BARRO COLORADO ISLAND
INTRODUCTION 63 INTRODUCTION 63
2. LYCOPODIACEAE
70
LYCOPODOPHYTAAbundant in the forest, usually along trails; also found in shaded places in clearings.
Costa Rica to Colombia. In Panama, known from tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone and Panama.
Selaginella mollis A. Braun, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser.
5,3:276. 1865 5. schrammii Hieron.
Terrestrial, creeping or appressed, minute, usually less than 10 cm long, glabrous except for long cilia on lower part of leaves; stems not flagellate at apex, leafy through- out at base, short-branched almost throughout, the branches nearly equal in length. Median leaves not much smaller than lateral leaves, ± ovate, abruptly acu- minate, short-toothed near apex, ciliate toward base, not auriculate, basifixed; lateral leaves ± oblong, usually acute at apex, not auriculate, basifixed, to ca 2 mm long, prominently long-ciliate at least near base. Cones incon- spicuous, constituting a gradual continuation of branch apices, the bracts short-toothed; megaspores minute.
Croat 10759.
Rare, in the forest, usually on steep shaded banks.
Mexico to Panama and Colombia. In Panama, known from tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone, Bocas del Toro, and Panama and from premontane wet forest in Panama.
See Fig. 2.
Pterophyta
KEY TO THE PTEROPHYTA
Genera in this key for which family is not indicated are in the Polypodiaceae, family 10.
Plants free-floating, not attached by roots, with 2 opposite entire leaves floating on the water
11. SALVINIACEAE {Salvinia radula Baker)
Plants attached by roots, not free-floating (aquatic or not):
Leaves translucent, usually consisting of a single layer of cells; sporangia sessile on a threadlike stalk emerging from a bilabiate, tubular, or urceolate indusium, the indusia arising along margins of leaflets; plants often minute, usually forming close, ± appressed mats
7. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE (in part)
Leaves and sporangia not as above:
Plants free-climbing vines, never epiphytic, the stems not appressed to trees:
Leaves palmately lobed at least at base, not sessile; sporangia borne on protuberances at
margin of leaflets 5. SCHIZAEACEAE (Lygodium)
Leaflets pinnatifid, sessile; sporangia borne on lower surface of segments
6. GLEICHENIACEAE
Plants not free-climbing vines (if vinelike, the stems appressed to trees):
• Leaves simple and not deeply lobed:
Plants terrestrial; leaves dimorphic:
Plants less than 10 cm tall; sterile leaf 1 (rarely 2), ovate; fertile leaf 1, slender, nearly all sporangial tissue -. 4. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE {Ophioglossum reticulatum L.) Plants more than 20 cm tall; sterile leaves usually 4 or more, narrowly oblong; fertile
leaves with sporangia restricted to a narrow band along the margin Dictyoxiphium panamense Hook.
Plants epiphytic; leaves dimorphic or not:
Sporangia arranged in distinct rounded sori on surface of leaves Polypodium (in part) Sporangia not in distinct rounded sori:
Sporangia forming an anastomosing pattern over entire underside of leaf; blades usually less than 15 cm long, oblanceolate; rhizome usually closely appressed Anetium citrifolium (L.) Splitg.
Sporangia not as above:
Leaves more than 6 cm wide; sori in narrow lines paralleling the lateral veins ....
Asplenium serratum L.
Leaves less than 4 cm wide; sori not as above:
Leaves dimorphic, with sporangia densely covering the reduced fertile leaf; rhi- zome scales conspicuous, reddish-brown, very thin, many times broader than thick; plants frequently sterile Elaphoglossum Leaves monomorphic, with sori in rows along margins of leaves; rhizome scales
not as above, flliform, not conspicuous:
Leaves mostly more than 1 cm wide, widest at middle; sori frequently with short interruptions, more than 1 mm wide Ananthacorus angustifolius (Sw.) Und. & Max.
