove yield components and morphological traits from Bulukumba and Bantaeng region, South Sulawesi. Clove idiotype is high yielding with high content of essential oil and eugenol. The research was carried out by selecting mother trees of the high-yielding block. The ninety selected trees (high-yielding mother trees-HYMTs) from eight locations were observed for morphological characteristics like plant height, trunk circumference, canopy shape, leaf attributes, inflorescence, and yield traits. Other characters observed were dry bud color, the aroma of dry buds, color of essential oil, and essential oil content. The results of this research revealed that Mappiare’s HYMTs have the largest tree appearance. Moreover, Asikin’s HYMTs have the most flowers per bunch. Average fresh flower yield 96.47 – 169.22 kg/tree. Generally, selected cloves from Bulukumba and Bantaeng have brownish white-brown dry buds with a pale yellow essential oil color with the essential oil content 12.64 - 19.67%. The highest essential oil content is Sultan’s HYMTs. Batukarop’s HYMTs has the stronggest dry bud aroma.

Keywords: Bulukumba, Bantaeng, essential oil, high-yielding 1. Introduction

Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) have been an essential spice commodity in global trade for centuries. It is cultivated in nearly all regions of Indonesia and spread in North Maluku, South Sulawesi, and parts of Sumatra. Expansion of clove production to other provinces in Indonesia contributes to the overall economic growth of the country, safeguards indigenous agricultural traditions and sustains rural livelihoods. Indonesia is one of the world's top clove producers due to thediversi�ication of production areas. Furthermore, their widespread use in food, traditional medicine, and the cigarette business establishes them as a vital agricultural commodity.

Furthermore, because clove essential oil possesses antifungal and antibacterial qualities that help

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preserve food, it has useful qualities that make it suited for use as a natural preservative. Cloves also have many medicinal qualities, such as being pain relievers (analgesics), possessing properties that reduce swelling (anti-in�lammatory), and ability to kill bacteria (antimicrobial) [1]. Therefore, this presents various markets for cloves around the world.

The cultivation and trade of cloves have had a profound economic and historical impact on Indonesia and the global spice trade. Indonesia is competitive in the global clove market in several countries, including the Netherlands, Pakistan, and the United States [2]. Indonesia remains a key player in the global clove market, with a signi�icant contribution of spices to agricultural exports.

However, Indonesia still lags behind �ive competing countries in export competitiveness, even though the trend in clove production is increasing and its export competitiveness is strong [3].

The potential of cloves as a source of foreign exchange for Indonesia is not limited to agricultural exports. However, there is signi�icant potential through value addition by developing and marketing value-added products, such as essential oils and extracts, which have higher prices in the global market. This derivative product of cloves is highly sought after in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries, allowing Indonesia to diversify clove-based exports and capture a larger share of the global value chain [4].

Indonesia is a major producer and consumer of cloves, but clove production �luctuates and is inef�icient [5]. Traditional agricultural techniques and inef�icient production factors have been identi�ied as causes of declining productivity in certain regions [6]. Adopting eco-friendly agricultural techniques, which include precision farming or integrated pest management, is important for the clove industry's future. They will help boost export volume and make it sustainable against climate change and other market pressures. Optimizing the utilization of clove land, expanding the market, and enhancing the quality of processed cloves are all strategies that can be implemented to increase the competitiveness of exports of cloves from Indonesia [3]. The practice of cultivation using superior varieties is also an important factor in increasing clove productivity [7]. Another signi�icant �inding of this study [8] regarding the morphological diversity of clove fruits and seeds from different areas in Indonesia may provide a basis for breeding superior cloves in Indonesia. Moreover, in the study [9], it has been revealed that sequencing of clove genome delivers an opportunity to understand eugenol biosynthesis pathway and thereby develop varieties characterized with higher eugenol content.

