SESA & ESMF SESA
Component Sub – Component PIC Responses – Key Activities Environmental Impacts
(description of impact is presented in the report)
Social Impact
(description of impact is presented in the report) Existing Safeguards Applicable WB OP/BP Gap Analysis Mitigation Plan (detail in ESMF) Responsible Institutions Estimate of Cost
1.1. Strengthening the licensing regime
Dyah Catur 1.1.1. Moratorium, transparency of natural resource permits, Incentive Schemes for private companies with good conduct
(+) Increased quality of forest management (+) Increased protection of forest areas, biodiversity or High Conservation Value (HCV) areas
(+) Preservation of carbon stocks and reducing illegal logging
(+) Clean and clear use of land
(+) Protection of indigenous/local community rights (+) Reduced number of social conflicts (-) There is no management within the moratorium areas which would leave room for potential illegal activities
(1) PIPIB (Licensing Moratorium) (2) FGRM under the DG of PSKL
(3) Environmental Permit procedures (AMDAL) which strengthen forest permits for private sector and improved community participation to forest management.
(4) SIS-REDD+: Principle 1. Legal compliance and consistency with national forest programs - REDD+ activities shall comply with government regulations and nationally ratified international conventions/agreements and shall be consistent with the objectives of national forest programs.
(5) PRISAI: Principle 3 - Improvement of forest governance.
(6) SES-REDD+ Kaltim: Principle 1 - Right on land and area, and Principle 4:
Good Governance
(1) OP/BP 4.36, Forests (2) OP/BP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement (3) OP/BP 4.01 environmental assessment
(4) OP/BP 4.04 environmental assessment
The moratorium area is located within an area with existing permits and free access (no permits required).
There is currently no regulation on the minimal management of moratorium areas. Such management would be useful to prevent potential illegal activities.
(1) Establishing a one map data program in East Kalimantan;
(2) Developing an incentive mechanism to protect & manage HCV areas (moratorium);
(3) Establishing a management unti for the moratorium areas (in accordance to the objectives of the moratorium) beyond the permitted areas. This management would be community-based.
1. Regional Development Planning Agency of East Kalimantan (Bappeda Kalimantan Timur)
2. Provincial Government Forestry Office of East Kalimantan (Dinas Kehutanan Kalimantan Timur)
3. Provincial Government Estate Crops Office of East Kalimantan (Dinas Perkebunan Kalimantan Timur)
4. Provincial Government Mining Office of East Kalimanta (Dinas Pertambangan Kalimantan Timur)
5. Provincial Government Communications and Informations Office of East Kalimantan (Dinas Komunikasi dan Informasi)
(1) 3x meeting; establishing a spatial data management system
(2) 5x meeting; developing incentive mechanisms (3) Moratorium area permit management: social forestry scheme; ---> field trip 1X, meeting 4x
1.2. Dispute Settlement Yuyun Kurniawan 1.2.1. Increasing Capacity (+) Increased management and protection of forests and biodiversity
(+) Reduction of and or negative impacts against the environmental quality can be anticipated or minimized.
(+) Equal bargaining position between actors in the management of forest resources and biodiversity (+) Increased understanding among stakeholders on the rights and responsibilities, as well as risks involving the management of forest resources (+) Increased community participation in the management of forest resources and biodiversity (+) The potential social impacts can be anticipated/minimized
(+) A faster conflict resolution process which is acceptable to the conflicting parties (-) Emergence of demands and or expectations of appreciation with regards to the management practices of forests that could minimize potential conflicts
- Law No. 7 year 2012 on Sosial Conflict Resolution (UU No. 7 Tahun 2012 tentang Penangan Konflik Sosial)
- Government Regulation No. 6 year 2007 juncto Government Regulation No. 3 year 2008 on Forest Governance and Formulation of Forest Management Planning and Forest Utilization (PP. No. 6 Tahun 2007 jo PP No. 3 Tahun 2008 tentang Tata Hutan dan Penyusunan Rencana Pengelolaan Hutan serta Pemanfaatan Hutan)
- Government Regulation No. 43 year 2014 on the Rules for Implementing Law No. 6 year 2014 on Villages (PP No. 43 Tahun 2014 Tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Desa) - Decision Letter by the Head of the Centre for Training and Education of Forestry No. 156/Dik-2/2014 on Training and Education Curriculum and Syllabus for Mediation of Natural Resource Conflict Resolution (SK Kapusdiklathut No. 156/Dik-2/2014 tentang Kurikulum dan Silabus Diklat Mediasi Untuk Penyelesaian Konflik SDA)
- Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. P.54/Menhut- li/2014 on Competencies and Certification of Technical Apparatus and Monitoring of Technical Apparatus for the Management of Sustainable Production Forests (Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No: P. 54/Menhut- Ii/2014 Tentang Kompetensi Dan Sertifikasi Tenaga Teknis Dan Pengawas Tenaga Teknis Pengelolaan Hutan Produksi Lestari)
- Environmental Assessment (OP) (BP 4.01)
- Natural Habitats (OP) (BP 4.04) - Forests (OP) (BP 4.36)
On the Environmental Assessment (OP) (BP 4.01), There is a discrepancy in the capacity among actors in assessing environmental conditions as well as identifying potential benefits of the environment.This discrepancy is influenced by the sectoral mindset of the respective actors.
On the Natural Habitats (OP) (BP 4.04) - There is a discrepancy in the capacity among actors in managing natural habitats, especially for the vulnerable and or threatened populations.
- Lack of capacity to provide alternative resources as a replacement for the use of forest resources as means of subsistence, especially for indigenous and semi-isolated communities.
- Lack of appreciation towards conflict resolution efforts which resulted in the protection of natural habitats - The spread of vulnerable and threatened habitats and wildlife are located beyond conservation and protection areas.
On the Forests (OP) (BP 4.36)
There is a discrepancy and bias of understanding among actors in assessing forest resources and the potential benefits. This discrepancy is influenced by the sectoral mindset of the respective actors.
