PAPER • OPEN ACCESS
The development of wastewater coagulant derived from Artocarpus heterophyllus
To cite this article: H A Zakaria et al 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 476 012100
View the article online for updates and enhancements.
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This content was downloaded from IP address 182.253.163.225 on 17/02/2025 at 10:46
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