Using Different-Level of Leucaena leucocephala Leaves in Concentrated Feeds to Increase Goat Farming Production
Eko Marhaeniyanto*1), Sri Susanti1) and Asmah Hidayati2)
1) Study Program of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tribhuwana Tunggadewi University, Malang 65144 East Java, Indonesia
2) Study Program of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, University Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang 65144 East Java, Indonesia
Submitted: 14 April 2023, Accepted: 04 August 2023
ABSTRACT: The potential of Leucaena leucocephala leaves as a protein supplement needs to be optimized. This research aims to evaluate the use of 10 to 40% Leucaena leucocephala leaves with 15% of crude protein to increase the production of goat farming. A total of 16 male Etawa (Jamnapari) goats with an average weight of 28.20±3.79 kg. The researchers analyzed the data using the Randomized Group Design with four treatments and four groups based on the subject's body weight. Each goat obtained basal feeds ad libitum and the concentrated feeds with 15% crude protein corresponding to each treatment Leucaena leucocephala-based concentrate (named KL, consisting of KL10%, KL20%, KL30%, and KL40%), reaching 1%
of Body Weight. The supplementation of Leucaena leucocephala leaves showed an insignificant response (P>0.05) over feed consumption, digestibility, and digested feed consumption yet significantly (P<0.05) affecting the increase of body weight and feed conversion. The ADG (Average Daily Gain) of all treatments are KL10% = 84.00±27.95 g/head/day; KL20% = 99.29±40.02 g/head/day; KL30% = 67.00±45.51 g/head/day; KL40% = 88.50±23.62 g/head/day. In conclusion, the supplementation of 20% Leucaena leucocephala leaves in the concentrate of 15% crude protein results in an ADG increase reaching 99.29±40.02 g/head/day.
Keywords: Leucaena leucocephala; Green concentrate; Goat performance
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
The increase in goat farming productivity is expected to increase so that the availability of quality feed is needed to meet the basic needs of life and production.
Therefore, the availability of good and sufficient green or concentrated feeds is essential. Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) identifies as one of 13 plants rich in protein supplements. Almost all farmer respondents in Malang use it as a basal feed (Susanti and Marhaeniyanto, 2016). Using Leucaena leucocephala leaves as a potential protein source in goat feeds has brought gainful production. The combination of Leucaena leucocephala leaves (40%), Sesbania grandiflora (40%), and elephant grass or Pennisetum purpureum (20%) results in feeds consumption, BWG (Body Wight Gain), and the best feeds conversion in female domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) (Luruk, 2016). In addition, the increase of Leucaena leucocephala leaves and undegraded dietary protein by 25%
enhanced the consumption and average daily weight gain (ADG) of female domestic goats to 48.01 g/goat/day (Sandra, 2016).
The supplementation of Leucaena leucocephala leaves on feeds made of Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) can increase nutrient digestibility in goats (Hidayat, 2017) and consumption and nitrogen retention (Wijaya, 2008). The frequency of adding Leucaena leucocephala leaves once to thrice a day helps the rumen synthesize microbial proteins optimally (Kalang, 2014).
The use of Leucaena leucocephala leaves as an ingredient for making concentrates has been studied. The use of Leucaena leucocephala leaf flour (40%) and Gliricidia sepium leaf flour (40%), rice bran (10%), corn flour (8%), and mineral mix (2%) produces the DM, OM, CP and CF nutrients in the manufacture of wafers form small ruminants (Kefe & Bira, 2020). On the level of 10-30%, the use of Leucaena leucocephala flour increases the
(Paga et al., 2008). In addition, in vivo test of 1% BW (Body Weight) addition to concentrated feeds with Leucaena leucocephala flour mixture significantly increased the ADG of Etawa goats to 105.9 g/goat/day with feeds conversion of 6.56 (Marhaeniyanto, Susanti & Murti, 2020).