- There needs to be an increase of comprehensive understanding on forests; both its tangible and intangible value and benefits - There needs to be a comprehensive valuation and information dissemination on forest resources
- There needs to be a syllabus developed to increase technical capacity for management of the environment and biodiversity, especially for those involved in the cultivation of forest and non- forest areas
1. Forest Management Units, either licence holders of forest area and its management resources or other government related authorities (i.e KPH &
UPT taman nasional)
2. Land Management Unit mainly palm oil and mining 3. Villages governments
4. Members of forest and land dependent community groups 5. Other relevant agencies (i.e. DPMPD, Estate Agency, environmental Agency, Energy and Mineral resource Agency, Community empowerment groups/NGOs))
- Formulation of the syllabus on capacity building and technical training for conflict resolution, including human wildlife conflicts (USD 25,000) - Developing materials for information dissemination on forest and biodiversity governance as well as dispute settlements for various sectors (USD 10,000)
1.2.2. Development of Conflict Resolution Mechanism
(+) Reduced deforestation and forest degradation (+) Increased wildlife population and habitat quality
(+) Reduced wildlife and human conflict (+) Prevented and or reduced overexploitation of forest resources and biodiversity (-) Forest and biodiversity degradation as well as deforestation can increase due to the uncertainty of management over the period of formulating the mechanism for conflict resolution (status quo)
(+) Clarity on the roles, rights and responsibilities of parties in settling disputes over forests and land (+) Increased awareness of parties to participate in conflict resolution
(+) Increased synergy and cooperation among parties in developing the forests and environment (+) Reduced wildlife and human conflict (+)Identification of capacity needs for conflict resolution
(+) Increased burden and responsibility of specific groups for conflict management
(-) Potential uncertainty over conflict management throughout the process of formulating a conflict resolution instrument (mechanism) (status quo) (-) Potential discontent among specific groups which traditionally would have played a key role in conflict resolution
- Law No. 7 year 2012 on Sosial Conflict Management (Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2012 tentang Penanganan Konflik Sosial) - Supreme Court Regulation No. 1 year 2016 on Mediating Procedures in Court (Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor: 01 Tahun 2016 tentang Prosedur Mediasi di Pengadilan)
- Government Regulation No. 54 year 2000 on Institutions Providing Services for Environmental Dispute Settlements Out of Court (PP No. 54 Tahun 2000 tentang Lembaga Penyedia Jasa Pelayanan Penyelesaian Sengketa Lingkungan Hidup Diluar Pengadilan)
- Government Regulation No. 43 year 2014 on the Rules for Implementing Law No. 6 year 2014 on Villages (PP No. 43 Tahun 2014 Tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Desa) - Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. P.48/Menhut- li/2008 on Guides for Conflict Prevention Between Humans and Wildlife as revised by Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation No.
P.53/Menhut-li/2014 (Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor P. 48/Menhut- Ii/2008 Tentang Pedoman Penanggulangan Konflik Antara Manusia Dan Satwa Liar sebagaimana telah diubah oleh Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor P.53/Menhut-II/2014)
- Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No.
P.83/MENLHK/SETJEND/KUM.1/10/2016 on Social Forestry (Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor:
P.83/MENLHK/SETJEND/KUM.1/10/2016 tentang Perhutanan Sosial) - Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. P.84/Menlhk- Setjen/2015 on Tenurial Conflict Management of Forest Areas (Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan
Nomor: P.84/Menlhk-Setjen/2015 tentang Penanganan Konflik Tenurial Kawasan Hutan)
- Regulation of the Director General of Social Forestry and Environmental
- Environmental Assessment (OP) (BP 4.01)
- Natural Habitats (OP) (BP 4.04) - Forests (OP) (BP 4.36) - Projects in Disputed Areas (OP) (BP 7.60)
On the Environmental Assessment (OP) (BP 4.01), There is a discrepancy in the capacity among actors in assessing environmental conditions as well as identifying potential benefits of the environment.This discrepancy is influenced by the sectoral mindset of the respective actors.
On the Natural Habitats (OP) (BP 4.04) - There is a discrepancy in the capacity among actors in managing natural habitats, especially for the vulnerable and or threatened populations.
- Lack of capacity to provide alternative resources as a replacement for the use of forest resources as means of subsistence, especially for indigenous and semi-isolated communities.
- Lack of appreciation towards conflict resolution efforts which resulted in the protection of natural habitats - The spread of vulnerable and threatened habitats and wildlife are located beyond conservation and protection areas.
On the Forests (OP) (BP 4.36)
There is a discrepancy and bias of understanding among actors in assessing forest resources and the potential benefits. This discrepancy is influenced by the sectoral mindset of the respective actors.
- There needs to be an established Regional (Provincial level) Strategy and Action Plan for Conflict Resolution/Dispute Settlement
- Establishing an ad hoc area monitoring team for the status quo while the mechanisms for conflict resolution is being developed - There needs to be a reward & punishement mechanism developed for management practices affecting (positive/negative) the forests and biodiversity - There needs to be a guideline developed for conflict resolution between humans and wildlife, not limited to orangutans only.
- Advocating policies to recognize customary law communities/indigenous communities in cities/regencies
1. Forest Management Unit either licence holders of forest area and its resources management or government related authorities (i.e KPH) 2. Land Management Unit mainly oil palm and mining 3. Villages governments
4. Members of forest and land dependent community groups 5. Other relevant agencies in provincial and district levels (i.e. DPRD, DPMPD, Estate Agency, environmental Agency, Energy and Mineral resource Agency, BKSDA, related Finance institutions, community empowerment groups)
- Formulation of Regional Strategy and Action Plan for Natural Resource Conflict Management (USD 15,000)
- Operationalization of the ad hoc monitoring team for the status quo areas (USD 10,000) - Rewards and punishments for conflict management
- Development of a guideline for human and wildlife conflict resolution (USD 15,000)
- Advocating policies for customary law communities/indigenous communities (USD 20,000)
1.2.3. Regional Boundary Management
(+) Increased of environmental and biodiversity management, particularly the protection of populations and wildlife habitat (+) Reduced human and wildlife conflict (-)
(+) Certainty in environmental management rights and forest resource utilization especially for vulnerable and marginalized groups (+) Certainty of responsible parties in managing the environment and biodiversity
(+) Certainty in dividing and sharing the produced benefits from the products and environmental services
(+) Increased of responsibility and participation among parties in the management of the area (-) Potential for loss of access and rights towards forest resources for specific groups (-) Potential increase of burden and responsibilities of management for specific groups, especially with regards to areal delineation
(-) Potential discrepancy of capacity in biodiversity and environmental management
- Government Regulation No. 6 year 2007 juncto Government Regulation No. 3 year 2008 on Forest Governance and Formulation of Forest Management Plans and Forest Utilization (PP. No. 6 Tahun 2007 jo PP No.
