The purpose of this herbal medicine book is to provide enough information to arouse the interest of the reader to continue reading. The indications in the monographs are divided into major, major, minor and others to give an indication of the actual and potential uses of the herbal medicinal product.
Acknowledgements
Monographs ACEROLA
Family: Malpighiaceae
Medicinal Parts: Leaves, fruit
Indications
Side-effects: Nausea, stomach cramps, sleepiness, insomnia 3
AGNUS CASTUS
Family: Lamiaceae Medicinal Parts: Fruit
Contraindications: Oestrogen or progesterone sensitive tumours,
Side-effects: Nausea, headache, GI disturbances, menstrual disorders,
Drug interactions: Dopamine antagonists, oral contraceptives 5
ALFALFA
Family: Fabaceae
Medicinal Parts: Whole flowering plant, germinating seeds
Drug interactions: HRT, anti- oestrogen therapy, contraceptive pill,
Dose: 5-10g dried herb three times daily; 5-10ml liquid extract (1:1 in
Tablets; Alfalfa Leaf Powder 200mg, Buckthorn Extract 75mg, Cascara Sagrada Extract 50mg, Birch Extract 40mg, Taurine 40mg, Dandelion Extract 20mg, UVA Ursi Extract 20mg, Bladder Powder 3mg, Parsley Seed, Barberry Root Powder 10mg, Ginger ROOTER ROOT PULLER 5MG, CHICORY powder 2mg, nasturtium extract 2mg, juniper powder 2mg, curcuma root powder 250mcg.
ALOE VERA
Family: Aloeaceae Medicinal Parts: Leaves
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to aloe or with nausea, vomiting or
Side-effects: Cramping, diarrhoea, dependency or worsening of
Drug interactions: Antidiabetic therapy, laxatives, cardiac glycosides,
Dose: Single dose: powdered aloe vera, 50-200mg at bedtime; tincture
Local distributor: Galea & Galea Organic Aloe Vera Gel Infused with Cucumber, Witch Hazel and Calendula (dr. Organic®). Local distributor: Galea & Galea Organic Aloe Vera Gel with added organic Tea Tree Oil and Arnica (dr. Organic®).
ANANAS
ANGELICA
Family: Umbelliferae
Medicinal Parts: Seed, whole herb, root
Cautions: Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight for the duration of
Drug interactions: Anticoagulants, thrombolytic agents, low molecular
ANISE
ANISEED
Medicinal Parts: Essential oil from ripe & dried fruit
Cautions: Pregnancy, lactation (increases milk secretions, promotes
Side-effects: Contact dermatitis, photodermatitis, asthma 9, 21
ARNICA
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal Parts: Flowers, leaves,
Cautions: For use only on unbroken skin 19
Contraindications: Other known hypersensitivity to other family
Side-effects
Drug interactions: Potential interaction with aspirin 14
ARTICHOKE
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal Parts: Leaves
Cautions: Pregnancy, lactation, known allergies to other composites
ASTRAGALUS
BAMBOO
Family: Poaceae
Medicinal Parts: Young shoots
Indications: Asthma, arthritis, coughs 28
Contraindications: None known
Side-effects: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
Drug interactions: None known
Dose: There is not enough scientific
BAOBAB
Family: Bombacaceae
Medicinal Parts: Roots, fruit, leaves
Cautions: The plant contains tartaric
Side-effects: None known
Drug interactions: No human drug information is available
BARBERRY
Family: Berberidaceae
Medicinal Parts: Fruit, root, bark
Cautions: To avoid polyherbal remedies containing goldenseal
BARLEY
Family: Graminaceae
Medicinal Parts: Polished grain without the husk
Indications: Convalescents, diarrhoea, gastritis, inflammatory
Side-effects: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the
Dose: Boil 1 part barley in 9 parts water for 20 minutes and strain; a
BEAN POD
BEARBERRY
BETONY
BILBERRY
Family: Ericaceae
Medicinal Parts: Dried leaves, dried ripe fruit or fresh fruit
Major: Gastrointestinal, renal and urinary tract complaints, arthritis, poor circulation, functional heart problems5, 8, 28.
Drug interactions: Increased risk of bleeding or bruising with high doses
20% anthocyanadins), green tea standardized leaf extract 30mg (min. 40% polyphenols), fir tree standardized bark extract 2mg (min. Multi Antioxidant Complex (Vega) see Ginkgo. Seven Seas) see Ginseng Korean Multigluco Tolerance Factor (Vega) see Ginkgo.