Susanti et al. (2022) have formulated concentrated feeds (16% of crude protein) using a 30% mixture of fresh Albizia chinensis leaves, Leucaena leucocephala leaves, and Gliricidia sepium leaves (1:1:1).
The leaf-based concentrate was administered in several levels from 0.75 to 1.5% of the livestocks' body weight. The administration level increase resulted in total and digested nutrient consumption (P<0.01). The administration of 1.5% body weight concentrate resulted in the highest dry matter consumption (equivalent to 3.14% body weight), digested-crude protein consumption (11.66%, higher than K1.25), and Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) consumption (635.31±60.44 g/head/day) meeting livestocks’ needs. In addition, it increased ADG to 112.2±4.1 g/head/day.
Furthermore, according to research by Robo, Kleden & Enawati (2019), using 30%
of Moringa oleifera leaves in concentrated feeds increased the nutrient digestibility and NH3 provision for the rumen. High in crude protein, Moringa oleifera trees grow only in certain areas. In addition, adding 10% of Leucaena leucocephala leaves to corn straw helps produce nitrogen-rich and organoleptic silage (Halim, 2018). In addition, many researchers have reported Leucaena leucocephala leaves' potential to trigger goat farming's productivity. Lamtoro leaves are protein-rich and contain secondary compounds like tannin and saponin (Suhartati, 2005). While overdosage of tannin and saponin can cause disruption (Maw et al., 2006), using tannin found in Leucaena leucocephala leaves is expected to affect the rumen's function by decreasing ammonia levels and protein degradation (Maw et al., 2006). The use of
making of concentrated feeds aims to provide sufficient protein for goats. This study aims to evaluate the effect of using 10 to 40% Leucaena leucocephala leaves in concentrates with 15% crude protein on increasing goat production. In this study, fresh Leucaena leucocephala leaves were used so that they could be implemented directly by breeders to increase goat production.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Its subjects comprise 16 male Etawa (Jamnapari) goats with an average weight of 28.20±3.79 kg. For the arrangement, the goats were placed in their pen individually with wooden mangers, drinking buckets, and wire mesh to collect feces. In addition, the goats were fed with chopped elephant grasses (Pennisetum purpureum cv. King) as basal feeds during the research.
The researchers obtained elephant grasses harvested for two to three months from the farmers in Sumbul Prodo Village.
Based on the analysis in the Laboratory of Nutrition and Livestock Feeds of Universitas Brawijaya, the elephant grasses contain 25.25% of dry matter, 84.84% of organic matter, 10.18% of crude protein, and 37.51% of crude fiber.
In addition, the researchers harvested Leucaena leucocephala leaves in Klampok Village. They bought ground corn, rice bran, coconut cake meal, soybean meal, coffee husks, molasses, and minerals from KUD (Village Cooperative Unit) of Karangploso Malang. The concentrated feeds were made in the form of pellets with 15% of crude protein by mixing chopped Leucaena leucocephala leaves in gross weight with other materials and pelleting the ingredients using SZLP12 pelleting machine with a capacity of 75-100 kg/hour, dimension of 60x45x100 cm, and 8 Hp INDA diesel engine.
Furthermore, the researchers designed the research based on the Randomized Group Design comprising four treatments
and four groups based on the goats' initial body weight. The average initial weights of each goat in each group are as follows:
Group 1 = 24.10 ±2.05 kg, Group 2 = 26.22±1.60 kg, Group 3 = 29.81±2.32 kg, and Group 4 = 32.66 ±1.36 kg, with following treatments:
KL10%= Basal feeds+10% of Leucaena leucocephala leaves mixture (wet basis) in 15% of concentrated crude protein,
KL20%= Basal feeds+20% of Leucaena leucocephala leaves mixture (wet basis) in 15% of concentrated crude protein,
KL30%= Basal feeds+30% of Leucaena leucocephala leaves mixture (wet basis) in 15% of concentrated crude protein,
KL40%= Basal feeds+40% of Leucaena leucocephala leaves mixture (wet basis) in 15% of concentrated crude protein.
