The drop in relative humidity at the beginning of the dry season is also less rapid in the forest than in the clearings (RubinofF, 1974). Many of the plants collected for the first time are common on the island.
INTRODUCTION 15
Of the 560 phanerogamous herbs in BCI (including 94 vines), only 79 (including 4 saprophytes) are restricted to the forest floor. The data presented here include all species in the flora, except cultivated species.
INTRODUCTION 27
In the remaining habitat and habitat classes, 46 to 65% of the species are of type V distribution. These species are found along the coast in areas of hydrarch succession, but not on the eroded banks on the north and east sides of the island.
INTRODUCTION 29 Schistocarpha oppositifolia
Flowering activity in the cleansing herbs declines most at the beginning and end of the rainy season. Of the comparable species that bear fruit strictly in the dry season, only 36% are animal-distributed.
Lasiacis procerrima
Despite this, little development has occurred outside a narrow strip along both coasts in the area of the isthmus. The forest bordering this area on the west side of the island•the furthest point from the Laboratory Glade and the boat dock•.
INTRODUCTION 55
BARRO COLORADO ISLAND
INTRODUCTION 63
- SELAGINELLACEAE Heterosporous annuals or perennials with adventitious
- LYCOPODIACEAE
- OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Homosporous, terrestrial herbs; stems short, lacking
- SCHIZAEACEAE
- HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 77
- GLEICHENIACEAE
- HYMENOPHYLLACEAE
- PARKERIACEAE
- CYATHEACEAE
- POLYPODIACEAE
- SALVINIACEAE
- ARAUCARIACEAE
- GNETACEAE
In Panama, known from tropical moist forests in the Canal Zone (BCI only), Bocas del Toro (Shepherd Island) and Darien, and from tropical moist forests in Panama (Cerro Trinidad). In Panama, known from tropical moist forests in the Canal Zone and Panama and from premontane moist forests in Panama. In Panama, known from tropical moist forests in the Canal Zone (BCI only), Colon and Panama, from premontane moist forests in Chiriqui and Panama, and from tropical moist forests in Panama (Campo Tres).
In Panama, known from tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone (BCI and Pacific Slope), Herrera, Panama and Darien and from tropical dry forest in Panama (Taboga Island). In Panama, known from tropical moist forest in the canal zone, Bocas del Toro, Pan-. In Panama, known from tropical wet forest in the Canal Zone (on and adjacent to BCI), from premontane wet forest in Veraguas, and from tropical wet forest in Colon (Santa Rita Ridge) and Panama.
In Panama, known only from tropical moist forests in the Canal Zone (near BCI). In Panama, known from tropical moist forests in the Canal Zone and Darien and from humid paramontane forest in Colon. In Panama, known from tropical moist forests in the Canal Zone (Pacific slope) and Panama and from wet paramontane forest in Code (El Valle).
In Panama, known only from tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone and San Bias.
ANTHOPHYTA
ALISMATACEAE
Inflorescences are held above the leaves, usually branched; flowers in cymes of 3 on each node, those on the lower nodes usually pistillate, those on the upper nodes staminate; leaflets 3 at each node, lanceolate, 5-20 mm long; peduncles 1-3 cm long, ascending; sepals 3, ovate, up to 1 cm long; petals 3, inverted ovate, white, up to 1.3 cm long, spreading on the inflorescence; stamens many; without filaments, pubescent in the lower half. Leaves sessile, in whorls of 3-8 along the stem; leaflets 1-2 mm wide and up to 4 cm long, toothed Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle Basal leaves with spiny petioles 7-15 cm long; leaflets ± oval, 4-6 cm long, entire. Pistillate flowers come to the surface of the water with an elongated stalk and the perianth opens.
The pollen must come into direct contact with the pistillate flowers as it falls, because floating pollen cannot reach the stigma of the pistillate flower. Any part of the plant of Hydrilla verticillata is capable of regenerating a new plant (Schulthorpe, 1967). Leaves sessile, linear to elliptic to ovate, acute at apex, 1-2 (4) cm long, 1-2 mm wide, toothed, translucent, green, with only a midvein; lower leaves alternate or in whorls of 3, the middle and upper leaves in whorls of 3-8, densely connate and rosette-like at the apex of stems; inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered, sessile or subsessile; bracts of 2 contiguous bracts; staminate solitary, subsessive, globose, in leaf axils, 1.2-1.5 mm long, splitting open when the flower is released; pedicels 1-2 mm long; sepals and petals 3, white, sometimes tinged with red; sepals 1.5-3 mm long and 1 mm wide;.
Fruits oblong, constricted between pairs of seeds, 4-7 mm long, surrounded at base by remnants of spathe and with apical remnants of hypanthium (1.5-3 cm long); seeds 2-6, in a row, cylindrical, oblong, apiculate on one side, 2-3 mm long, smooth, dark brown. Leaves basal, floating on the surface of the water and rosulate; petioles terete, fleshy, 7-15 cm long (shorter in juveniles); blades oblong-ovate to rounded-ovate, 4-6 cm long, 3-3.5 cm wide, acute to rounded at apex, acute to truncate at base, entire, spongy-reticulate on surface lower.
GRAMINEAE (POACEAE)
Inflorescences less than 3.5 cm long; axis ovate, in pairs; plants creeping, often small; grows in clearings Paspalum decumbens Sw. Leaves less than 20 cm long; spikelets in groups of 4 on a short peduncle, rachis not cylindrical Anthephom hermaphrodita (L.) O. Leaf blades mostly less than 5 mm wide, the awns geniculate and twisted Schizachyrium brevifolium Kunth Leaf blades mostly more than 5 mm wide, the awns ± straight information menus.
Pod very short; blades without cross veins; spikes on short branches usually less than 3 cm long; glumes very long acuminate, often 1-2 cm long; Fruits white, shiny, firm Olyra latifolia L. Leaf blades ovate-lanceolate, less than 5 cm long; spikelets with 2 or more light glands, of exact size on the sterile lemma Panicum pulchellum Raddi Leaf blades ± linear, mostly more than 5 cm long; spikelets lacking crater-. Spikelets less than 1.5 mm long, usually 2 or more at each node of the rachis, ± spreading from slender rachis Panicum milleflorum Hitchc.
Blades less than 40 cm long and 3 cm wide; spikelets obovate to hemispherical, more than 2 mm wide Panicum mertensii Roth Leaves up to 1 m long and 6 cm wide; spikelets elongated-elliptic, less than 1 mm. Spikelets about 1 mm long on pedicels 3 mm or longer; blades narrow ovoid, less than 7 cm long, up to 1.5 cm wide Panicum trichoides Sw.
ANDROPOGON L
1891 P. praemorsa (Nees) Hack
- CYPERACEAE
- PALMAE (ARECACEAE)
In Panama, known only from tropical moist forest in the canal zone (BCI and Summit Garden). In Panama, known from tropical wet forest in the Canal Zone and Panama, from tropical wet forest in Panama (Cerro Azul) and from premontane wet forest in Chiriqui (Boquete). Known in Panama from tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone, Herrera, Code, Panama and Darien.
In Panama, known from tropical moist forests in the Canal Zone, Bocas del Toro, Panama and Darien and from premontane wet forest in Code (El Valle). In Panama, known from tropical moist forests in the Canal Zone, Panama and Darien and from premontane wet forests in Chiriqui (San Felix) and Panama (Chiman). In Panama, known from tropical moist forest on the Atlantic slope in the Canal Zone and from tropical wet forest in Colon (Portobelo).
In Panama, known from tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone and Darien and from premontane wet forest in Panama. In Panama, known from tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone and Panama and from premontane moist forest in Panama.
34;•«fer
CYCLANTHACEAE
Occasionally, on the banks of streams and in ravines in the surroundings of the Laboratory Glade. Known only from Panama in humid tropical forest in the Canal Zone, San Bias and Chiriqui, and in humid tropical forest in Colon. Petioles up to 2.5 m long, round, vaginate only at the base; blades up to 1.8 m wide, palmate and unevenly 4-lobed, lobes up to 75 cm long, 35-60 cm wide at apex, with 9-16 teeth per lobe, teeth 5-13 cm long, glabrous and shining above, opaque below; juvenile leaves entire, apex V-shaped, becoming 4-lobed, lateral lobes more deeply divided.
Known in Panama from tropical moist forest on both slopes in the Canal Zone and in Chiriqui and Darien. Petioles up to 3.5 m long, round; leaves palmately lobed, pleated, usually light green in color, up to 1 m long and 1.9 m wide, usually with 4 ± irregular lobes up to 80 cm long and 85 cm wide at the apex, the lobes irregularly serrated beyond the center, with 10 -16 teeth per lobe. Locally common, mainly in clearings and on steep banks of the coastline, but also in forest on Orchid Island; common and widespread in the Canal Zone.
In Panama, known from tropical moist forests in the Canal Zone, Bocas del Toro, Col6n, Code, Panama and Darien. In Panama, known from tropical moist forests in the Canal Zone, Bocas del Toro, San Bias, Chiriqui, Panama and Darien and from tropical moist forests in Panama (beyond Cerro Jefe) and Col6n.
ARACEAE
Inflorescences held ± erect; pedicels slender to moderately thick, 8-29 cm long, shorter than leaves; spathe green, reflexed, 2-5.5 cm long, 7-20 mm wide, acute and apiculate at the apex, the margin often involute, decurrent to the pedicel at the base; spadix sessile to shortly pointed, bluntly rounded at apex, 2-11 cm long and 5-7 mm wide in flower, up to 15 cm long and 2.5 cm wide in fruit. Leaves palmately compound; petioles 24-44 cm long; leaflets 6-11, nearly sessile or on petiole up to 5.5 cm long, broadest about middle, abruptly tapering to pointed apex and gradually to cuneate-attenuated base, 15-30 cm long, 5-9 cm wide, entire;. Inflorescences borne from the upper leaf axils; pedicels very slender, 7-15 cm long (up to 20 cm in fruit); spathe lanceolate, acute or long attenuate, rounded or subcordate at the base, spreading, 4-8 cm long, 1-1.8 cm wide, pale green; spadix violet-purple at anthesis, sessile to stipitate, 5-9 cm long, of ± equal width throughout but narrowed at apex, less than 5 mm diam at anthesis, to about 2 cm diam in fruit.
Leaves crowded; petioles 1.5-14 cm long, mostly less than 10 cm long, approx. 2-3 mm wide, moderately to very strongly geniculate at apex, base enlarged to 1 cm diam, sheath 12-30 mm long; leaves linear, long-acuminate at apex, subacute at base, 12-56 cm long cm wide (mostly less than 3 cm wide), strongly bicolored (when fresh), lower surface light green with numerous brown punctures; midrib promi-. Inflorescences arising from the ground; stems 5-20 cm long, puberulent; spade-shaped, pale green with white spots, often pure white at tip at anthesis, 19-30 cm long, enclosing spadix, only caudate-acuminate at tip. ARACEAE/MONSTERA 203 slightly bulbous at the base, turning purple with age (especially the base), white inside (at least when open); spadix white, 17-26 cm long, the area between staminate and pistillate flowers often pink, its flowers sterile; pistillate part 3.5–7 cm long, to 1.8 cm wide (3 cm in fruit), mostly adnate to spathe; endure flowers with 2-4(6) stamens;.
Inflorescences several, from upper axils; pedicels 15-23 cm long, subterete with a broad spatulate scar at apex; splash. ARACEAE/MONSTERA 205 acute to acuminate at apex, white at anthesis, up to 24 cm long, soon deciduous; spadix narrowly oblong, narrowly rounded at apex, mostly 13-16 cm long at anthesis (up to 19 cm long in fruit); pistils about 5 mm long at anthesis (more than 1 cm long in fruit), the sides angular, the apex truncate, to about 5 mm diam at anthesis; stigmas linear.