BIRCH LEAF
Family: Betulaceae
Medicinal Parts: Bark, leaves &
Cautions: Ensure copious fluid intake 8
Contraindications: Oedema in cardiac or renal insufficiency 8, 19
Dose: 2-3g of dried leaf several times daily in infusion or as an equivalent
BISSY NUT
BITTER MELON
BITTER ORANGE
Family: Rutaceae
Medicinal Parts: Fresh & dried fruit peel, flowers, seeds, extracted
Precautions: Pregnancy5, hypertension43, skin sensitization and phototoxicity are possible with the essential oils, therefore exposure to UV light sources should be avoided for at least 12 hours after dermal application5,.
Contraindications: Do not apply essential oils to eyes or undiluted to
Drug interactions: Bitter orange juice inhibits CYP3A
BLACK COHOSH
Family: Ranunculaceae
Medicinal Parts: Fresh and dried root
Cautions: Cimicifuga racemosa should not be substituted for HRT with
BLACK ELDERBERRY
BLADDERWRACK
Family: Fucaceae
Medicinal Parts: Dried and fresh thallus
Cautions: Long-term use of bladderwrack is not recommended;
Contraindications: Hyperthyroidism, cardiac problems, pregnancy,
Side-effects: Exacerbation or induction of hyperthyroidism, renal
BLESSED THISTLE
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal Parts: Dried leaves, upper
Drug interactions: None noted
Dose: Dried extract: 4-6 gm of drug;
BOLDO
Family: Monimiaceae Medicinal Parts: Leaves
Side-effects: None known in conjunction with the proper
BONESET
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal parts: The herb after
Cautions: Hypersensitivity to other members of the Asteraceae family 9,
Contraindications: Pregnancy, lactation 9
Side-effects: Sensitization after skin contact with the plant, outbreaks of
BORAGE
BOSWELLIA
Family: Burseraceae
Medicinal Parts: Resin gum exuded when incisions are made in the bark
Side-effects: Retrosternal burning, nausea, abdominal fullness, epigastric
Drug interactions: Possibly, food may increase bioavailability of
Dose: For arthritis: 400mg 3 times daily; for asthma: 300mg 3 times
BRAHMI
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Medicinal Parts: Aerial parts mainly the leaves and stems
Drug interactions: Cholinergic drugs 5 including perphenazine,
Dose: Dried aerial parts of herb
BUCHU
Family: Rutaceae Medicinal Parts: Leaves
Drug interactions: Loop diuretics, spironolactone, thiazide diuretics,
BUCKTHORN
Family: Rhamnaceae
Medicinal Parts: Whole, ripe, dried fruit; fresh ripe fruit
Contraindications: Intestinal obstruction, acute inflammatory
BUCKWHEAT
Family: Polygonaceae
Medicinal Parts: Fresh aerial parts, leaves and flowers collected during
Cautions/contraindications: None known
Dose: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to
Local distributor: Galea & Galea Rutin and Vitamin C 500mg (Lamberts) Tablets; Rutin 50mg, vitamin C 500mg, citrus bioflavonoid complex 100mg, hesperidin 50mg. Vitamin C Capsules (Calcium Ascorbate) (Vega) (500 mg); Vitamin C (as calcium ascorbate) 500 mg, citrus bioflavonoids 50 mg, hesperidin 25 mg, rhubarb bean extract 20 mg.
BURDOCK
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal Parts: Ripe seed, fresh/
Cautions: Excessive doses may interfere with existing hypoglycaemic
BUTCHER’S BROOM
Family: Ruscaceae
Medicinal Parts: Herb, rhizome
Side-effects: Rarely stomach complaints, nausea 28
Drug interactions: No interactions found 68
CALENDULA
CALIFORNIA POPPY
Family: Papaveraceae Medicinal Parts: Aerial parts
Drug interactions: Benzodiazepines, CNS depressants 70
Dose: Average single dose for the
CAPSICUM
CARAWAY
Medicinal Parts: Fruit; oil obtained from the squashed fruit when ripe
Dose: Average single dose of oil: 2-3 drops on sugar; caraway, 1-5 gm
CARDAMOM
Family: Zingiberaceae
Medicinal Parts: The oil extracted from the seeds and fruit & seeds
Contraindications: Presence of gallstones 19, 28
CASCARA SAGRADA
Family: Rhamnaceae Medicinal Parts: Dried bark
Cautions: Avoid excessive laxative use & prolonged use ** , adequate
Contraindications: Intestinal &
Drug interactions: Cardiac glycosides especially digoxin 63 ,
Dose: 20-30 mg hydroxyanthracene derivatives daily 28
CAT’S CLAW
Family: Rubiaceae
Medicinal Parts: Root bark
Contraindications: Autoimmune disease, immunosuppressants, bone
Side-effects: Reduced serum oestradiol and progesterone with
Drug interactions: Anticoagulants, antiplatelets, thrombolytic agents, low
Dose: 250-1000 mg daily; Decoction dosage: 60ml once daily in the
CATNIP
Family: Labiatae
Medicinal Parts: Aerial parts of the plant
Drug interactions: CNS depressants, drugs acting on the CNS 14
CAYENNE
Family: Solanaceae
Medicinal Parts: Fresh or dried fruits
Drug interactions: Aspirin (beneficial interaction) 28, 63 ; ACE
CELERY
Medicinal Parts: Root, above-ground foliage and stems, fruit (seeds), oil
CENTAURY
Family: Gentianaceae
Medicinal Parts: Dried aerial parts of the flowering plant
Contraindications: Stomach or intestinal ulcers 28, 88
CHAMOMILE, GERMAN
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal Parts: The entire
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to any member of the Asteraceae/
Side-effects: Allergic reactions including emesis in high doses,
Local distributør: Galea & Galea Colic Baby (Erba Vita) if Linden Controller® Natural Sleep (Alta Care) if Linden.
CHASTE TREE
CHICKWEED
Family: Caryophyllaceae Medicinal Parts: Aerial parts –
Cautions: Rarely, chickweed can
Side-effects: None noted
CHICORY
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal Parts: Dried leaves &
Cautions/Contraindications: None noted
Side-effects: Potential for
Dose: 3 gm comminuted drug daily
CHINESE ANGELICA
CINCHONA
Cautions: Recommended dosages should not be exceeded as it contains
Side-effects: Hypersensitivity reactions (skin allergies, fever),
CINNAMON
Family: Lauraceae
Medicinal Parts: Oil extracted from bark, bark of younger branches, leaf oil
Contraindications: Pregnancy (except in amounts normally used in
Side-effects: Allergic skin and mucosal reactions may occur in
CITRONELLA
CLEAVERS
Medicinal Parts: Dried aerial parts collected during the flowering and
Cautions/Contraindications: None known
Drug interactions: Loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, spironolactone,
CLOVE
Family: Myrtaceae
Medicinal Parts: Dried flowerbud, leaf, stem
Cautions: None known
Contraindications: Liver function impairment, patients taking
Drug interactions: Anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, thrombolytic
Dose
COLT’S FOOT
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal Parts: Leaves, flowers
Side-effects: Contact dermatitis in patients sensitive to the Compositae
COMFREY
Family: Boraginaceae
Medicinal Parts: Leaf, rhizome, root
Contraindications: Previous liver or kidney disease, pregnancy,
Dose §§ : Unless otherwise prescribed, ointment or other preparations for
CORN SILK
Family: Poaceae Medicinal Parts: Seeds
Indications: Disorders of the urinary tract 28 such as dysuria, cystitis 45 ,
COUCH GRASS
Family: Gramineae
Medicinal Parts: Rhizome collected in spring or autumn
Cautions: Ensure copious fluid intake for irrigation therapy 28
Contraindications: No irrigation therapy if oedema is present due to
Dose: Three times daily: dried
CRANBERRY
Family: Ericaceae Medicinal Parts: Fruit
Side-effects: GI discomfort, diarrhoea 5, 28
Dose: To prevent urinary tract infections, 30-300 gm cranberry juice;
Powder; Per 5 g (1 teaspoon): cranberry powder 2470 mg, fructooligosaccharides (obtained from chicory root) 2470 mg, vitamin C 60 mg. Cranberry Plus Formula (Vega) capsules; Standardized cranberry extract 200 mg (min. 40% organic acids), caprylic acid 100 mg, deodorized standardized garlic pod extract 10:1 eq.
CRANESBILL
Family: Geraniaceae
Medicinal Parts: Dried rhizome, leaf, root
CURCUMA
DAMIANA
Family: Turneraceae
Medicinal Parts: Leaves harvested during the flowering season
Cautions: Patients with hypoglycaemia 9, 113
Contraindications: Patients with overactive sympathetic nervous
Drug interactions: Hypoglycaemic agents 5
DANDELION
Side-effects: Superacid gastric complaints, sensitization reactions 28
Dose: Tincture: 10-15 drops three times daily; a cup of freshly made tea
tablets; Dandelion root powder 80mg, bladderwrack powder 80mg, buchu leaf powder 80mg, uva ursi powder 80mg, juniper berry powder 80mg, yellow dock root extract 80mg, cleaver powder extract 80mg, burdock powder 80mg, parsley leaf powder 75mg, barberry bark powder 15mg. Syrup; Manna 15%, fig decoction 10%, tamarind fruit pulp extract 5%, dandelion root extract 7.5%, concentrated and purified propolis extract (total flavonoids expressed as galangin 12%, by HPLC, 28%, UV method).
DEVIL’S CLAW
Family: Pedaliaceae
Medicinal Parts: Dried tuber/root
Dose: Three times daily
DONG QUAI
Family: Umbelliferae Medicinal Parts: Whole root
Side-effects: GI disturbances, increased bleeding, photodermatitis 5,
Drug interactions: Anticoagulants, low molecular weight heparins,
ECHINACEA
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal Parts: Roots, leaves or
Cautions: Diabetes may worsen in diabetic patient receiving Echinacea
Contraindications: Pregnancy, hypersensitivity to Compositae plants,
Drug interactions: Caffeine,
Local Distributor: Galea & Galea Echinacea Root 500mg (FSC) Tablets; Echinacea root (Echinacea purpurea) extract equiv. Echinacea Throat Spray (A.Vogel) Spray; Tinctures of: fresh Echinacea purpurea (echinacea) herb 190mg, fresh salvia officinalis (sage) leaves 95mg, fresh Echinacea purpurea (echinacea) root 10mg.
ELDER
Tablets; 1,140 mg of Echinacea purpurea fresh herb extract and 60 mg of fresh root extract. Syrup; Amounts for the maximum daily dose (15 ml): black grape buds 0.3 ml, rosehip 0.3 ml, dry extract of the root of Echinacea angustifolia 150 mg (0.1% echinacoside 0.15 mg), dry extract of tabebuia bark 75 mg.
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Medicinal Parts: Bark peeled from branches, air-dried flowers, fresh &
Drug interactions: Iron,
ELDERBERRY
ELECAMPANE
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal Parts: Dried or fresh
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to other plants in the Asteraceae
Side-effects: Occasional allergic reactions 28, 45
Drug interactions: Hypoglycaemic &
EPHEDRA
Family: Ephedraceae
Medicinal Parts: Young canes, dried rhizome with roots
Indications ¶¶
Cautions: For short term use only due to danger of addiction 28, 133
Contraindications: Diabetes, heart disease, hypertension,
Side-effects: Headache, dizziness, irritability, motor restlessness,
Drug interactions
EUCALYPTUS
Medicinal Parts: Oil extracted from fresh leaves and branch tips; dried
Cautions: Eucalyptus may interfere with hypoglycaemic control in
Contraindications: Eucalyptus oil: should not be administered
Drug interactions: CNS depressants, drugs metabolized by CYP 450,
Dose: Internal: Dried leaf in infusion, 4-6 gm daily, average single dose 2g;
EVENING PRIMROSE
Family: Onagraceae
Medicinal Parts: Fixed oil from the seed
Side-effects: Mild GI effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea,
Local Distributor: Galea & Galea Evening Primrose Oil 500mg (Lamberts) Capsules; EPO 500mg, vitamin E 10mg, GLA 45mg. Primrose oil 500mg (Solgar) Softgels; EPO 500mg provides: linoleic acid 365mg, gamma linolenic acid (GLA) 50mg, oleic acid 35mg, palmitic acid 30mg, other fatty acids 20mg, vitamin E. Local distributor: Vivian Corporation Pure Evening Primrose Oil (Seven Seas) Capsules; EPO 1000mg gives 74mg GLA, vitamin E 6.7mg.
EYEBRIGHT
Organic Optimum Oil (FSC) see Flaxseed Premenstrual Formula (Vega) see Oats Pure Evening Primrose Oil (Efamol) Capsules; Pure EPO 1000mg of which GLA 115mg, vitamin E 10mg.