Feed ingredient and chemical composition was presented on Table 1. The variables measured in this research comprise feed consumption, feed digestibility, digested feed consumption, nitrogen balance, biological values, body weight gain, and feed conversion. The research began with a 14-day adaptation period to remove the effect of the previous feeds, habituate the subjects to consuming basal and concentrated feeds during treatment, and habituate the subjects to individual pens.
The researchers fed the subjects with concentrated feeds in the morning before administering green feeds. Eventually, the adaptation period ended after the subjects could eat concentrated feeds of 1% of their body weight. They obtained basal feeds ad libitum (± 10-15% of their body weight).
Furthermore, the researchers proceeded to data collection on feed consumption. To predict the number of basal feed needs (g), they measured the weight of each subject weekly before morning feeding, using the Lesindo LS-02 Portable Electronic Scale with 50kg capacity and 10g accuracy.
Table 1. Feed ingredient and chemical composition
Feed Ingredients Composition of Feed Ingredients (%)
KL10% KL20% KL30% KL40%
Lamtoro Leaves 10 20 30 40
Soybean meal 19 19 21 21
Coconut Cake Meal 18 19 16 18
Rice Bran 20 15 11 7
Ground Corn 19 14 10 7
Coffee Husks 9 8 7 2
Molasses 4 4 4 4
Minerals + salt 1 1 1 1
Total 100 100 100 100
Chemical Composition KL10% KL20% KL30% KL40%
Dry Matter - DM (%)* 79.82 73.52 67.10 60.53
Organic Matter - OM(%)* 73.98 68.01 61.96 55.86
Crude Protein - CP(%)* 15.02 14.96 15.02 14.98
Crude Fiber - CF (%)* 7.10 7.07 6.76 6.17
Crude Fat - EE (%)* 5.36 4.54 3.86 3.22
Total Digestible Nutrient -TDN** 61.51 59.28 59.64 60.12
Chemical Composition * Based on the analysis in the Laboratory of Nutrition and Livestock Feeds of Universitas Brawijaya. TDN ** based on the calculation results by Sutardi (1980)
In this research, feed consumption consists of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), crude fat (EE), and total digestible nutrients (TDN). The researchers measured the consumption by weighing the total amount of consumed feeds and leftovers. The scale used to weigh the feeds was a digital scale with 5kg capacity and 1g accuracy, with formulation as follows: basal feeds consumption = (the number of consumed feeds [g]) - (residual feed [g]). Every day, the researchers fed the subjects with basal feeds in the morning, afternoon, and evening. The collection and weighing of leftovers began 24 hours after the feeding (in the morning). Daily, the researchers recorded the number of leftovers from each treatment and then collected and dried
±100g of leftovers. In addition, they collected and dried ± 200g of consumed basal feed for samples. After the data collection period, the researchers composited all consumed feed samples and conducted proximate analysis on ± 500g of concentrated feeds of each sample regarding the DM, OM, CP, CF, and EE based on the AOAC’s guidelines (AOAC, 2005). In
for the samples of leftovers. They came up with a formulation as follows: the average total feed consumption (g/goat/day) = the average basal feed consumption (g/goat/day) + the average concentrated feed consumption (g/ goat/day).
The measurement of feed digestibility was conducted for 14 days (from week 8 to week 10 in the data collection period ). The formulation for the measurement is as follows: feed digestibility (%) = (amount of consumed feeds – the number of feces) x 100%. The feces were collected using wooden boxes covered by wire mesh. Every morning, the researchers observed the subjects, measured the collected feces, recorded the data, and dried 50g of the feces for the sample. To avoid damage and fungal infestation, they sprayed the feces with formalin (10%) and dried them under sunlight. After the feces collection period, the researchers composited all feces samples from the subjects and conducted proximate analysis on 16 feces samples regarding the DM, OM, CP, CF, and EE. Digested feed consumption is calculated based on the total consumption (g/goat/day) x digestibility
Nitrogen balance is calculated with the formula of RN = Nfeed – (Nfeces + Nurine), Biological value (%) = N feed – (N urine + N feces)
--- x 100%
N feed – N feces
These feces and urine collection techniques are according to Nenosono et al., (2021). The measurement of weight gain was conducted weekly before morning feeding. At the same time, the calculation of feed conversion was based on the total feed consumption (g DM) during the research divided by resulted weight gain.