3 Tahun 2008 tentang Tata Hutan dan Penyusunan Rencana Pengelolaan Hutan serta Pemanfaatan Hutan)
- Government Regulation No. 24 year 2010 on Utilization of Forest Areas (PP No. 24 Tahun 2010 tentang Penggunaan Kawasan Hutan) - Government Regulation No. 8 year 2013 on Spatial Planning Map Accuracy (PP No. 8 Tahun 2013 tentang Ketelitian Peta Rencana Tata Ruang)
- Presidential Regulation No. 9 year 2016 on Accelerating the Implementation of the One Map Policy at a Map Accuracy Scale of 1:50.000 (Perpres No. 9 Tahun 2016 tentang Percepatan Pelaksanaan Kebijakan Satu Peta Pada Tingkat Ketelitian Peta Skala 1:50.000) - Government Regulation No. 10 year 2010 on Procedures for Changing Allotment and Function of Forest Areas (Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 10 Tahun 2010 tentang Tata Cara Perubahan Peruntukan dan Fungsi Kawasan Hutan)
- Government Regulation No. 43 year 2014 on Rules for Implementing Law No. 6 year 2014 on Villages (PP No. 43 Tahun 2014 Tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Desa) - Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. P.44/Menhut- li/2012 on Strengthening Forest Areas as revised by PP. No. 62/MENHUT- li/2013 (Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor P.44/Menhut-II/2012 tentang Pengukuhan Kawasan Hutan sebagaimana telah diubah dengan PP. No. 62/MENHUT-II/2013)
- Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. P.20/Menhut- li/2011 on Guidelines for Mapping of Regency/City Forest Areas (Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor P.20/Menhut-II/2011 tentang
- Environmental Assessment (OP) (BP 4.01)
- Natural Habitats (OP) (BP 4.04) - Forests (OP) (BP 4.36) - Projects in Disputed Areas (OP) (BP 7.60)
On the Environmental Assessment (OP) (BP 4.01), - Availability of sufficient data and information required to assess an area
- Boundary arrangements causes the value of an area and its management to be limited to an administrative scope whereas the economic, social and ecological value of the environmental services and products go beyond administrative boundaries
On the Natural Habitats (OP) (BP 4.04), - Administrative boundary arrangements do not apply to natural wildlife habitat and populations.
On the Forests (OP) (BP 4.36).
The areal history and understanding of traditional communities are often ignored in boundary arrangements leading to loss of access by traditional communities towards forest resources On the Projects in Disputed Areas (OP) (BP 7.60), The protracted development of a conflict resolution mechanism tends to ignore ongoing conditions in specified areas. While the mechanisms remain unclear, parties are reluctant to take responsibility hence the conflict remain unresolved and has a potential to heighten.
- There needs to be a consideration of an imaginary boundary within areal boundary arrangements which goes beyond administrative boundaries to manage natural habitats and wildlife population
- There needs to be an accelerated inventorization of traditional community areas as a consideration in arranging and managing boundaries
1. Forest Management Unit either licence holders of forest area and its resources management or government related authorities (i.e KPH, UPt taman nasional)
2. Land Management Unit mainly oil palm and mining 3. Villages governments
4. Members of forest and land dependent community groups 5. Other relevant agencies (i.e. DPMPD, BPKH, BKSDA Estate Agency, environmental Agency, Energy and Mineral resource Agency, Community empowerment groups/NGOs))
1.3. Support for the recognition of adat land
Ade Fadli 1.3.1. Identification and Recognition of Traditional Community Areas
(+) Reduced encroachment (+) Reduced Tenurial Conflict (+) Increased certainty of tenurial rights (-) Conflict with management units
1. Regional Regulation No. 1 year 2015 (Perda 1/2015) 2. Regional Regulation No. 1 year 2016 (Perda 1/2016) 3. Presidential Regulation No. 88 year 2017 (Perpres 88/2017) 4. Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation P.84/2015 (PermenLHK P.84/2015)
5 Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation P.21/2019 (Permen LHK P.21/2019)
6. Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No.52/2014 (Permendagri No.
52/2014)
7. Minister of Land and Spatial Planning Regulation No. 10/2016 on Procedures for Determining Communal Rights Over Traditional Community Land within Specific Areas
8. Minister of Agrarian and Spatial Planning / Head of BPN Regulation No.
10/2016 concerning Procedures for Determining Communal Rights on Land of Customary Law Communities and Communities in Certain Areas
Masyarakat Adat, OP/BP 4.10; Supreme Court Decision 45/2011 have been be referred to
Identification of forest conflicts in accordance to Circular Letter No. SE.1/Menlhk-li/2015 on Managing Forest and Environmental Cases
Establishment of a Customary Law Community/Indigenous community committee in the Regencies
- Provincial Government Community Empowerment and Village Governance Office of East Kalimantan (Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Pemerintahan Desa/DPMPD)
- Provincial Government Forestry Office of East Kalimantan (Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Kaltim)
- Assistant I of the Provincial Government Secretariat of East Kalimantan (Asisten I Setda Provinsi Kaltim)
150 Villages @Rp60 million 1. Forest and Land
Governance
ESMF
APPENDIX A1. GAP ANALYSIS OF EXISTING SAFEGUARDS AGAINST WB SAFEGUARDS POLICIES, IMPACT ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION PLAN
Page 1
Component Sub – Component PIC Responses – Key Activities Environmental Impacts (description of impact is presented in the report)
Social Impact
(description of impact is presented in the report) Existing Safeguards Applicable WB OP/BP Gap Analysis Mitigation Plan (detail in ESMF) Responsible Institutions Estimate of Cost
1.4. Strengthening village spatial planning
Ade Fadli 1.4.1. Village Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW Desa), Village Regional Medium-Term Development Planning (RPJMD Desa)
(+) Certainty in the direction of village area management
(+) Certainty in village boundaries (+) Certainty of management areas and programs (-) Conflict over village boundaries
Perda 1/2016, P.84/2015, Pengkajian Lingkungan
(Environmental Assessment), 4.01;
Habitat Alam, OP/BP 4.04; Hutan (Forest), OP/BP 4.36.
There is no General and Technical Guidelines on Formulating Village Regional Spatial Plans (RTRW)
Developing a General and Technical Guideline on Formulating Village Regional Spatial Plans (RTRW)
- Provincial Government Community Empowerment and Village Governance Office of East Kalimantan (Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Pemerintahan Desa/DPMPD)
- Regional Coordinating Agency for Spatial Planning of East Kalimantan (BKPRD)
150 Villages @Rp60 million
2.1. Strengthening management capacity within the state Forest Area : FMU Development
Data Kesuma 2.1.1. Increasing capacity of Forest Management Units (KPH) and Forestry Offices
(+) Increased quality of forests and wildlife habitats as a result of better management practices
(+) Increased environmental services as a result of better management practices (+) Clear boundaries between forest management units
(+) Efficiency in forest management (+) KPH is institutionally legitimized and funding support is adequate
(+) Reduced forest management conflict (+) The protection of indigenous rights is taken into consideration
There are still situations where government staff occupies positions irrelevant to his/her capacity and skills; this is caused by job rotations which do not take into consideration the capacities and lack of training, specifically on sustainability of natural resources management.
• Training on sustainable forest management practices for Forest Management Unit staff
• Share Learning about the role of Forest Management Units in sustainable forest management through the Center Forest Management Unit
- Provincial Government Forestry Office of East Kalimantan (Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Kaltim)
- Education and Training Office for Environment and Forestry Balai Diklat Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan/BDLHK)
Training Package 4x/year
2.2.Strengthening provincial and district governments to supervise and monitor the implementation of sustainable Estate Crops
Data Kesuma 2.2.1. Increased capacity for the Estate Office and Private Sector
(+) Increased quality of forests and animal habitats due to good management (+) Improving environmental services because of better management practices
(+) Clear (Boundary) boundaries between forest management units
(+) efficiency of forest management (+) Institutions of Forestry Management Units are authorized and adequate funding support (+) Decreasing conflict in forest management (+) Protection of the rights of the local (Indigineous) community is considered
There is a separation between AMDAL (governance requirement) & HCV (market requirement), to reduce the burden upon businesses, the two needs to be integrated.
Conducting training on SPO integration tools, HCV & AMDAL, as well as integration in proper assessments.
HCV Area management within plantations
- Provincial Government Forestry Office of East Kalimantan (Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Kaltim)
- Provincial Government Estate Crops Office of East Kalimantan (Dinas Perkembunan)
Training Package 4x/year
3.1. Implementation of HCV policies for Oil Palm Estates
Reonaldus 3.1.1. Identification of HCV and Establishing HCV Areas, ISPO
(+) Improved land use management in other use areas (Area Penggunaan Lain/APL).
Synchronization of provincial and regency spatial data
(+) Protection of forest areas in APL, biodiversity, protected and threatened species (+) Maintain the environmental services provided by forest areas, including the carbon stock (+) Reduction of deforestation in APL.
(+) Protection of areas with economic, sosial and cultural value to communities.
(-) Potential to limit access and activities of communities in utilizing the land, forest products, both wood and non-wood, in HCV areas and potential conflict with companies.
(-) Communities living in and around palm oil concessions could potentially assume the HCV areas as land unused by the concession therefore leaving room for them to conduct land clearing, illegal logging and mining.
(1) Regional Regulation No. 7 year 2018 on Sustainable Plantation- Management/Conflict Resolution (Perda 7 No 2018 mengenai Perkebunan Berkelanjutan-pengelolaan/penyelesaian konflik.)
(2) National Land Agency Circular Letter No. 10 year 2015 on HCV in other use areas (APL) (Surat Edaran BPN No 10 2015 yang mengatur HCV di APL).
(3) ISPO-in accordance to Laws existing and related to HCVs (4) AMDAL and ANDAL documents can also be used to ensure consideration of HCVs by companies.
(5). FPIC/PADIATAPA-informs the people that there are HCV locations-to prevent conflict
(1) OP 4.04 on Natural Habitats (2) OP
4.36 on Forests (3) OP 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples (4) OP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment (5)
1. There is no Governor Regulation on HCVs 2. Nationally, the term HCV has not been adopted within permit instruments in the sector of palm oil like Cultivation Rights (Hak Guna Usaha/HGU) and Mining Business License (Izin Usaha Pertambangan/IUP)
(1) Concession holders to identify HCVs together with the communities and related institutions.
(2) Concession holders to formulate the management and monitoring of HCV areas, involving various parties and communities.
(3) Concession holders to socialize the result of HCV identification to the communities and related parties.
(4) Concession holders and the communities agree upon the HCV, as well as the steps to manage and monitor the HCV area
- Provincial Government Plantation Office (Dinas Perkebunan provinsi) - Regency Plantation Office (as PIC for concession holders) (Dinas Perkebunan kabupaten (PIC untuk pemegang konsesi))
- National Land Agency (Badan Pertanahan Nasional)
- Office of Spatial Planning (the two institutions ensure that there are no overlap in their areas or must have an allocation in accordance to Regional Spatial Planning and related to Cultivation Rights regulation, must be planted by 30 percent in 2 years) (Dinas Tata Ruang (kedua instansi PIC untuk memastikan areanya tidak tumpang tindih atau sesuai dengan peruntukkannya dalam RTRW daerah dan terkait aturan HGU kalau lahan harus ditanamin sebanyak 30 persen dalam 2 tahun),
- Palm oil companies
- Apparatus from Village Administrative Governments
300 million for every management unit to identify HCVs
3.2. Support for smallholders and Community Based Fire Management and Monitoring Systems (CBFMMS)
Dzul 3.2.1. Increased Capacity,
Assistance and Facilitation for Smallholders and Association of Farmer's Concerned about Fire (Kelompok Tani Peduli Api/KTPA)
(+) Benefits of sustainability for communities and the environment
(+) Reduced forest and land fires (+) Reduced conversion of forests to new plantations
(+) Increased understanding in the management of sustainable plantations
(+) Increased protection of forests and natural habitats
(-) Increased emissions & waste from palm oil.
