The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the publisher. The.Evolution.of.Web.Governance.in.the.Government.Government..299 Julianne Mahler, George Mason University, USA.
Chapter.I
Will.E-Government.be.Different?
Abstract
Introduction
Otherwise, there must be greater readiness for administrative reform from IT than ever before. This article summarizes the four main propositions of the reform hypothesis, discusses empirical evidence regarding each, evaluates the reform hypothesis in light of research findings, raises relevant caveats, and concludes with a summary of the possible future relationship between IT and administrative reform.
Reform.Through.Information.Technology
They use IT in the broader interests of the organization, but those broader interests usually intersect with their own interests. In the case of local government, it is true regardless of the form of government.
Problem.with.the.Reform.Hypothesis
Even in cases where there are good reasons to reform government, the use of IT has a poor reputation as a lever for change. The short-term consequences of IT use are much less drastic and dramatic than expected.
Implications.and.Conclusion
The use of IT has dramatically affected many business organizations and sectors over the past decade. If this is indeed the will of the existing government power structure, IT could play a role in reform.
In Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Economic and Social Implications of Information Technology (pp Washington, DC. The impact of information technology on organizational design and the emergence of the distributed organization.
Endnotes
These coalitions are sometimes called the organization's power structure and may include others lower in the hierarchy.
Type of issue: Whether the article was published in the general issue of the journal or in a special issue dedicated to e-government. In addition, both authors individually read all articles and coded them separately.
Findings
Nevertheless, social scientists published most of the empirical research in this area during this period. It is important to note that of the 14 articles that developed or extended theory, 12 tested the theory using empirical evidence.
Test.of.Hypotheses.or.Research.Questions
Type.of.Analysis
The bibliographies of the latter typically contained few, if any, citations from the available e-government literature (either articles, books, book chapters, monographs, or web postings). We rated only five articles (9%) as strong in terms of their reviews of the IT and government literature.
Support.for.Conclusions
Conclusion
Additionally, a surprising number of articles drew conclusions that went beyond what their data or analysis would support. As e-government itself continues to grow and develop, what can we expect from the field of e-government research.
The.57.Empirical.E-Government.Articles
Government.Adoption
For example, World Bank (2007) figures show that even countries that are most advanced in implementing e-government systems are only able to capture 20% of their real savings potential. Moreover, implementation failures of e-government systems are also common and often lead to adverse financial consequences (eg, the Gires project in Québec or the Canadian Firearms Registry costing $400 million and $1 billion , respectively) (Radio Canada, 2003).
Adoption.and.Acceptance
The Influence of Managerial Practices
For example, Thong et al. 2000) found that management support was an important factor influencing e-government adoption. Similar to Carter and Bélanger (2005), Hung, Chang, and Yu (2006) found that perceived ease of use significantly influenced taxpayers' attitudes toward use.
The Influence of Subcultures
Additionally, Srivastava and Teo (2006a, 2006b) found that ICT infrastructure, technology development and the quality of human capital had a significant effect on e-government development. They also found that "organizational climate" and "decision making and responsibility assumption" were strong determinants of organizational innovation.
The Influence of IT Characteristics
- Government.Adoption.and.Acceptance
Top management support was found to be the main enabler of e-government implementation in the infusion phase. Websites were found to have a significant impact on users' perceptions of government accessibility (as measured by ease of finding information).
Acknowledgment
Worldwide.E-Governance
One of the problems with a rapidly evolving instrument is the usefulness of comparisons over the years. The UN Global E-government Report is also one of the few longitudinal studies of web presence worldwide (e.g. UNPAN.
Design.and.Methodology
Removing the question for the security and privacy component brings the total number of questions to 18, with a total possible raw score of 25. The changes to the E-Government Performance Index helped this ongoing survey of municipal websites makes one of the most thorough in the field of e-governance research.
International.Municipalities
In 2003, 80 of the 100 identified cities were surveyed (by two surveyors) and included in the overall ranking. For the 2005 data, 81 out of 100 cities were included in the overall ranking, excluding municipalities where no official website was available.
Findings.and.Longitudinal.Assessment
The increase in the overall average of scores is mainly the result of OECD member countries improving overall performance of the municipal website. The percentage change for non-OECD member countries in the same e-government categories was only 36.4% and -4.5.
Chapter.V
An.Analysis.of.Local.Government
Web.Sites.in.England.and.Wales*
Democracy.Online:.A.Framework.for.Analysis
In this research, the website analysis sought to create a starting point of e-democracy and a first indication of the gap between rhetoric and reality in local government e-democracy practices. Maintenance and navigation refers to the overall look and feel of the website and its accessibility.
Findings.From.the.Analysis
Another interesting feature of Chart 9 is that 15% of websites are related to off-council consultations. Since the inception of the World Wide Web, empirical studies have reported variations in usability for government websites (Harrison & Petrie, 2007), including low information and successful retrieval rates (Nielsen, 2000) and large variations in the length of time taken for success (Hargittai, 2003).