Leaves less than 5 mm wide, linear; sori usually continuous, less than 1 mm wide Vittaria
72 PTEROPHYTA
Leaves simple and deeply lobed or leaves compound:
Leaves simple and deeply lobed:
Leaves ± regularly pinnatifid:
Leaves monomorphic; sori in round dots on lower surface of leaflets Polypodium (in part) Leaves dimorphic; sori immersed in margin
7. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE {Trichomanes diversifrons (Bory) Mett.) Leaves not regularly pinnatifid:
Plants aquatic; leaves dimorphic, the segments of the fertile leaves linear, the sterile leaves 2-4-pinnatifid, pentagonal in outline, very thin 8. FARKERIACEAE (Ceratopterispteridoides (Hook.) Hieron.) Plants epiphytic or terrestrial; leaves monomorphic, dichotomously or pinnately
lobed:
Sporangia borne in small, pectinate-pinnate, ± reniform clusters from tips of teeth on each blade division .... 5. SCHIZAEACEAE {Schizaea elegans (Vahl) Sw.) Sporangia borne over entire blade surface or continuous along margins:
Plants epiphytic; blades ± dichotomously branched, the lobes mostly ca 1 cm wide; leaf tissue extending to base of leaf; sporangia in ± continuous mar- ginal rows near apex of lobes Dicranoglossum panamense (Christensen) Lell.
Plants terrestrial; blades pinnately lobed, the lobes usually more than 5 cm wide; leaf tissue not extending to base of leaf; sporangia scattered over blade surface Tectaria euryloba (H. Christ) Max.
Leaves compound:
• Leaves 1-pinnate, the leaflets regularly and deeply pinnatifid or the leaves more than 1-pinnate:
Leaves 1-pinnate, the leaflets regularly and deeply pinnatifid on both sides:
Lobes of leaflets markedly asymmetrical, especially at base Ctenitis protensa (Afz.) Copel. vai.funestra (Kunze) Proct.
Lobes of leaflets ± symmetrical;
Sori indusiate; upper side of costae with acicular scales Thelypteris (in part) Sori exindusiate; upper side of costae lacking acicular scales
Dryopteris sordida Max.
Leaves more than 1-pinnate:
Leaves dimorphic, the fertile leaves reduced; plants closely appressed, hemiepi- phytic climbers, the climbing rhizomes with conspicuous scales:
Sterile leaves to 3-pinnate, all but the uppermost leaflets divided more than halfway to midrib; segments acute at apex, sharply toothed, the lowermost often free; rhizome scales fine, ± curly, spreading; sori indusiate, round, discrete Maxonia apiifolia (Sw.) Christensen Sterile leaves 2-pinnate or 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, most leaflets divided less than
halfway to midrib; segments nearly rounded at apex, entire to bluntly toothed, the lowermost usually not free; rhizome scales coarse, stiflf, ap- pressed or nearly so; sori exindusiate, apparently continuous along mar- gins or over entire surface Polyhotrya villosula H. Christ Leaves monomorphic; plants terrestrial:
Plants tree ferns, the adults with a definite trunk (trunk may be short in Cnemi- darid); leaves armed, at least at base 9. CYATHEACEAE (except Metaxya) Plants not tree ferns; leaves usually unarmed:
Lower surface of leaflets white-waxy; sporangia scattered over surface; plants growing on exposed banks Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link Lower surface of leaflets not white-waxy; sporangia not scattered over sur-
face; habitats various:
Leaflets markedly asymmetrical, especially at base, toothed but not equally and deeply dissected on both sides (in Ctenitis, the leaflets deeply lobed but asymmetrical):
Plants epiphytic; sori exindusiate; leaflets mostly deeply, irregularly lobed on both sides Ctenitis protensa Afz. (Copel.) vat.funestra (Kunze) Proct.