Meanwhile, the data were analyzed based on the Randomized Group Design.
Tukey's Honest Significant Difference
(HSD) test was a post hoc test used to assess the significance of differences between pairs of group means (Steel and Torrie, 1995).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Consumption, Digestibility, and Digested Feed Consumption
Table 2 demonstrates the subjects' average consumption of green, concentrated, and total feeds (g/goat/day) during the research.
Table 2. The Average Consumption of Green Feeds, Concentrated Feeds, and total Feeds (g/goat/day) of the Subjects During the Research
Treatments
DM Consumption
OM Consumption
CP Consumption
CF Consumption
EE
Consumption TDN
Consumption
---g/goat/day --- Green Feeds
KL10% 677.06±21.72 614.75±19.62 82.13±2.54 196.89±8.03 12.56±0.08 392.47±10.93 KL20% 683.96±16.38 622.00±15.21 82.04±1.57 199.60±8.12 12.58±0.06 395.00±6.86 KL30% 665.44±32.02 604.30±29.14 81.32±3.68 192.26±12.79 12.49±0.14 386.38±16.14 KL40% 631.03±74.39 574.61±64.10 71.80±20.31 204.04±23.64 11.94±1.10 368.95±39.27 Concentrated
Feeds
KL10% 313.94±31.78 68.50±4.42 56.98±5.77 55.85±5.65 11.11±1.12 92.31±98.93 KL20% 300.58±33.07 71.81±5.54 57.02±6.27 52.99±5.83 8.60±0.95 180.71±19.88 KL30% 300.63±41.70 66.89±4.15 54.78±7.60 55.38±7.68 10.94±1.52 138.18±91.39 KL40% 293.58±36.38 70.22±5.10 53.58±6.64 54.52±6.76 9.28±1.15 174.04±21.57 Total
KL10% 1000.27±51.1 888.73±44.53 140.42±8.60 255.12±14.42 23.91±1.46 487.52±92.30 KL20% 984.55±25.67 871.81±21.35 139.06±5.02 252.59±7.17 21.18±0.91 575.71±15.47 KL30% 966.07±60.18 853.94±52.10 136.10±9.07 247.64±17.38 23.43±1.61 524.56±93.49 KL40% 924.62±91.37 819.28±77.87 125.38±23.08 258.56±22.88 21.21±1.84 542.99±49.47
The analysis results of the various consumption of basal feeds, concentrated feeds, and total feeds on the treatment of KL10%, KL20%, KL30%, and KL40%
demonstrates insignificant difference (P>0.05). This result shows that regarding palatability and feed energy supply, using Leucaena leucocephala leaves in concentrated feeds did not change the factors affecting consumption. In line with
the research by Kusrianty and Nuraidil (2020); Usman and Rustam (2020), the supplementation of 14% of Leucaena leucocephala leaves in grazed domestic goats resulted in insignificantly different feeds consumption since the consumed Leucaena leucocephala leaves and other feeds did not disrupt the feeds’ palatability.
Despite its insignificant difference, the total feed consumption value is acquired from
treating 20% use of Leucaena leucocephala leaves in the concentrated feeds (KL20%) rather than in KL30% and KL40%. The increase in the use of Leucaena leucocephala leaves in the concentrate also affects the increase of concentrated feeds' volume due to the voluminousness of the leaves.