Structuring.Research.Questions.about.User.Help.Features
This information can be used to structure service navigation schemes or the overall information organization of the entire web portal. One of the few theoretical suggestions about how these characteristics would be clustered comes from Ho (2002), who suggests that the system of information architecture used is a function of whether an agency is traditionally organized with a bureaucratic paradigm (in which case the information architecture architecture would be structured according to a traditional list of authorities) or whether it has moved to the more efficient eGovernment paradigm that emphasizes a customer-centric service orientation (with a structure tailored to the website audience or market).
Project.Methodology
However, Ho's (2002) hypothesis also suggests that there is necessarily a direct and strong correlation between design ideas within an agency's technology branch and the organizational sophistication of the overall agency, which is unlikely. To try to overcome this problem, the author double-checked the results, and of course a simple yes or no check for each function is a much less complex coding task than having to code an arbitrary scale of the effectiveness of a function.
Usability.and.Help.Features
All coding was done by one person, the author, which is a shortcoming of this research. The author recognizes that a simple count does not resolve the question of whether a feature is well designed or not; however, this research is the first step in investigating this phenomenon, and the first step should be whether a function exists or not.
Exploration.of.Research.Questions
Cities used a hybrid type of portal the most (in 40.4% of cases) while states and federal agencies rarely used it. The type of information organization schemes used is a function of the type of services provided and the site managers' perceptions of their audiences.
Repeated.Use.of.E-Gov
Confidentiality Perspective
Racial differences influence the strength of the relationship between perceived user confidentiality and repeat use intention. While private sector use of the Internet has increased, the public sector has followed closely.
Theoretical.Background
We also identify perceived confidentiality as one of the factors influencing users' intention to repeatedly use government websites. Finally, we discuss the results of the empirical analysis and conclude with a discussion of theoretical and managerial implications.
Service.Performance.and.Satisfaction
Hypothesis 1: The perceived performance of an e-gov website will positively influence a user's satisfaction. Hypothesis 3: User's perceived performance of an e-gov website will positively influence a user's intention to continue using an e-gov website.
Perceived Confidentiality
Hypothesis.6: The need for confidential information for a certain task from an e-gov website will negatively affect the user's intention to continue using the e-gov website. Hypothesis.8: Gender will moderate the relationship between the need for confidential information and the user's intention to continue using the e-gov website;.
Sample
In their study, Finucane et al. 2000) found that white people tend to rate the risks as lower than people of color. Hypothesis.9:.Race will moderate the relationship between the need for confidential information and the user's intention to continue using the e-gov website; and whites will show reduced negative impact of the relationship than their non-white counterparts.
Measurement
Government.Satisfaction
Unlike the confirmation-expectancy theory (Oliver, 1980), where satisfaction is determined by the disconfirmation between expectation and perceived performance, we use perceived service quality performance as an antecedent of satisfaction according to SERVPERF (Cronin & Taylor). This means that satisfaction is determined by "performance measures only", which means that the user's perception of the performance of e-government services as opposed to the difference between the consumer's perception of performance and their performance expectations.
The result on satisfaction was statistically significant, indicating that gender has a significant effect on the relationship between satisfaction and reuse intention. Furthermore, there is a significant interaction between the level of confidential information shared and race on the intention to reuse e-gov (b= 1.371, p<0.01).
Discussion
By revealing factors that influence the reuse intention of e-gov websites, this study has extended research on e-government. For example, the likelihood of reusing e-gov sites decreased despite increased site satisfaction, and satisfaction has less effect than familiarity.
Avenues.for.Future.Research
A Study on the Impact of Consumer Trust on Consumer Expectations and Satisfaction: The Korean Experience. Ethical and Policy Issues in Research Involving Humans: Report and Recommendations of the National Advisory Commission on Bioethics.
Web.Site,.Will.They.Come?
To consider these questions, the first part summarizes debates about the Internet's impact on civic engagement. The third part examines the evidence for the relationship between Internet use and indicators of civic engagement.
Knowledge.Societies.on.Democracy
The.Knowledge.Elite.and.Social.Inequalities
The presence of parties on the Internet appears to largely represent an additional element to a party's repertoire of action, along with more traditional forms of communication, rather than a transformation of the fundamental relationship between political parties and the public, as some previous proponents of cyberdemocracy hoped. Research into the content of public administration websites has also shown that they are often used primarily for the dissemination of information and the provision of routine administrative services.
The.Multidimensional.Nature.of.Political.Activism
In a 'win-win' situation, participation in associational life is believed to generate individual rewards, such as career opportunities and personal support networks, and facilitate community goods, by promoting people's ability to work together on local problems. . Civil society organizations such as unions, churches, and community groups, Putnam suggests, play a crucial role in the production of social capital, where they succeed in bridging divisive social divides, integrating people with different backgrounds and values, and promoting “habits.”