Plants terrestrial; sori indusiate; leaflets often toothed on 1 side but never deeply lobed on both sides Adiantum (in part) Leaflets ± symmetrical and regularly pinnatifid:
Lobes of leaflets entire; plants regularly dichotoniously branched, usu- ally vinelike; sori round, arranged in a row along midrib of lobe
6. GLEICHENIACEAE
Lobes of leaflets toothed at least near apex; plants not both regularly dichotomously branched and vinelike; sori various:
Leaves not lacy, broadly dissected, the terminal leaflet more than 8 cm long; sori elongate, along margins of leaflets, with a narrow, continuous indusium open on 1 side . . . Pteris (except P. grandifolia) Leaves lacy, finely dissected, the terminal leaflet less than 4 cm long;
sori round:
Plants tree ferns with a conspicuous trunk; petioles armed with spines at least at base 9. CYATHEACEAE (Trichopteris) Plants not tree ferns; petioles unarmed:
Spores borne in cuplike indusia on margin of leaflets, the indusia commonly in toothed depressions; leaves 3- or 4-pinnate- pinnatifid Dennstaedtia cicutaria (Sw.) Moore Spores borne in ± round indusiate or exindusiate sori on surface
of leaflets, not on margins in cuplike indusia; leaves 2- or 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, never 4-pinnate-pinnatifid:
Rachis pubescent, with jointed trichomes on upper side; un- derside of leaflets scaly Ctenitis sloanei (Poepp.) Mort.
Rachis glabrous except for dense pubescence along ridge on upper side; underside of leaflets hispid, with short-stalked glands Thelypteris torresiana (Gaud.) Alston Leaves 1-pinnate, the leaflets not regularly pinnatifid (i.e., not regularly and deeply
lobed on both sides):
Leaves dimorphic, the fertile leaf much reduced:
Leaflets exactly opposite, caudate-acuminate, ± entire, the veins numerous, close and parallel, branched only near base; plants terrestrial 3. MARATTIACEAE {Danaea nodosa (L.) J. Sm.) Leaflets not as above; plants epiphytic or terrestrial:
Plants terrestrial; sterile leaflets shallowly lobed, usually more than 10 cm long, the smaller veins anastomosing Bolhitis cladorrhizans (Spreng.) Ching Plants epiphytic:
Rachis narrowly winged; leaflets usually less than 6 cm long, usually more than 10 pairs of leaflets per leaf Lomariopsis vestita Fourn.
Rachis not winged; leaflets usually more than 6 cm long, usually less than 6 pairs of leaflets per leaf Bolbitis nicotianifolia (Sw.) Ching Leaves monomorphic:
Sporangia on margins of leaves:
Leaflets asymmetrical about midrib Adiantum (in part) Leaflets ± symmetrical about midrib:
Leaflets thin, translucent; sporangia in tubular indusia protruding from leaf- let margins 7. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE {Trichomanespinnatum Hedw.) Leaflets and sporangia not as above:
Sori ± round, interrupted along margins of leaflets Nephrolepis Sori continuous along margins of leaflets:
Rachis dark brown or purplish; leaflets coarsely toothed near apex, the lateral veins frequently 1-forked but never anastomosing frequently Saccoloma elegans Kaulf.
Rachis light in color; leaflets ± entire near apex, the lateral veins anas- tomosing several times Pteris grandifolia L.
Sporangia or sori dispersed over surface of blade:
Plants massive aquatics, growing in dense clusters with the sporangia com- pletely covering at least part of all the uppermost leaflets Acrostichum Plants not as above, the sporangia arranged in distinct sori:
• Sori ± round:
Leaflets ± entire (except possibly at apex):
Leaflets markedly unequal and auriculate on lower proximal edge, over- lapping rachis; leaflets generally less than 15 cm long Cyclopeltis semicordata (Sw.) J. Sm.
Leaflets ± equal at base or at least not auriculate; leaflets generally more than 15 cm long:
Plants epiphjrtic; sori in rows, each row in an areole between major lateral veins; leaflets ± entire at apex Polypodium triseriale Sw.