(-) Increased use of pesticides (-) Waste from the operational equipment and vehicles
(+) Increased community awareness for sustainable plantation management
(+) Increased cooperation between companies and communities in areal management (+) Recognition towards land ownership by communities
(+) Increased understanding on land clearing practices without burning or controlled burning for farming
(-) Increased need of financial capital for replanting
1. Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 32 on Controlling Forest and Land Fires (Peraturan menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan No.32 tentang Pengendalian Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan) 2. Ministerial Regulation No. 5 year 2018 on Clearing and or Management of Plantation Land without Burning (Peraturan Menteri No. 5 tahun 2018 tentang Pembukaan dan atau pengelolaan lahan perkebunan tanpa membakar)
3. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No. 11 tahun 2015 tentang Sistem Sertifikasi Kelapa Sawit Berkelanjutan Indonesia (Indonesian Sustaineble Palm Oil Certification System (ISPO)
4. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No.47 tahun 2014 tentang Brigade dan pedoman pelaksanaan pencegahan serta pengendalian kebakaran lahan dan kebun
5. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 tahun 2019 tentang tata cara perizinan berusaha sektor pertanian.
6. Minister of Agriculture Regulation No. 49 year 2009 on Policies and Strategies for Agricultural Extension Agents (Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No.49 tahun 2009 tentang Kebijakan dan Strategi Penyuluh Pertanian) 7. Regional Regulation No. 7 year 2018 on Sustainable Plantation Management
8. SIS-REDD+: Principle 2. Transparency and effectiveness of national forest governance. REDD+ activities at all scales and contexts shall contribute to transparent and effective forest governance in accordance with national sovereignty
9. SIS-REDD+ Principle 5. Conservation of biodiversity, social and environmental services. REDD+ activities will include effective strategies that maintain, conserve or restore biodiversity and ecosystem services for social and environmental benefits
10. Principle 7. Reduction of emissions displacement. Recognising that
1. OP/BP 4.36, Forests 2. OP/BP 4.04, Natural Habitats 3. OP/BP 4.01, Environmental Assessment
4. OP/BP 4.02, Environmental Action Plans
5. OP 4.09, Pest Management
There is no technical guidelines for communities on sustainable plantation management There is no strict monitoring and enforcement of environmental management
Training on Processing Waste into Organic Manure for Communities
Formulating a technical guideline or guidebook on sustainable plantation management for small farmers
Support for using multi cropping (polyculture) methods by small famers
Ease of funding access in the Public Service Agency (Badan Layanan Umum/BLU), Environmental Fund Management Agency (Badan Pengelola Dana Lingkungan Hidup/BPDLH) for replanting
1. Directorate General of Climate Change, Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Dirjen PPI KLHK )
2. Provincial Government Estate Crops Office of East Kalimantan (Dinas Perkebunan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur)
3. Provincial Government Forestry Office of East Kalimantan (Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur)
4. Provincial Government Environmental Office of East Kalimantan (Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Kalimantan Timur)
5. Forest Management Units (Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan/KPH) 6. Regency Estate Crops Office (Dinas Perkebunan Kabupaten)
3.3. Implementation of HCV and SFM policies for Forestry Concessions
Ali Suhardiman 3.3.1 Supporting Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) through implementation of Reduced-Impact Logging (RIL) at forest concession (policy)
(+) Reduced forest canopy openness (+) Reduced soil erosion
(+) Preserve natural seedling at forest floor (+) Enhance forest biomass/carbon stock (+) Preserve non-timber forest products (+)Reduced forest fragmentation (+) Increase intact forest (+) Reduced stream and river muddiness (-) Increased soil compactness at skidding trails (-) Waste from equipment and vehicle operations during RIL practise
(+) Supply of non-timber forest products for community need remains safe
(+) Giant trees are expected remaining safe as host for honey bee
(+) Local communities will be exposed by good forestry practise direct or in-direct (+) Sources of fresh water for locals remains safe (-) Local un-skill workers may be replaced by skilled workers from out side the group (-) For locals associated with illegal logging activities may loss their job and income
1. FSC - Forest Stewardship Council certification tools;
2. The MoEF Reg. No. P.30/2016 concerning on assessment of SFM practising by forest concession and Timber Verification and Lagalisation;
3. The DG of Sustainable Production Forest Management, MoEF Reg. No.
P.6/2017 concerning on assessment of SFM practising by FMU;
4. The DG of Sustainable Production Forest Management, MoEF Reg. No.
P.14/2016 concerning on standard and guidance for assessing SFM practising by forest concession;
5. The DG of Sustainable Production Forest Management, MoEF Reg. No.
P.9/2018 concerning RIL Implementation Guidance for forest concession;
6. HCFV Tool kits;
7. President Instruction No. 8/2018 concerning Postponement on Conversion Forest Area to Oil Palm Plantation;
8. The MoEF Reg. No. P.20/2018 concerning on Protected Flora and Fauna;
9. The MoEF Reg No. P.92/2018 concerning on Partial revision on The MoEF Reg. No. P.20/2018 concerning on Protected Flora and Fauna;
10. The MoE Reg No. 5/2012 concerning on Environmental Impact Assessment;
11. The MoEF Reg No. P.83/2016 concerning on Social Forestry.
OP/BP 4.01, Environmental Assessment OP/BP 4.04, Natural Habitats OP/BP 4.36, Forests
Activities under this sub-component are most likely having positive impacts rather than negative one especially on environment. Limited negative impact on social were identified related to income loss for people who works associated with illegal logging activities.