Family: Scrophulariaceae Medicinal Parts: The flowering
Side-effects: None known following the proper administration of
FENNEL
Medicinal Parts: Seeds, oil extracted from ripe fruit and dried ripe fruit
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to other plants of the Umbelliferae
Dose: Daily dose: 5-7 gm drug; 10-20 gm fennel syrup or fennel honey,
Local Distributor: Premier Healthcare CarbonFlor® (Erba Vita) see Aniseed Colic Baby (Erba Vita) see Linden. Capsules; Fennel fruit phytocomplex 250mg, chamomile extract 135mg, charcoal 208mg, cumin fruit phytocomplex 110mg, cumin phytocomplex 80mg, essential oils of fennel and mint 25mg. Capsules; Vegetable charcoal 150mg, fennel 30mg, chamomile 25mg, fennel oil extract 5mg, anise oil extract 5mg, mint oil extract 5mg.
FENUGREEK
Family: Leguminosae-Fabaceae Medicinal Parts: Ripe, dried seeds
Cautions: Monitor patients with thyrotoxicosis when using the herb at
Side-effects: Mild GI symptoms such as diarrhoea & flatulence, rare allergic
Drug interactions: Antidiabetic agents, anticoagulants, low molecular
FEVERFEW
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal Parts: Leaf
Contraindications: Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children under 2 years
Drug interactions: Anticoagulants, thrombolytic agents, antiplatelet
Dose: Daily dose: dried herb, 50-200 mg (normally in tablets or capsules);
FLAXSEED
Family: Linaceae
Medicinal Parts: Oil extracted from the seeds †††
Cautions: Overweight people (should only use the whole seeds) due to the
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to other members of the family
Organic Optimal Oil (FSC) Capsules; Omega 3, 6 and 9 essential fatty acids in the ratio 2:1:1 by blending certified organic linseed, sunflower, evening primrose and sesame oils.
GAMBOGE
Family: Guttiferae
Medicinal Parts: Resin extracted from the plant
Indications: Digestive disorders, particularly constipation 28, 161
Drug interactions: Digoxin, warfarin, diuretics, stimulant
GARLIC
Family: Liliaceae
Medicinal Parts: Whole fresh bulb, dried bulb, oil of garlic
Cautions/Contraindications
Drug interactions: Anticoagulants particularly warfarin, antiplatelets,
Tablets; Garlic granules 320mg which typically provide 1600mcg allicin (equivalent to 960mg fresh garlic). Capsules; Deodorized garlic standardized fatty extract (10:1) 150mg (min. allicin content 750mcg) gives fresh garlic onion 1500mg, Vega Phytoantioxidant BaseTM 260mg provides antioxidants and prebiotics: apple and mixed wild berries concentrate 8:1. Softgels; Garlic oil concentrate 1mg from approx. 500mg fresh garlic bulbs in a natural base of thistle oil.
GENTIAN
Medicinal Parts: Root and rhizome
GERANIUM
GINGER
Family: Zingiberaceae Medicinal Parts: Rhizome
Cautions: Gastric ulcers or reflux, gallstones, children under 6 years,
Side-effects: Gastric irritation, heartburn, bloating, contact dermatitis
Drug interactions: Anticoagulants (warfarin), antiplatelets, thrombolytic
Jointace Fizz (Vitabiotics) effervescent tablets; Glucosamine sulfate 500 mg, chondroitin 100 mg, vitamin C 60 mg, magnesium 50 mg, ginger extract 40 mg. Gel; Ginger oil, eucalyptus oil, sweet orange oil, clove oil, lavender oil, fennel oil, menthol, glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate. Patches; Ginger oil, eucalyptus oil, sweet orange oil, clove oil, lavender oil, fennel oil, menthol, glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate.
GINKGO
Family: Ginkgoaceae Medicinal Parts: Leaf, seeds
Cautions: If unusual bleeding or bruising occurs stop use immediately,
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to the herb or any of its constituents 28 ,
Drug interactions: Aminoglycosides, antiplatelets, antiepileptics,
Tablets; Ginkgo biloba leaf extract 150mg, provides ginkgo flavonglycosides 36mg, ginkgolides A, B & C 4.5mg, bilobalide 3.8mg. Capsules; Ginkgo biloba (50:1) extract 100mg (equivalent to 5000mg ginkgo biloba powder) standardized to 24% flavone glycosides & 6% terpene lactones. Tablets; 120mg ginkgo biloba guaranteed standardized extract 50:1 provides minimum: 24% ginkgo flavone glycosides, 6% terpene lactones (ginkgolides A, B, C & bilobalides).
GINSENG KOREAN
Family: Araliaceae
Medicinal Parts: Dried lateral roots
Cautions: Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hyper and hypotensive
Contraindications: Acute illness, haemorrhage, during the acute period
Drug interactions: Albendazole, alcohol, antidiabetics, digoxin assays,
Local Distributor: Premier HealthCare Korean Ginseng 1200mg (Lamberts) Tablets; Korean ginseng extract 1200mg (min. 20mg ginsenosides). Local Distributor: Galea & Galea Korean Ginseng Extract (IL HWA) Capsules, Tea Bags; Pure Panax ginseng extract. Local distributor: Galea & Galea Male MaxTM (HealthAid) Tablets; 250mg Korean ginseng standardized extract 2:1, 150mg.
GOLDENSEAL
Medicinal Parts: Root, rhizome
Contraindications: Kidney disease, pregnancy, lactation, hypertension,
Side-effects: Digestive disorders, mucous membrane irritation,
GOTU KOLA
Family: Apiaceae
Medicinal Parts: Leaf, stem
Dose: Daily dose: 0.6 gm of dried leaves or infusion taken 3 times daily;
GRAPESEED
Family: Vitaceae
Medicinal Parts: Seeds, grape skins
Drug interactions: Warfarin & other anticoagulants 198 , ascorbic acid,
Plasters; Acrylic copolymer, propylene glycol, grape seed extract, horse chestnut extract, butcher's broom extract, gotu kola extract, ginkgo biloba extract, glycine soybean oil, lavender oil, peppermint oil, sweet orange oil, limonene, linalool. Ampoules; Red Vine leaf extract 3750mg, barley extract 2500mg, buckwheat extract 1000mg, witch hazel extract 1000mg, vitamin C 60mg, vitamin E 10mg, grapefruit natural flavor 50mg, citrus limonum 10mg.
GREEN COFFEE
Family: Rubiaceae Medicinal Parts: Seed
Drug interactions: Antidiabetics, antihypertensives, iron compounds,
GREEN TEA
Family: Theaceae Medicinal Parts: Leaf
Cautions: Weak cardiovascular system, renal disease,
Contraindications: Hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, severe liver
Local distributor: Galea & Galea Carboslim® Phase 2 (HealthAid) capsules; 100mg standardized green tea extract (min. powder; green tea extract, corn source maltodextrin, whey protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, skimmed milk, milk protein concentrate, cocoa powder, fructose, insulin fiber, MCT oil, rice starch, conjugated linoleic acid, whey protein isolate, egg albumin, cellulose gum, potassium, lactase enzymes, niacin, iodine, folic acid, biotin Antioxidant tablet: Alpha-lipoic acid 20mg, CoQ10 2mg, N-acetylcysteine 40mg, beta-carotene 2mg, 1 ly.mg, lutein esters 1.5mg, pomegranate extract 7mg, green tea extract 10 mg, grape skin extract 5 mg, querceptin 5 mg, soy isoflavones 5 mg (gives 2 mg isoflavones), soy protein isolate 18 mg, 1 pine bark extract, 5 mg blueberry extract, 1 mg blackberry extract, blackcurrant extract 5mg, blueberry extract 5mg, blackcurrant extract 5mg, watercress extract 5mg .