Plants terrestrial; sori not in rows, ± irregularly clustered near mid- rib on major lateral veins; leaflets regularly toothed near apex...
9. CYATHEACEAE {Metaxya rostrata (Willd.) Presl)
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PTEROPHYTALeaflets not entire:
Leaflets ± regularly toothed and equal in shape Thelypteris poiteana (Bory) Proct.
Leaflets irregularly lobed or sinuate, at least the lowermost with a larger basal lobe Tectaria incisa Cav.
Sori linear or at least several times longer than wide (not in dots):
Sori in 2 continuous lines along midrib of each leaflet Blechnum Sori not in 2 continuous lines along leaflet midrib:
Leaflets more than 20 cm long and 6 cm wide; margins entire; plants usually more than 2 m tall Hemidictyum marginatum (L.) Presl Leaflets usually less than 20 cm long or, if longer, much less than 6 cm
wide; margins usually toothed; plants usually less than 1.5 m tall:
Sori short, ± equal, arranged in short rows perpendicular to and be- tween lateral veins; plants generally aquatic Thelypteris serrata (Cav.) Alston Sori short or long, often markedly unequal in length, arranged in rows
parallel to lateral veins; plants not aquatic:
Leaflets mostly less than 6 cm long, frequently blunt or rounded and toothed at apex; open side of all indusia facing apex of leaflet Asplenium (in part) Leaflets usually more than 6 cm long, usually gradually tapered to
acuminate apex; open face of at least some indusia facing away from apex of leaflet (in Asplenium delitescens, most facing toward apex):
Leaflets usually more than 2.5 cm wide, obtuse to rounded at base on both sides; sori often unequal, the longer ones inter- spersed with the shorter Diplazium grandifolium Sw.
Leaflets usually less than 2.5 cm wide, the base oblique, the lower proximal edge usually acute; sori ± equal:
Terminal leaflet of nearly same shape as lateral leaflets; plants epiph5?tic; rhizome scales clathrate (latticed) Asplenium falcinellum Max.
Terminal leaflet unlike lateral leaflets, pinnatifid; plants ter- restrial; rhizome scales fibrous, not clathrate Asplenium delitescens (Max.) A. R. Smith
3, MARATTIACEAE
Homosporous, terrestrial herbs; stem a dorsiventral rhi- zome. Leaves usually large, circinate in venation, pin- nately compound (in ours); secondary veins on the leaflets free, closely parallel. Fertile leaves moderately contracted;
sorus a double row of sporangia extending from midrib to margin, joined to form a synangium, each sporan- gium opening by a terminal pore; prothallia growing on ground, green with mycorrhiza.
Recognized by their pinnately compound leaves, the leaflets opposite, and the secondary veins closely parallel.
Six genera and over 200 species; tropics and subtropics.
DANAEA J. Sm.
Danaea nodosa (L.) J. Sm., Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci.
(Turin) 5:420. 1793
Terrestrial, usually 1.5-2 m tall; rhizome horizontal.
Leaves 1-pinnate, dimorphic; petioles to ca 1 m long, sparsely to moderately scaly, prominently ridged above;
leaflets exactly opposite; sterile leaflets usually narrowly oblong, long-acuminate, obtuse to acute and often slightly inequilateral at base, 10-40 cm long, 4-5.5 cm wide, the margin entire to undulate or faintly serrulate near apex.
the midrib sparsely scaly, the scales irregular and deeply lacerate, the lateral veins 1-forked at base; fertile leaflets much shorter and narrower, 1.5-2.5 cm broad. Sporangia in 2 rows, continuous, borne along the veinlets, almost completely covering the fertile leaflets beneath. Croat 12301.
Infrequent, on steep moist creek banks in ravines.
Mexico to Brazil; West Indies. In Panama, known from tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone, Veraguas, and Panama (San Jose Island), from premontane wet forest in Panama (Chiman) and Veraguas, and from tropical wet forest in Panama.
See Fig. 5.
4. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE