5 Ergonomic design of workplaces in the clothing industry 175 5.1 Ergonomics in the storage of textile materials 175 5.2 Ergonomic workplaces in garment manufacturing. The analysis of anthropological and biomechanical characteristics of a man leads to the correlation with ergonomic principles detailed in the fourth chapter.
Defi nition of ergonomics
Ergonomics is the branch of science that seeks to transform man-machine antagonism into man-machine synergy. Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with understanding the interactions between human and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human welfare and overall system performance.
History of ergonomics
There is a growing percentage of users of products in the process of ergonomic planning and evaluation. Wide use of information technology imposes complex requirements on the field of ergonomic research and practical application of ergonomics.
Standards
The analysis of recent experience shows that in the future the development of ergonomics will move towards adaptations to socio-economic needs, leading to further diversification. There is a growing interest from engineers in the field that until recently was dominated by psychologists.
Categories of ergonomics
Researcher and theorist James Stoner states different phases of the basic process of rational decision-making:. a) The phase of problem formulation is the first phase, which consists of a series of activities: identifying problems, analyzing problems, defining problems and making a diagnosis. When there is an opportunity to choose between two or more alternatives, it is necessary to make a choice or make a decision (eg, choosing a fashion collection, style, colors, etc.).
Types of ergonomics
Corrective ergonomics is based on the principle: ''You see - you look - you improve.'' The representative of this ergonomics is Barnes (1968), who defined 22 principles for the rationalization of work. Software ergonomics is an interdisciplinary part of the science of work that deals with direct or indirect effects of software products on humans.
Micro-ergonomics and macro-ergonomics
In system ergonomics, components of the "man" and "machine" system are the main research topics. Performing the job – the conditions and results of a man's interaction with the machine and equipment.
Physiological conditions
Physiology of work studies the quality of work and the physiological capabilities of a man to overcome the different forms and their interrelationships. The man who does the job – who must strive to overcome the burdens of the job and the hazards in the work environment. The study of human physiological abilities and the amount of physiological effort he can exert to respond to the demands of the job.
Physical work (skeletal muscle work) is the main cause of physical stress due to work. A job analysis can determine which body functions will be affected by that job.
Psycho-sociological conditions
Job satisfaction refers to cognitive (assumptions and beliefs about work), affective (feelings toward work), and evaluative (job appreciation) responses of the individuals to their work. The factors of job satisfaction can be as follows:. i) Job (variety, autonomy, feedback) (ii) The compensation system (iii) Working conditions. iv) Colleagues at work (the impact of national culture) (v) Organizational structure (flexible). i) The harmony of personal interests and job (ii) Work experience and age. iii) Position and status (iv) Total satisfaction with life. Formal and informal aspects of the organization influence the motivation of employees and the increase or decrease in performance.
After finishing the work, the heart rate decreases, depending on the difficulty of the previously performed work. resting pulse recovery pulse. In the European Union there are regulations on health and safety at work and these provisions can be applied to the psychosocial characteristics of work (Council Directive 89/391/EEC; 1993).
Anthropometric conditions
Functional anatomy studies the changes in the shape of the body in motion and the work of individual organs. The characteristic lengths of segments are defined in relation to the height of the body in a standing position. Anthropometric points mark the distance between different points on the body surface and the movement of the angular joints.
Fixed anthropometric points are always on the same part of the body and are clearly visible. Therefore, when designing a workspace in ergonomics, the following zones of reach of arms can be different:.
Ecological conditions
The development of ecological consciousness emphasizes the notion that a man with his actions must not disturb the process of nature according to his needs, or disrupt the functioning of the balance that has always existed between living things and their environment. The standard is based on a systematic and targeted approach that enables the fulfillment of environmental needs by applying the specified requirements and the commitment to good behavior of the environment in the field of environmental protection. Damasio A (1999) The sense of what happens: body and emotion in the creation of consciousness, William Heinemann, London.
Merllié D and Paoli P (2000) Ten years of working conditions in the European Union, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin. Punnett L and Keyserling WM (1987) 'Exposure to ergonomic stressors in the garment industry: application and critique of job analysis methods in the workplace', Ergonomics.
Ergonomic principles in designing the workplace
How much and in which field of work depends on the rest of the workers in the work process. They then rank each task performed along the following dimensions:. time required to perform the task ii. frequency of performing the task iii. the relative importance of the task iv. the relative difficulty of the task. training ability to perform the task while working. Left and right hand movements are 'the same' to the human brain only if they are symmetrical.
The modeling method allows increasing productivity, improving the humanization of work and better utilization of the surface and volume of a workplace. The shortest total path allows increased productivity and humanization of work, better utilization of the surface of a workplace, thus reducing the total path of movement of workers, which reduces energy during the maintenance of the work object.
Ergonomic principles in designing working processes
Therefore, the organization of the work process is preceded by a defined objective and planning, i.e. for a more detailed observation and analysis of complex work processes, it is necessary to divide them into operations. The analysis of the operations leads to knowledge of the measures to be taken for their rational performance, discovering the savings and reserves for increasing labor productivity.
The analysis of the organization of work processes reveals the most important elements in the design of standard norms of time and performance, which are also used for the rational organization of work. The implementation of the organization of a work process must be followed by control and analysis.
Ergonomic principles in determining working time
Shift work – system of organization of working time with interpersonal substitution of employees at a particular workplace. After Wednesday, the number of accidents slowly increases until the end of the week, probably due to fatigue. Many studies have shown that most workers' accidents occur in the morning and afternoon, and that the number of accidents decreases towards the end of the shift.
According to Vernon Horace Middleton, the greatest number of accidents only occur in the last hours of the day. Managers must take care of the working capacity of a man during the year and on that basis determine the time for holidays.
Ergonomic principles in handling material and tools
In the US, a quarter of all registered work injuries are lower back injuries. Of these, 75% of injuries occurred when lifting loads and 20% when pushing or pulling loads. Too Big - One of the basic rules for lifting and carrying loads is to keep the load as close to the center of the body's torso as possible.
Before lifting the load, check the condition of the load and the weight of the load. There are differences in the level of the floor or work surface, as a result of which manual handling of loads is carried out at different heights.
Ergonomic principles in designing environment
There are differences in the level of the floor or work surface, as a result of which manual handling of loads is carried out at different heights. e. Air humidity affects the health and physical fitness of employees, which is reflected in work performance. A high level of humidity in the working environment may be the result of the nature of the technological process or organizational deficiencies.
Given that it is the best for resting the eyes, it is used for the surface of the table. If there are deviations from the optimal conditions, the conditioning of the working environment must be ensured by artificial means.
Senior Labour Inspectors Committee (Available from http://www
- Ergonomics in the storage of textile materials
- Ergonomic workplaces in garment manufacture preparation
- Ergonomics in cutting room
- Ergonomics in sewing room
Conditions in different parts of the world vary greatly in terms of humidity, heat or cold, and the presence of insects. Due to the non-physiological position of the shoulder, they also often keep their neck in a fixed position due to constantly looking at the text they are typing or at the computer monitor. Tendinitis is an inflammation or irritation of a tendon - the tissue that connects muscles and bones.
Length – variable depending on the size of the room and the length of the setup. Inappropriate position of the body is evidenced by the increased fatigue rate of the worker and more time to perform a technological operation in the correct position of the body.