It is important to identify clove trees that exhibit superior yield and quality for recommending suitable genetic material for high-yield breeding programs. Several studies have been conducted to discern clove trees with superior quality and production for breeding purposes. It provides insights into genetic diversity, oil quality, and the in�luence of phenology on the yield and quality of cloves [10,11], as well as genomic resources that can assist in breeding [9]. The study [11] emphasizes the importance of genetic diversity and oil quality in clove trees to enhance cultivation and address it by analyzing genetic differences and eugenol content in samples from different altitudes. The study [10] assessed clove bud oil's yield, quality, and antioxidant activity at various phenological stages and tree ages, indicating that the �lowering stage produces the best essential oil. The study [12] focuses on the phylogenetic relationships among local clove varieties in Indonesia, which are crucial for conservation and breeding programs. These studies collectively underscore the need to characterize clove trees for better breeding strategies. The study [13] selected twenty parent trees with a �lowering yield potential exceeding 100 kg per tree, which did not resemble the released varieties but met the Indonesian National Standards for clove quality. These trees are suggested for additional investigation as a source of high-quality seeds. The study [14] characterized the morphological traits of the offspring from high-yielding mother trees (HYMTs). It grouped them based on dendrogram analysis, providing information for breeding programs by highlighting genetic diversity and the potential for yield improvement. Research conducted by [15] identi�ied nine types of local clove accessions in Maluku, Indonesia, by examining 32 morphological characters and highlighting the

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signi�icant variability in clove germplasm in the region. The objective of the study was to identify clove trees with higher yields and quality in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

2. Methods

2.1 Material genetic

In South Sulawesi's Bantaeng and Bulukumba Regencies, clove was chosen and observed. The guidelines [16] were referenced while choosing the research's sites, high-yielding blocks, and high-yielding mother trees (HYMTs). Bantaeng is one of the clove production centers, especially in Lembang Gantarankeke and Patalasan villages, Tompobulu district. Meanwhile, clove production centers in Bulukumba are in Kindang, Rilau Ale, and Bulukumpa districts. The study sites were located at an altitude of 200–450 metersabove sea level, characterized by garden land with relatively�lat topography.

Table 1. General explains on several HYMTs from the plantation in South Sulawesi District Farmer's name Quantity of

clove tree Quantity of HYMTs Location HYMTs' label

Bantaeng Asikin 400 21 I AS1 - AS21

Sampara 300 9 II SA1 - SA9

HM Said 400 9 III HS1 - HS9

Bulukumba Sultan 120 13 IV SU1 - SU13

Basri 130 5 V BA1 - BA5

Hasanudin 150 13 VI HA1 - HA13

Mappiare 100 3 VII MA1 - MA3

Batukarop Plantation 50 17 VIII BP1 - BP17

Total 1650 90

2.2 Morphological characteristics observation

Technical guidelines for cloves [16] were used as a reference in observations. Morphological characteristics of HYMTs observed include plant height, stem circumference, canopy width, number of primary branches, �lower bud weight, �lowers number per bunch, �lower bud length, corolla width, yield traits, and essential oil content. The yield characteristics and essential oil were observed after the harvesting process was complete. The qualitative characters also observed in this research, i.e., dried �lower color, dried �lowers aroma, and essential oil color.

2.3 Data analysis

The variation of inter-HYMTs was described by coef�icient of variation (CV), mean, minimum value, and maximum value. Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship between morphological characters and yield. All data were analyzed utilizing the Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR) program.

3. Result and discussion

In general, clove seeds in Bantaeng and Bulukumba came from Bogor. Cloves were planted around the 1970s with varying spacing, from 6 × 6 m to 8 × 8 m. In the Bantaeng, there were three high- yielding blocks, while Bulukumba has more high-yielding blocks i.e., �ive (Table 1). Accessibility to the site, well-cultivated and vigorous plants, an average fresh output of over 30 kg of �lowers per tree, and a minimum of 15 �lowers each bunch emerged as critical criteria in the selection of a high-yielding block [16].

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Table 2. HYMTs quantitative characters from the South Sulawesi plantation HYMTs¹ Plant height (m) Stem circumference

(cm)

Number of Primary

Branches Canopy Width (m)

Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean

AS 6 - 15 10.71 50 - 154 110.71 1-3 1.9 4.85 – 8.22 6.358 SA 8 - 15 12.67 71 - 170 106.22 2-3 2.33 5.19 – 8.67 6.362 HS 11 - 14 12.33 76 - 114 100.22 1-4 2.89 4.73 – 8.11 6.724 SU 7 - 13 10.84 86 - 218 124.08 2-7 2.92 5.33 -8.93 7.277 BA 11 - 13 12.20 97 - 162 127.60 2-5 3.2 5.86 -8.08 6.764 HA 8 - 15 12.30 68 - 185 107.54 1-4 2.31 4.50 – 8.39 6.477 MA 11 - 17 13.00 115 - 180 141.33 2-5 3.33 8.87 – 9.34 9.080 BP 10 - 15 11.82 91 - 175 123.59 2-4 3.06 3.89 – 8.65 6.617