More than 10 regulation at national level back up activities on this sub-component. No significant gaps are identified between the existing environmental and social safeguards and the World Bank operational standards. Delivering activities such as capacity building to stakeholders (private sectors and government institutions at provincial and district level) are highly necessary to ensure existing safeguards are implemented and obeyed.
1. Assuring The DG of Sustainable Production Forest Management, MoEF Reg. No. P.9/2018 concerning RIL Implementation Guidance for forest concession is well implemented and gradually shifted from voluntary to mandatory;
2. Facilitating forest concessions to initiate implemetation of social forestry (forestry partnership scheme);
3. Enforcing MoE Reg No. 5/2012 concerning on Environmental Impact Assessment;
4. Enhancing community capacity through various training related to non timber forest product (access, culture technique, management, production and market);
5. Assuring re-planting as part of silviculture activities are well implemented;
6. Biodiversity management under HCV through various research, monitoring and publication
1. MoEF (DG Sustainable Production Forest Management, DG Forest Planology)
2. MoEF regional/provincial offices under DG Sustainable Production Forest Management and DG Forest Planology
3. Private forest concessions 4. Forest Management Unit 5. NGO's (TNC, GIZ, GGGI, WWF, etc) 6. Provincial and district Environmental Offices 7. Provincial Forestry Offices
8. National/Regional Forestry Research Institution 9. Universities
1. Training program for Non Timber Forest Product management : Approximately 218 villages surrounding forest concession @ USD 1,500 for each village. Two training for each villages. Total USD 654,000
2. Training program for forest concessionaire : Approximately 64 timber concessions and 45 forest plantation. Two times training program (SFM and HCV) for two groups of forest concession. Each training @ USD 5,000. Total USD 20,000.
OP/BP 4.04, Natural Habitats OP/BP 4.36, Forests OP/BP 4.01, Environmental
Assessment OP/BP 4.02, Environmental Action
Plans 2. Improving Forest
supervision and administration
3. Reducing deforestation and forest degradation within licensed areas
(1) Ministry of agricultur regulation no 11 2015, Indonesian Sustainable Palm oil
(2) Ministry of MOEF Reg. No. 83/2016 concerning Social Forestry (3) Ministry of MOEF Reg. 32/2016 concerning Controlling of Land and Forest Fire
(4) The DG of PPI Reg. No. P.5/2017 concerning Guidelines on Community Based GHG Emission Calculation for Climate Change Mitigation Action ISPO and RSPO - Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil, HCV Assessment Guidelines
(5) SIS-REDD+: Principle 2. Transparency and effectiveness of national forest governance. REDD+ activities at all scales and contexts shall contribute to transparent and effective forest governance in accordance with national sovereignty; SIS-REDD+: Principle 3. Rights of indigenous and local communities (masyarakat adat dan lokal). REDD+
activities shall respect indigenous and local communities’ rights through actions appropriate to the scale and context of implementation; Principle 5. Conservation of biodiversity, social and environmental services. REDD+
activities will include effective strategies that maintain, conserve or restore biodiversity and ecosystem services for social and environmental benefits Principle 7. Reduction of emissions displacement. Recognising that monitoring and reduction of emissions displacement is the responsibility of sub-national (FMU, district, province) and national government, REDD+ activities shall include strategies to reduce displacement of emissions and support sub-national and national monitoring.
(6) PRISAI: Principle 9 - Fair REDD+ benefit sharing to all relevant stakeholders and rights holder.
(7) SES-REDD+ Kaltim: Principle 6 - Participation from stakeholders (8) SVLK, PHPL, AMDAL, etc
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Component Sub – Component PIC Responses – Key Activities Environmental Impacts (description of impact is presented in the report)
Social Impact
(description of impact is presented in the report) Existing Safeguards Applicable WB OP/BP Gap Analysis Mitigation Plan (detail in ESMF) Responsible Institutions Estimate of Cost
4.1. Sustainable livelihoods Rahmina 4.1.1. Environmentally friendly
brackishwater pond 4.1.2. Environmentally friendly and sustainable farming (optimalization of former field land with types of plants that have high economic value and grows fast, e.g. Sengon) 4.1.3. Strengthening the community economic institutions
(+) Increased quality and area of mangroves and coastal management within the programmes scope
(+) Increased land cover in field areas (+) Increased quality and soil fertility
(-) Menghilangkan nilai-nilai kearifan tradisional
masyarakat Dayak secara perlahan (+) Meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat atau
ekonomi masyarakat yang berasal dari penjualan kayu hasil tumpang sari di ladang (+) Memperkuat pelibatan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat untuk terlibat dalam pengelolaan SDA.
+) Meningkatkan kapsasitas produksi perikanan tambak
(-) Penurunan produksi tambak (-) Perubahan Kultur dan teknologi sistem pertambakan
(1) Peraturan Menteri Desa tentang penetapan prioritas penggunaan dana desa yang ditetapkan setiap tahun
(2) Peraturan Menteri (PerMen) Kelautan dan Perikanan No 40 Tahun 2014 tentang Peran Serta dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dalam Pengelolaan Pesisir dan Pulau Kecil
(3) Peraturan Daerah No 7 Taun 2009 tentang Pengelolaan Sumberdaya WIlayan Pesisir, Laut dan Pulau-pulau Kecil
(4) PerDa No 3 Tahun 2013 tentang Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Perseroan Terbatas Serta Program Kemitraan dan Bina Lingkungan.
(5) PerDa No 4 Tahun 2012 tentang Pemberdayaan Koperasi, Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah
(6) Perda No 1 Tahun 2015 Tentang Pengakuan dan Perlindungan Masyarakat Adat Provinsi Kaltim (7) Perda No 2 Tahun 2016 tentang Pengarutamaan Jender Dalam Pembangunan Daerah di Kaltim
1. OP/BP 4.10, Indigenous Peoples 2. OP/BP 4.20, Gender and Development
3. (OP) (BP 4.01) Environmental Assessment
The activities conducted in this component are generally related to economic empowerment which have been supported by adequate regulations and policies to accomodate sustainable needs and can therefore be implemented.
The establishment of Village-Owned Enterprises (Badan Usaha Milik Desa/BUMDes) as well as environmentally friendly brackishwater ponds have been done through the facilitation of the government and NGOs, however, there is still a discrepancy to be found in the intensive assistance and capacity building of the institutions and resources
There is no rewards yet for sustainable products and market interventions
(1) Strengthening Village-Owned Enterprises through Management Training (Financial Management/Funding, Reporting and Business Development
(2) Creating distinct village or community products (3) Recognition of traditional communities and forests
(4) Strengthening the village innovation program
(1) Provincial Government Marine Affairs and Fisheries Office (Dinas Kelautan Dan Perikanan Provinsi)
(2) Office for Community Empowerment and Administrative Village
Government (Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Pemerintah Desa) (3) Provincial Forests, Forest Management Units and Social Forestry Task
Force (Kehutanan Provinsi, KPH dan Pokja Perhutanan Sosial) (4) Provincial Government Environmental Office of East Kalimantan (Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Kalimantan Timur)
(1) Strengthening the BUMDes:
a. Business Management Training: 2 Series x 150 BUMDes/150 people, USD 250.0000 b.Business Development Training: 2 Series x 150 150 villages, USD 100.0000 c. Facilitating production means (machines, packaging, promotions) : 50 BUMDes :@ USD 1500 = USD 75.000 (2) Developing distinct products:
a. Study on distinctive products (market chain and production capacity) USD 20.000 (3) Recognition of traditional and indigenous communities/villages: @ USD
4.2. Conservation partnerships Amin 4.2.1. Conservation Partnerships
(Identification, Increasing Capacity, Assistance)
(+) Reduced pressure of the community on conservation areas
(+) Reduced threat of forest fires (-) Opening of small scale areas as a result of developing the supporting infrastructure
(+) Employment opportunities for the community (+) Increased community incomes (+) Increased human resource capacity of the communities
(+) Increased sense of ownership by the community towards conservation areas leading to a more active participation
P.43/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/6/2017 on Community Empowerment around Natural Reserves and Conservation Areas
(P.43/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/6/2017 Pemberdayaan Masyarakat di Sekitar Kawasan Suaka Alam dan Kawasan Pelestarian Alam) P.6/KSDAE/SET/Kum.1/6/2018 on Technical Guideline for Conservation Partnerships on Natural Reserves and Conservation Areas (P.6/KSDAE/SET/Kum.1/6/2018 Petunjuk Teknis Kemitraan Konservasi Pada Kawasan Suaka Alam dan Kawasan Pelestarian Alam) SIS-REDD+ Kaltim
a. OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats;
b. OP/BP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples c. OP/BP 4.36 Forests;
Limited capacity of the community as a result of poverty and inadequate knowledge and skills in managing conservation forests. Therefore, there needs to be capacity building activities (training) which are appropriate to the needs of the community and capital investments to develop partnership.
1. Minimize land clearing for developing infrastructure 2. Develop a technical plan which is suitable with the characteristics of the conservation area
1. Directorate General of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation, Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Dirjen KSDAE)
2. Provincial Government Forestry Office (Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi) 3. Conservation Forest Management Unit (KPH Konservasi)
Estimated Funding Needs for One Year 1. Training Package (Rp 150.000.000) 2. Capital and tools investment (Rp 100.000.000) 3. Market Promotion/Networking (Rp 50.000.000) 3. Assistance and Counseling (Rp 50.000.000)
4.3. Social forestry Ali Mustofa 4.3.1. Identification, Submission,
Recognition, Assistance, and Development of Business Plans and Implementation of Business Plans
(+) Improved biodiversity value (+) improved water catchment area (+) Reduced forest degradation and deforestation (+) Better protection of conservation forest (+) Better protection and improved mangrove ecosystem
(+) Increased quality of forest management (+) Increased protection of forest areas and biodiversity
(+) Maintained carbon stock and reduced illegal logging
(-) potential implementation of tourism activities.
There may be potential negative impacts due to these activities (building road access)
(+) Improved access to forest resources and improved community livelihood
(+) Improved capacity of community group related to social forestry
(+) Improved capacity on forest conservation (+) Improved access to forest by the forest conservation partnership scheme (+) Sustainable income generation for local communities
(+) More benefit for local community (environmental services, e.g., ecotourism, and economic activities)
(+) Implementation at the Regency level will be clearer as the Regency plans to form a team for inventorization and verification of customary community forests, and the regent establishes customary community forests, in accordance to Article 9 - 11
(+) Clarity in the administrative boundaries between communities
(+) Assistance in community management areas can be conducted in a programmed manner (+) Financing/Funding the Development and Implementation of Business Plans can be conducted in a programmed manner
(-) Communities with limited forest areas will face difficulties to access this program (-) Potential conflict due to not all community
(1) Ministry of MOEF Reg. No. 83/2016 concerning Social Forestry (2) Ministry of MOEF Reg. No. 17/2012 concerning Involvement of Community in the EIA Process
(3) The DG of KSDAE Reg. No. P.6/2018 concerning Conservation Partnership
(4) Presidential Reg. No. 73/2012 concerning National Strategy on Mangrove Ecosystem
(5) Ministry Reg. LHK No. P.94/2016 concerning Invasive Species (6) Regional Regulation No. 1 year 2015 on Recognizing and Protecting Indigenous Communities in East Kalimantan (Perda no.1 tahun 2015 tentang pengakuan dan perlindungan masyarakat adat di Kalimantan Timur)
(7) Governor of East Kalimantan No. 34 year 2018 on Establishing Social Forestry in the Province of East Kalimantan (Peraturan Gubernur kaltim no.
34 tahun 2018 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Perhutanan Sosial di Provinsi Kalimantan Timur)
(8) Governor of East Kalimantan Regulation No. 26 year 2018 on Civilian Inspirational Action for Change in Village Assistance (Peraturan Gubernur kaltim no. 26 Tahun 2018 tentang Aksi Inspiratif Warga untuk Perubahan dalam Pendampingan Desa)
(9) SIS-REDD+: Principle 3. Rights of indigenous and local communities (masyarakat adat dan lokal). REDD+ activities shall respect indigenous and local communities’ rights through actions appropriate to the scale and context of implementation; Principle 5. Conservation of biodiversity, social and environmental services. REDD+ activities will include effective strategies that maintain, conserve or restore biodiversity and ecosystem services for social and environmental benefits.