With the addition of 1% concentrate from the livestock's weight, despite adding the concentrated feeds with the same weight, the volume of the feeds probably increases along with the increase of Leucaena leucocephala leaves used in the concentrated feeds. Table 2 shows that the total consumption of food substances in all treatments has fulfilled the goats' main needs, with an initial average weight of
28.20±3.79 kg/goat. Regarding the main needs for goats' growth, as shown in Table 3, Kearl (1982) stated that goats with a weight of 30 kg and minimum weight gain of 100 g/goat/day require 830 g/goat/day of DM, 58 g/goat/day of CF, and 560 g/goat/day of TDN. The results show that the total consumption values of DM (924.62-1000.27 g/goat/day) and CF (125.38-140.42 g/goat/day) have exceeded the requirement, while the consumption of TDN has yet to reach below the needs of 560 g/goat/day. However, the total TDN consumption with KL20% treatment has reached 575.71±15.47 g/goat/day. In addition, the total consumption of nutrients exceeding the main needs will be used to increase the goats’ weight.
Table 3. The Requirements of Dry Matter, Crude Protein, and TDN for Goats’ Basic Needs and Growth
BW(kg) ADG(g/day) DM (g) CP(g) TDN (g)
20 0 550 44 240
25 610 52 300
50 660 59 360
100 710 72 470
30 0 740 38 370
25 770 43 410
50 800 48 460
100 830 58 560
40 0 910 48 460
25 950 53 500
50 980 58 550
100 1400 67 650
Source: Kearl (1982)
The administration of 1% body weight of concentrated feeds has contributed to the total consumption of 31% DM, 29% OM, 41% CP, 22% CF, and 44% EE. The average total consumption of DM for each treatment is 3% of the goat’s body weight. The use of 10-40% Leucaena leucocephala leaves in the concentrated feeds stimulates the increase in green feeds consumption, resulting in the average of DM total consumption on the body weight of each treatment as follows KL10% = 3.19%;
KL20% = 3.14%; KL30% = 3.37%; and KL40% = 3.38%. These results support the research by Marhaeniyanto and Susanti
supplementation of Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala leaves could increase the consumption of rice hay basal feeds in male sheep farming. However, the total dry matter consumption only reached 2.5% of the sheep's body weight. In addition, the 10% administration of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Albizia chinensis leaves mixture (1:1:1) in concentrated feeds with 1% body weight has increased the consumption of basal feeds to 2.1% of goats' body weight. According to Munawaroh, Budisatria, & Suwignyo (2015), the factors affecting the total amount of feed consumption are palatability, types
livestock physiological status. Moreover, low crude fiber (6.1-7.1%) on concentrated feeds of KL10%, KL20%, KL30%, and KL40% results in easily digestible feeds, increased feeds flow in livestock' digestive tract, quickly emptied rumen, and increasing consumption of basal feeds. The increase of 10-40% use of Leucaena leucocephala
leaves in concentrated feeds contributes to the increase of total crude protein consumption by 40.25 to 42.73% on KL40%
and thus brings a better impact since protein is essential in livestock growth. Table 4 presented the goats' average feed digestibility (%) and digested feeds (g/goat/day).
Table 4. The Etawa Goats Average Feed’s Digestibility (%) and Digested Feeds (g/goat/day)
Treatment DMD OMD CPD CFD EED TDND
--- % --- KL10% 71.84±4.03 75.25±3.49 73.32±4.89 62.34±6.26 78.67±3.06 69.05±5.56 KL20% 73.05±6.25 76.24±5.74 73.42±5.34 73.09±21.55 78.18±4.36 75.16±5.12 KL30% 71.73±5.67 74.89±5.36 73.83±4.33 61.19±8.06 78.93±3.79 72.00±10.47 KL40% 70.98±6.43 74.51±5.93 73.97±4.64 61.49±8.35 75.66±5.10 73.93±6.12
Treatment Digested DM Digested OM
Digested CP
Digested CF
Digested EE
Digested TDN ---g/goat/day --- KL10% 719.74±71.92 669.74±61.06 103.18±11.87 159.47±22.73 18.83±1.71 340.02±88.44 KL20% 698.81±65.24 649.70±55.27 102.84±6.86 155.54±23.86 16.01±1.00 452.53±35.20 KL30% 693.98±84.57 640.32±72.15 100.60±10.88 152.26±29.31 18.50±1.166 384.35±112.1 KL40% 665.55±77.25 616.91±65.42 91.21±20.03 185.58±52.14 16.55±1.18 407.74±41.64
The variance analysis results of digestibility value and digested feed consumption are insignificantly different (P>0.05). The feed digestibility value of >
70% indicates that the consumed feeds will positively contribute to the livestock's growth and development. The digestibility of crude fiber feeds on KL20% shows the best value (73.09%), indicating that concentrated feeds can stimulate the development of rumen's microbe in digesting fibrous feeds. The ruminants' feed digestibility result of KL20% is better than the fibrous feed digestibility, reaching digestibility of dry matter at approximately 51,20-68,94% (Rahmawati, et al., 2021).