1 High-yielding mother trees

Table 3. Flowers traits of HYMTs from South Sulawesi plantations

HYMTs¹ Flowers number per bunch Flower bud weight (g) Flower bud length (cm) Corolla width (cm)

Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean

AS 13.60 - 31.10 19.15 0.28 - 0.43 0.36 1.64 - 2.06 1.86 0.49 - 0.61 0.55 SA 8.32 - 20.50 15.40 0.32 - 0.41 0.37 1.65 - 2.30 1.85 0.51 - 0.64 0.55 HS 10.30 - 23.00 16.46 0.27 - 0.35 0.30 1.60 - 1.87 1.73 0.44 - 0.54 0.50 SU 11.20 - 24.40 16.67 0.27 - 0.43 0.36 0.91 - 2.10 1.70 0.38 - 0.61 0.53 BA 10.10 - 13.60 12.22 0.29 - 0.40 0.35 1.80 - 1.98 1.90 0.53 - 0.58 0.55 HA 10.80 - 20.60 14.32 0.27 - 0.44 0.35 1.65 - 2.02 1.86 0.52 - 0.61 0.56 MA 9.30 - 17.40 12.27 0.35 - 0.38 0.37 1.88 - 2.08 1.96 0.52 - 0.56 0.54 BP 12.43 - 19.50 15.93 0.22 - 0.39 0.30 1.12 - 2.10 1.72 0.32 - 0.61 0.51

Asikin's clove plantation is located in Kampung Baru, Jati Hamlet, Lembang Gantarankeke Village, Tompobulu District. There were 400 trees on Asikin's clove plantation with a spacing of 7

× 7 m. Based on the appearance of plants in the �ield, 21 HYMTs were selected for further observation (Table 1). The observation showed that Asikin's HYMTs have the smallest appearance compared to the other HYMTs especially for the height plant, number of primary branches, and canopy width characters (Table 2). Asikin's HYMTs growth was less than optimal due to the old age of the HYMTs, the location of the �ield on the side of the road, and the lack of maintenance.

However, Asikin's HYMTs have the largest number of �lowers per bunch among the HYMTs (Tabel 3). The results showed that Mappiare’s HYMTs have the largest appearance. These HYMTs have the highest plant, the highest quantity of primary branches, the greatest average stem circumference, and the widest canopy (Table 2). Mappiare's HYMTs was located in the Kampung Baru, Jawi-jawi Village, Bulukumpa District, with a clove plantation area of 1 ha consisting of 100 trees. Some HYMTs were around the yard and showed the best appearance. Mappiare's HYMTs have unique characteristics, namely larger �lower buds, especially the length and weight of the

�lower buds among the other Bantaeng’s and Bulukumba’s HYMTs (Table 3).

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Table 4. HYMTs production for four years based on fresh bud

HYMTs¹ Fresh buds (kg/tree)

First-year Second-year Third-year Fourth-year² Average

AS 121.25 153.67 150.81 116.79 134.41

SA 136.11 154.00 139.60 110.63 128.44

HS 120.78 133.44 130.33 125.00 127.57

SU 183.85 127.69 56.92 112.31 96.47

BA 152.50 185.00 168.75 168.75 168.75

HA 136.82 283.23 139.38 117.85 142.18

MA 128.33 160.67 125.00 223.33 169.22

BP 174.74 198.82 253.53 71.88 166.72

2 Production estimated based on flowering during observation in the field

South Sulawesi’s HYMTs' �lower bud weight ranged from 0.22-0.44 g. It was an average size of the general bud weight of Indonesian clove. Some of the bud clove weight from several locations was recorded, such as Sukabumi clove ( 0.34-0.42 g ) [17], Semarang clove (0.37-0.49 g) [18], small Tuni clove from Maluku (0.29-0.32 g) [19], local and Afo clove from North Maluku and Halmahera (0.27-0.30 g) [20].

In general, the production of fresh buds was relatively the same during four years of observation. Increasing and decreasing fresh bud production were caused by environmental factors such as climate, rainfall, and maintenance. Batukarop's HYMTs showed a continuous increase in fresh buds production from the �irst to the third year (Table 4). In the fourth year of observation, most of the Batukarop's HYMTs were still starting to �lower. Batukarop's HYMTs

�lowering type was slower among the other South Sulawesi's HYMTs. South Sulawesi's HYMTs fresh bud production increased in the second year and decreased in the third year of observation.

Sultan's HYMTs have the highest fresh bud production in the �irst year of observation. Hasanudin's HYMTs have the highest fresh bud production in the second year of observation. Batukarop's HYMTs have the highest fresh bud production in the third year of observation. Mappiare’s HYMTs showed the most �lowering in the fourth year of observation.

Table 5. Qualitative characters and essential oil of HYMTs

HYMTs¹ Dry bud color Qualitative characters Dry bud aroma Essential oil color Essential oil content (%)

AS Brown Moderate Pale yellow 16.10

SA Brown Weak-Moderate Pale yellow 12.64

HS Brown Moderate Pale yellow 14.37

SU Whiteish brown Moderate Pale yellow 19.67

BA Brown Moderate Pale yellow 16.84

HA Brown Moderate Pale yellow 17.90

MA Brown Weak Pale yellow 15.00

BP Brown Strong Pale yellow 18.67

All HYMTs from Bantaeng and Bulukumba had essential oil colors that were pale yellow (Table 5). The dry bud color of HYMTs was brown except Sultan's HYMTs have whiteish brown dry bud color. The essential oil content ranged from 12.64-19.67%. Cloves belonging to Sampara (SA) had low essential oil content (12.64%). It was due to the type of clove �lower, which was greenish-yellow. Moreover, the bud color of other HYMTs clove was reddish to red. Most of the essential oil content of HYMTs met to SNI standard of clove essential oil, namely 15%. The dry bud aroma of the South Sulawesi's HYMTs was dominated by moderate. Only Batukarop’s HYMTs

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had a strong dry bud aroma. These HYMTs tended to have a darker dry bud color, although Batukarop's HYMTs were still classi�ied as brown color.

Table 6. Correlation among quantitative characters of South Sulawesi’s HYMTs

Quantitative characters PH SC NPB CW NFB FBW FBL CWi

Plant height (PH)

Stem circumference (SC) 0.12

No. of primary branches (NPB) 0.40 0.70

Canopy width (CW) 0.40 0.78* 0.63

No. of �lowers per bunch (NFB) -0.76* -0.57 -0.66 -0.52

Flower bud weight (FBW) -0.01 0.27 -0.28 0.30 -0.18 Flower bud length (FBL) 0.48 0.36 -0.03 0.40 -0.57 0.60

Corolla width (CWi) 0.04 0.15 -0.37 0.01 -0.32 0.83* 0.71*

Fresh buds (FB) 0.40 0.40 0.31 0.08 -0.61 -0.18 0.40 0.23

* indicate a significant correlation at 5%.

There is a signi�icant correlation between �lower bud weight (FBW) with corolla width (CWi) and �lower bud length (FBL) (Table 6.). The longer and bigger the �lower bud, the more weight.

The main product of clove is the �lower bud and the bigger bud size are more preferable. The advantages of bigger bud sizes are that they are easy to handle, have a more attractive appearance, and are heavier, indicating high yield. Moreover, canopy width (CW) is also signi�icantly correlated with stem circumference (SC). This indicates that plants with higher SC have wider canopy. This is in accordance with tree plants. Generally, plants with large stems have wider and thicker branches.

4. Conclusion

This study revealed that Mappiare’s HYMTs exhibited the largest morphological traits compared to other HYMTs. Asikin’s HYMTs produced the most �lowers per bunch. Average fresh �lower yield 96.47 – 169.22 kg/tree. Generally, selected cloves from Bulukumba and Bantaeng have brownish white-brown dry buds with a pale yellow essential oil color with the essential oil content 12.64 - 19.67%. The highest essential oil content is Sultan’s HYMTs. Batukarop’s HYMTs has the stronggest dry bud aroma.

Acknowledgments

This research was funded by the Directorate General of Plantations, under the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, collaborates with the Food Crops, Horticulture, and Plantation Service of South Sulawesi Province. The author would like to express our highest appreciation to clove farmers and local plantation services in Bantaeng and Bulukumba for the cooperation throughout the data collection process.

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