OP/BP 4.10, Indigenous Peoples OP/BP 4.20, Gender and Development OP 4.07, Water Resource Management OP/BP 4.04, Natural Habitats
There is great potential from the Social Forestry Program, especially the Forest Partnership with Concession Scheme in East Kalimantan. However, there are not many interested concessions until now, with most of the concerns being added costs for joining the program. Therefore, there needs to be a collective mediation between the Directorate Generals, i.e. the Directorate General of Social Forestry and Environmental Partnerships & the Directorate General of Sustainable Production Forest Management to establish an agreement for the purposes advancing this partnership program
Community governance in many administrative villages are still lacking proper self-examination surveys (survey mawas diri/SMD). Hence, there needs to be a holistic mechanism as a reference for the communities to achieve a prosperous and independent village through the SIGAP Approach. The approach is a framework which involves and empowers communities to participate in managing natural resources as village potentials. The approach identifies the strengths and potentials which would push the village towards a better governance, ownership on natural resource management rights as well as activities for developing the community economy. This social forestry would be deeply integrated with the SIGAP approach
(1) Strengthening FGRM for the project level and link to the national FGRM (under the MOEF, DG of PSKL
(2) Transparent information on social forestry licensing process to enable effective monitoring for any violation of permit and concession boundary
(3) Development of IPPF with clear definition of Indigenous peoples, masyarakat hukum adat, and contribution of adat in social forestry schemes
(4) Development of Gender Action Plan for the ER Program (5) Development of Biodiversity Management Framework for the Project, or inclusion of biodiversity management under HCV or non-carbon benefit
• Directorate General of Social Forestry and Environmental Partnerships as the Parties in Charge while the East Kalimantan Office for Social Forestry and Environmental Partnerships and Provincial Government of East Kalimantan Forestry Office to Monitor the Implementation of Activities in the field (Dirjen PSKL sebagai penanggung jawab, BPSKL Regional kalimantan dan Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi Kaltim sebagai pemantau pelaksanaan kegiatan di lapangan)
- Technical Implementation Unit of the BPSKL of Kalimantan Regional, Banjarbaru for enforcing the Regulations from Ministry of Forestry and Environment, as well as ESMF, FGRM, IPPF, GAP and Biodiversity Managament Framework on Social Forestry (UPT BPSKL Regional kalimantan Banjarbaru, dalam hal enforcement peraturan KLHK, juga ESMF, FGRM, IPPF, GAP. dan Biodiversity Management Framework tentang PS)
• Technical Implementation Unit of the BDLHK in Samarinda for training and capacity building (UPT BDLHK yang ada di Samarinda dalam hal pelatihan dan peningkatan kapasitas)
(1) Strengthening Village Forest Management Institution (Lembaga Pengelolaan Hutan Desa/LPHD):
a. Document formulation training: 2 series x 60 LPHD/150 people, USD 250.0000 b. Business Management Training: 2 series x 60 LPHD/150 people, USD 250.0000 c.Business Development Training: 2 series x 60
LPHD/ 150 people, USD 100.0000 d. Facilitating means of productions (machinery,
packaging, promotions) : 50 LPHD = USD 200.000
(2) Development of distinctive products:
a. Study on distinctive products (market chain and production capacity) USD 30.000 (3) Recognition of traditional and indigenous communities/villages: 50 communities: 250.000 USD
5.1. Project coordination and management
Amin 5.1.1. Management and
coordination of ER program implementation across levels:
Strengthening institutions for ER project management and coordination across sectors, • Develop coordination mechanism
No environmental risks envisaged. No social l risks envisaged. a. OP/BP 4.01 Environmental
Assessment;
b. OP/BP 4.36 Forests;
Activities need to be supported with regulations binding the parties to coordinate their activities and practices
This component is intended to strengthen safeguards management for the Program
National and Provincial Governments Estimated Funding Needs for One Year
1. Coordination (Rp 100.000.000) 2. Training (Rp 150.000.000)
5.2. Monitoring and evaluation Amin 5.2.1. Implementation of monitoring
and evaluation for ER program implementation:
5.2.2. Training on SESA and ESMF 5.2.3. Monitoring and evaluation of SESA and ESMF implementation 5.2.3. Measurement and Improving activity data through ground truthing
5.2.4. Improving emission factor data through Permanent Sampling Plots
5.2.5 . Updating satellite imagery on ER Accounting Area 5.2.6. Developing and implementing the sub-national MMR System (including SIS)
No environmental risks envisaged. No social l risks envisaged. a. OP/BP 4.01 Environmental
Assessment;
b. OP/BP 4.36 Forests;
Activities need to be supported with the adequate human resource capacity which would be acquired through the appropriate training activities
This component is intended to strengthen safeguards management for the Program
National and Provincial Governments Estimated Funding Needs for One Year
1. Training (Rp 300.000.000) 2. Monitoring (Rp 200.000.000) 3. PSP (Rp 250.000.000)
5.3. Program communication Amin
5.3.1 . Knowledge management database development and maintenance 5.3.2. Developing information, education and communication materials for shared learning
5.3.3. Establishing and maintaining ER program website
5.3.4. Dissemination of information, education and communication materials
No environmental risks envisaged. No social l risks envisaged. a. OP/BP 4.01 Environmental
Assessment;
b. OP/BP 4.36 Forests;
Funding is needed to establish and maintain the website This component is intended to strengthen safeguards management for the Program
Provincial Government Estimated Funding Needs for One Year
Establishing and Maintaining Website (Rp 350.000.000)
Underlying Causes: (1) Policy Framework: (a) Inadequate policies to protect remaining natural forests in concessions, (b) Poor spatial planning 4. Sustainable
Alternatives for Communities
5. Project Management and Monitoring
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