The composition of food substances in the feeds also affects the feed's digestibility.
The consumption of digested feeds using Leucaena leucocephala leaves in the 1%
BW of concentrated feeds on all treatments has met the expectation. It has not caused a
difference in energy consumption. Thus, the consumption of digested organic matter and TDN is insignificantly different (P > 0.05).
As high-quality greens in concentrated feeds, Leucaena leucocephala leaves help to supply energy and protein, contributing to microbial growth and thus increasing the feed's efficiency and digestibility. This characteristic is also supported by Moss et al. (2000), who stated that the feed's efficiency and digestibility could occur if the feeds contain essential nutrients for the rumen's microbes.
Nitrogen Retention, Biological Values, and Body Weight Gain
Table 5 illustrates the average consumption of feeds' nitrogen level, feces' nitrogen level, urine's nitrogen level, nitrogen balance, and biological values of the feeds consumed by the Etawa goats during the research.
Table 5. The Average Consumption of Feed’s Nitrogen Level, Feces Nitrogen Level, Urines Nitrogen Level, Nitrogen Balance, and Biological Values of the Feeds Consumed By the Etawa Goats During the Research
Treatment N Feeds N Feces N Urine N Balance Biological Value
---(g/kgBW0.75/day)--- %
KL10% 1.91±0.11 0.51±0.12 0.181±0.011 1.05±0.13 75.42±7.55
KL20% 1.85±0.12 0.48±0.07 0.191±0.014 1.10±0.21 79.86±6.79
KL30% 1.83±0.13 0.48±0.08 0.178±0.011 0.97±0.21 70.80±9.95
KL20% 1.81±0.31 0.48±0.10 0.186±0.013 0.99±0.36 72.90±15.58 Nitrogen Balance and Biological Values are insignificantly different (P>0.05)
Table 6. The Total Dry Matter Consumption, Average Daily Gain, and Feeds Conversion of the Etawa Goats
Treatment DM consumption (g/goat/day) ADG (g/goat/day) Feeds Conversion
KL10% 1000.27±51.14 84.00b±27.95 12.84a±3.76
KL20% 984.55±25.67 99.29c±40.02 11.37a±6.06
KL30% 966.07±60.18 67.00a±45.51 22.36b±16.45
KL40% 924.62±91.37 88.50b±23.62 11.83a±3.64
Note: DM consumption is insignificantly different; a-c ADG is significantly different (P<0.05); a-b Feeds consumption is significantly different (P<0.05)
Table 5 shows a positive value of nitrogen retention, meaning consumed N is higher than N excreted through feces and urine. The N supply from concentrated and basal feeds such as crude protein can cause high N retention due to a good-quality feed.
N retention helps form body tissue measured by daily weight gain. The variance analysis results of Leucaena leucocephala leaves in concentrated feeds show the difference between ADG and feed conversion (P <
0.05). In addition, using Leucaena leucocephala leaves in concentrated feeds in KL20% treatment contributes to ADG of 99.29±40.02 g/goat/day and feeds conversion of 11.37±6.06. The researchers gained better results than Marhaeniyanto and Susanti (2011) did in which the ADG of the young male sheep only reached 76±0.1 g/sheep/day with the 1% BW supplementation of Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium leaves. However, administering 1.5% of concentrated feeds with 16% CP resulted in higher ADG, reaching 112.2±4.1 g/sheep/day (Marhaeniyanto, Susanti & Murti, 2020).
CONCLUSION
crude protein and 1% of BW can increase feed efficiency and digestibility by > 70%
and increase the ADG by 99.29±40.02 g/goat/day and feeds conversion by 11.37±6.06.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Board of Leaders of LPPM Universitas Tribhuwana Tungga Dewi sponsored this research through the Universitas Tribhuwana Tungga Dewi Research Grant and the Gapoktan Arjuna Sejahtera, Klampok Village, Singosari Malang.
REFERENCES
Association of Official Analytical Chemists,
& Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (US). (2005). Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (Vol.
7). The Association.
Halim, A. (2018). Pengaruh Lama Pemeraman Terhadap Kandungan Nutrisi Silase Jerami Jagung Yang Ditambah Daun Lamtoro (Leucena Leocephala), Tetes (Molases) Dan Lactobacillus (Doctoral dissertation,
Hidayat, R. A. H. M. A. T. (2017). Daya Cerna Nutrien Pada Kambing Dengan Suplementasi Daun Gamal atau Lamtoro Berbasis Rumput Benggala. Skripsi. Fakultas Peternakan. Universitas Hasanuddin.
Makasar.
Kalang, A. R. (2014). Pengaruh Frekuensi Pemberian Pakan Lamtoro Terhadap Karakteristik Rumen Dan Kecernaan Pakan Kambing Di Kabupaten Majene (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Hasanuddin).
Kearl, L. C. (1982). Nutrient requirements of ruminants in developing countries.
International Feedstuffs Institute.
Kefe, K., TB, O. R. N., & Bira, G. F. (2020).
Perbandingan level tepung gamal (Gliricidia sepium) dan tepung lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) yang berbeda terhadap parameter kimia wafer sebagai pakan ruminansia kecil. JAS, 5(1), 8-11. https://doi.org/
10.32938/ja.v5i1.931.
Kusrianty, N., & Nuraidil, N. (2020).
Pengaruh pemberian pakan tambahan hijauan lamtoro terhadap pertambahan bobot badan kambing kacang yang digembalakan. Tolis Ilmiah: Jurnal Penelitian, 2(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.
56630/jti.v2i2.123
Luruk, A. H. (2016). Pengaruh pemberian kombinasi rumput alam, lamtoro dan daun turi terhadap konsumsi ransum, pbbh dan konversi pakan pada ternak kambing kacang betina lokal. JAS, 1(2), 26-27. https://doi.org/10.32938/ja.v1i0 2.38
Marhaeniyanto, E., & Susanti, S. (2011).
Strategi suplementasi leguminosa untuk meningkatkan penampilan domba. Buana Sains, 11(1), 7-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.33366/bs.v11i1.174.
Marhaeniyanto, E., Susanti, S., Siswanto, B., & Murti, A. T. (2019).
Inventarisasi pemanfaatan daun tanaman sebagai sumber protein dalam pakan kambing peranakan etawah (studi kasus di dusun prodosumbul, desa klampok,
kecamatan singosari, kabupaten malang) jurnal. Jurnal Ternak Tropika (Journal of Tropical Animal Production), 20(1). https://doi.org/10.
21776/ub.jtapro.2019.020.01.8
Marhaeniyanto, E., Susanti, S., & Murti, A.
T. (2020). Penampilan produksi kambing peranakan etawa yang diberi pakan konsentrat berbasis daun tanaman. TERNAK TROPIKA Journal of Tropical Animal Production, 21(2), 93-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub .jtapro.2020.021.02.2
Maw, N. N., San Mu, K., Aung, A., & Htun, M. T. (2006, October). Preliminary report on the nutritive value of some tree foliage. In Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development. Octo-ber (pp. 11- 13).
Moss, A. R., Jouany, J. P., & Newbold, J.
(2000, May). Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to global warming. In Annales de zootechnie (Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 231- 253). EDP Sciences.
Munawaroh, L. L., Budisatria, I. G. S., &
Suwignyo, B. (2015). Pengaruh pemberian fermentasi complete feed berbasis pakan lokal terhadap konsumsi, konversi pakan, dan feed cost kambing Bligon jantan. Buletin Peternakan, 39(3), 167-173.
Nenosono, M., Lawa, E. D. W., Hilakore, M. A., & Lazarus, E. J. L. (2021).
Pengaruh penggunaan campuran dedak padi dan lemak telo (Daklow) dalam ransum terhadap konsumsi dan kecernaan nutrien ternak kambing kacang. Jurnal Peternakan Lahan Kering, 3(1), 1301-1308. https://doi.
org/10.57089/jplk.v3i1.608
Paga, A., Koten, B. B., & Koni, T. N.
(2008). Pemanfaatan wafer leguminosa sebagai pakan alternatif ternak kambing di daerah lahan kering. Partner, 15(2), 185-191. http://
dx.doi.org/10.35726/jp.v15i2.43 Rahmawati, P. D., Pangestu, E., Nuswatara,
L. K., & Christiyanto, M. (2021).
Kecernaan bahan kering, bahan organik, lemak kasar dan nilai total digestible nutrient hijauan pakan kambing. Jurnal Agripet, 21(1). https://
doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v21i1.17933 Robo, M. M., Kleden, M. M., & Enawati, L.
S. (2019). Pengaruh pemberian konsentrat yang mengandung tepung daun kelor dengan level yang berbeda terhadap penggunaan nitrogen kambing lokal. Journal of Tropical Animal Science and Technology, 1(1), 7-13.
Sandra, T. (2016). Efek Penambahan Daun Lamtoro (Leucaena Leucocephala) dan/atau Undegraded Dietary Protein terhadap Konsumsi dan Kecernaan Nutrien Pakan serta Produktivitas Kambing Kacang Dara (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Gadjah Mada).
Steel, R. G. D dan J. H. Torrie. (1995).
Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistika:
Suatu Pendekatan Biometrik.
Terjemahan dari: Principles and Procedures of Statistics. Penerjemah Sumatri B. Jakarta: Gramedia.
Suhartati, F. M. (2005). Protein lamtoro leaves (Leucaena leucocephala) with tannin, saponin, and oil protection and the effect on ruminal undegradable dietary protein (RUDP), and synthesis of rumen microbial protein. Animal Production, 7(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.
20884/1.jap.2005.7.1.78
Susanti, S., & Marhaeniyanto, E. (2016).
Proporsi penggunaan berbagai jenis daun tanaman untuk pakan ternak kambing pada lokasi dan ketinggian berbeda di wilayah Malang Raya. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan (Indonesian Journal of Animal Science), 26(3), 42-52. http://doi.org /10.21776/ub.jiip.2016.026.03.07 Susanti, S., Marhaeniyanto, E., & Hidayati,
A. (2022). Pemberian level konsentrat berbasis daun sengon, lamtoro, dan gamal terhadap performa kambing peranakan etawa. Jurnal Peternakan Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Animal Science), 24(3), 227-236.
https://doi.org/10.25077/jpi.24.3.227- 236.2022
Sutardi, T. (1980). Landasan ilmu nutrisi. Jilid I. departemen Ilmu Makanan Ternak. Fakultas Peternakan. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Bogor.
Usman, U., & Rustam, A. (2020). Pengaruh Pemberian Pakan Tambahan Hijauwan Lamtoro Terhadap Status Fisiologis Kambing Kacang Yang Digembalakan. Tolis Ilmiah: Jurnal Penelitian, 2(2).
Wijaya, D. D. (2008). Pengaruh penggunaan pakan suplemen yang mengandung daun lamtoro terhadap keseimbangan nitrogen ransum sapi peranakan ongole jantan.
