Extraction of Citronella Oil from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon winterianus) by Sequential Ultrasonic and Microwave-Assisted Hydro-Distillation

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Title: Extraction of Citronella Oil from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon winterianus) by Sequential Ultrasonic and Microwave Assisted Hydro-Distillation

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A manuscript number has been assigned: AEJ-D-22-00374 From:“Alexandria Engineering Journal” (em@editorialmanager.com) To:mayasharid@yahoo.com

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Date:Monday, February 28, 2022 at 04:54 PM GMT+7 Ms. Ref. No.: AEJ-D-22-00374

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Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer #1: Manuscript No: AEJ-D-22-00374

Title: Extraction of Citronella oil from lemongrass (Cymbopogon winterianus) by sequential ultrasonic and microwave assisted hydro-distillation

Highlight: Not provided.

Graphical abstract: Not provided.

Remarks:

The authors have investigated the extraction of essential oil from Lemongrass through sequential ultrasonic and microwave assisted hydro-distillation. The comparison study between the mentioned method, ultrasonic assisted and microwave assisted extraction was performed. The paper in its current state is not publishable and I hope the following comments help to improve the quality of manuscript.

Specific remarks:

-The quality and English of the entire manuscript must be further improved and has to be proofread by a native speaker.

-Standardize the spacing between section titles and text.

-The equation has to be labelled at the equation itself, please check throughout the manuscript and correct accordingly.

-The authors can include the setup for ultrasonic-assisted, microwave-assisted and ultrasonic-microwave assisted hydro-distillation under sections 2.2.2 -2.2.4 for visualization and readers' understandings.

-From the methodology, the authors did not state the method to remove water within the end product after separating the oil using a separatory funnel. How do the authors ensure there is no more/ minimum moisture content within the essential oil without an extra step to remove water?

-Figure 5a can be removed as nothing can be observed from the figure shown.

-The validity of results obtained are in doubt as the authors did not run the experiment in triplicate. The authors have to state in the methodology if the experiment was conducted triplicate, or else more experiment has to be done to obtain valid and trustable results.

-As for ultrasonic assisted extraction, the authors should include the power and frequency of ultrasonic for the mentioned study.

-The authors can include some of the studies in the manuscript to enrich the content of manuscript and replace the outdated citations in introduction:

1) Composition on Essential Oil Extraction from Lemongrass Fragrant by Microwave Air Hydro Distillation Method to Perfume Dermatitis Production

2) Sonoprocessing-assisted solvent extraction for the recovery of pigment-protein complex from Spirulina platensis

3) Extraction of Essential Oil Form Sweet Lime Orange Peel: A Comparison Study -In the result and discussion section, the authors should have compared or discussed the optimum condition obtained in past studies with the current study and provided own insight and explanation for the result obtained.

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-The authors should have performed the extraction process from stems in ultrasonic and microwave assisted extraction to compare with US-MAHD since the components of essential oil extracted from leaves are varied in all extraction methods.

-The abstract and conclusions of study are almost similar, the author can include one or two sentences on the background of study in abstract.

Reviewer #2: Manuscript Title: Extraction of Citronella Oil from Lemongrass

(Cymbopogon winterianus) by Sequential Ultrasonic and Microwave Assisted Hydro- Distillation

General comment:

This paper is regarding a research on the extraction of citronella oil from lemongrass (Cymbopogon winterianus) by sequential ultrasonic and microwave assisted hydro- distillation. However, the writing and presentation of data is not of publication quality.

The script in this current form can be revised to achieve publication quality. There are some clarifications needed to understand the processes carried out in this work. To conclude, this paper needs to be revised carefully before it can be considered in journal like Alexandria Engineering Journal. Hope that comments below will be able to help to further improve the paper

* Please make sure that the paper is double checked, the language needs some improvement.

* Please check Guides for Authors to make sure it is followed strictly

* Language: There are a lot of language errors (tenses, singular/plural) and

incomplete sentences in the script. Please check the sentence structure, tenses and language carefully in the revised manuscript.

* Take note of unit spacing issue

Graphical abstract and highlights:

* Both are available and acceptable.

Abstract:

* Needs minor revisions prior to the amendment of the main content.

* An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. Hence the problem statement, aim, novelty and results of the study have to be included in.

* Language: "as compared to the stems"

* Should improve the abstract to present the results better

Introduction:

* Describe more on the environmental and health issues together with treatment possibility and methods

* Highlight novelty in last paragraph.

* State down the full term before abbreviating them.

* Kindly refer papers below as they are highly relevant to this report:

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* "Microalgae Cultivation in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment and Biofuel Production" Sustainability

* "Recent ultrasound advancements for the manipulation of nanobiomaterials and nanoformulations for drug delivery" Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

* "Sonoproduction of nanobiomaterials-A critical review" Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

* Page 3 Line 19: M et al.? Is it correct for the citation?

Main body:

* The main objective and novelty of this work is still deemed not highlighted enough.

The authors should put in more efforts to revise the discussion properly in order to let the readers understand the importance of this work.

* Kindly improve on the discussion. What is the significance of the results of the work?

Include more relevant literatures.

* The result is relatively short. Should make efforts in expanding the results and discussion section.

* Should check error bar for Fig 1-4.

Conclusion:

* Kindly improve to include in more concise and significant results.

* Should include some present challenges and possible routes to improve them.

Describe them in more details.

Reviewer #3: Overall comments:

1. The work presented has shown novelty in combining ultrasound with microwave as an extraction method for essential oil compounds of lemongrass.

2. The results have been compared with respect to pure ultrasound and microwave extraction alone to illustrate the merits.

3. GC/MS and SEM have been used to further characterise and quantify the samples and results.

Specific comments:

There are a number of aspects presented in the manuscript that require further clarification/explanation, it would be helpful if the authors can consider furnishing the info as stated below:

1. Introduction: It has been mentioned that newer, more innovative techniques such as UAE MAHD achieved better results than conventional hydro-distillation - please provide some numbers to illustrate the relative performance between these different techniques.

2. p.3, line 58: sentence seems hanging/incomplete. (Extraction by UAE followed by MAE that uses the microwave energy to heat up the plant.)

3. p.4, line 19: typo: inhomogeneous.

4. Methodology, section 2.2.4: the microwave (MW) extraction is carried out over 90 mins, I believe this is based on the rationale that the combined US-MAHD had a total duration of 90 mins (25 mins UAE and 65 mins MW); however, why is it that UAE alone

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(2.2.3) only had durations of 25 mins? Should the individual methods both have 90 mins duration? Or should MW in 2.2.4 had d duration of 65 mins only?

5. 2.2.5: ISO 3848:1976: please also state the methodology conducted for each of the criterion.

6. 2.2.5: GC: any calibration carried out? Are the chromatograms compared against pure standards?

7. 3.1, first sentence: would be better to remove this sentence (The extraction of citronella oil from lemongrass leaves using US-MAHD method had been successfully carried out in this study.) At this point, the purpose would be to report the findings.

8. Table 1: please describe how are the results obtained.

9. Table, Refractive Index: please use '.' for decimal points (1.466 - 1.472).

10. Fig. 1 and other results' figures: the graph shows that the results are mostly in the region of 1.2-1.8 yield % - it is suggested to modify the scale to focus on this range, so the difference can be better observed.

11. Fig. 1 and other results' figures: error bars are missing, so it is unclear on how consistent/variable are the results. It is also not stated how many runs were performed for each experiment conditions.

12. Fig. 1: Caption seems incomplete, should also mention power of MW used.

13. p.9, line 33: excess polar solvent: is this referring to the distilled water?

14. p.10, line 36: how do these results compare with literature?

15. Fig. 4: What are the other operating conditions (solvent:plant ratio, temp, MW power etc.)?

16. Fig. 4: (related to above comment no.4) - The extraction process of every method is carried out for 90 minutes - this seems inconsistent with info stated in Methodology, which mentioned that UAE alone was conducted at 25 mins.

17. Yu et al. (2017) reported higher yield for US-MAHD - for what material of extraction?

18. Fig. 5: No explanation/discussion of the SEM results.

19. p.15, line 15: "However, US-MAHD method resulted the highest geraniol and citral.

Therefore, it can be concluded that US-MAHD method produces the most important chemical compounds of citronella oil much more than UAE and MAHD method." How is this so? There is no mention on the "ranking" of the compounds prior to this statement.

20. Fig. 6 and other GC chromatograms: indicate which peak corresponds to which compound.

21. p.17, line 21: restate the parameters/conditions used.

22. p.18: Add some remarks to wrap up the discussion on GC, before moving to Conclusions.

23. Overall discussion: please state if there are any limitations/shortcomings observed from your work.

24. How is the sequence of the parameters decided (i.e. ratio, then temperature, then MW power)? What might happen if the sequence is swapped?

25. Conclusions: The optimum results should only apply for the leaves, it can't be said for sure for the stems, since only 1 set of conditions was reported.

Language/presentation:

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1. The language skills can be improved substantially as there are quite a number of grammatical errors observed throughout the manuscript, it is suggested that the authors consider engaging professional english language editors in reviewing the writing.

2. Results have been compared to literature, however I feel that they are somewhat brief and focusing on the obvious - more in-depth and critical discussion is preferred.

Revision reminder for your submission AEJ-D-22-00374 From:“Alexandria Engineering Journal” (em@editorialmanager.com) To:mayasharid@yahoo.com

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Manuscript Number: AEJ-D-22-00374

Extraction of Citronella Oil from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon winterianus) by Sequential Ultrasonic and Microwave Assisted Hydro-Distillation

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Dear Editor,

I would like to ask your willingness to give some more time so that I can complete the revision of my manuscript.

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Maya Sarah

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Date:Monday, March 6, 2023 at 03:10 AM GMT+7 Ms. Ref. No.: AEJ-D-22-00374R2

I am pleased to inform you that your paper "Extraction of Citronella Oil from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon winterianus) by Sequential Ultrasonic and Microwave

Assisted Hydro-Distillation" has been accepted for publication in Alexandria Engineering Journal.

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