GRIFFONIA (5-HTP)
Family: Leguminosae Medicinal Parts: Seeds
Drug interactions: Carbidopa, MAOIs, SSRIs 28, 213
GRINDELIA
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal Parts: Dried leaves,
Side-effects: Gastric or renal irritation rarely 19
GUARANA
Family: Sapindaceae Medicinal Parts: Seeds
Cautions: Patients taking other drugs or herb supplements containing
Contraindications: Hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias 5
Side-effects: Nervousness, restlessness, irritability, insomnia 14
GUAR GUM
Family: Leguminosae
Medicinal Parts: Whole plant
Contraindications: Diseases of the
Side-effects: Feeling of fullness, nausea, wind & diarrhoea particularly
Dose: One dose of 5 gm per tablet or granules, three times daily 28
GYMNEMA
Family: Asclepiadaceae Medicinal Parts: Leaf
Cautions: Monitor blood glucose levels closely when used in
Side-effects: Gastric irritation, hepatotoxicity 5
Drug interactions: Hypoglycaemic agents, insulin 5
Dose: 400-600 mg/day in divided doses with meals 5
HAWTHORN
Family: Rosaceae
Medicinal Parts: Extracts of leaf and flower are most commonly used,
HOODIA
Family: Asclepiadaceae Medicinal Parts: Aerial parts
Family: Cannabaceae
Medicinal Parts: Dried strobiles
Contraindications: Oestrogen- dependent tumours, depression,
Side-effects: Drowsiness (with excessive use), systemic urticaria,
Drug interactions: Pharmaceutical sedatives, anti-oestrogenic drugs,
Dose: Up to three times daily and before going to bed: dried strobiles,
HOREHOUND
Medicinal Parts: Whole herb, collected during flowering
Cautions: Heart disease, GI disorders 239
Drug interactions: SSRIs, ondansetron, bromocriptine 239
HORNY GOAT WEED
Family: Berberidaceae Medicinal Parts: Leaf
Side-effects: Aggressiveness, irritability, fever, tachyarrhythmia,
Drug interactions: Phosphodiesterase
HORSE CHESTNUT
Contraindications: Should not be applied topically to broken or
Dose: 50-100 mg escin twice daily
Local distributor: Health Plus Venalta® (Alta Care) see Grapeseed Vitiven® ultra cold (Arkopharma) see Butcher's Broom. tablets; 250 mg standardized horse chestnut extract 2:1 (seed), 150 mg standardized butcher's broom extract 2:1 (root), 150 mg standardized hawthorn berry extract 2:1 (berry), 150 mg citrus bioflavonoids (fruit), 125 mg standardized blueberry extract 2:1 ( berry), 100 mg standardized prickly ash extract 2:1 (berry), 100 mg standardized ginger extract 2:1 (root), 60 mg standardized cayenne pepper extract 2:1 (fruit), 50 mg standardized ginkgo biloba extract 10: 1 (leaf).
HORSERADISH
Family: Brassicaceae
Medicinal Parts: Roots, leaves
Contraindications: Pregnancy, lactation, children under 4 years of
Side-effects: GI upsets, vomiting, diarrhoea, irritation of mucous
Dose: 2-20 g/day of the root or equivalent preparations before meals
HORSETAIL
Family: Equisetaceae
Medicinal Parts: Barren stems
HYDRANGEA
Family: Hydrangeaceae
Medicinal Parts: Dried rhizomes and roots
HYSSOP
Medicinal Parts: Leaves, flower tips
ICELAND MOSS
Family: Parmeliaceae
Medicinal Parts: Dried thallus
Dose: Adults: three or four times daily: 1-2 gm of dried lichen as a
IVY LEAF
Family: Araliaceae Medicinal Parts: Leaves
Side-effects: GI upset, contact dermatitis with large doses 14
ISPAGHULA HUSK
JUNIPER
Family: Cupressaceae
Medicinal Parts: Essential oil from berry cones, berry
Side-effects: Prolonged use or overdosing may cause kidney
KARELA
Family: Curcubitaceae Medicinal Parts: Fruit, leaves
Cautions: Diabetics while monitoring their blood sugar levels regularly 28
Side-effects: Headache,
Drug interactions: Antidiabetic agents, cholesterol lowering drugs 5,
Family: Fucaceae Medicinal Parts: Leaves
Contraindications: Pregnancy, breast feeding 261
Side-effects: Increase or decrease in blood thyroid hormone levels, acne-
Drug interactions: Thyroid
KIDNEY BEAN
Medicinal Parts: Pods, beans
Indications: Urinary tract infections, kidney and bladder stones 28
Side-effects: No health hazards known in conjunction with the
KOLA NUT
Family: Sterucliaceae Medicinal Parts: Cotyledon
LAVENDER
Family: Labiatae Medicinal Parts: Flower
Cautions: Topical preparations should be tested on a small area of skin
Side-effects
Drug interactions: Pharmaceutical sedatives, antidepressants 5
Aloe Vera (HealthAid) shih Aloe Vera Arnica (HealthAid) shih Arnica Calendula (HealthAid) shih Marigold Calma Baby (Erba Vita) shih Linden Dermavital (HealthAid) shih Aloe Vera Evening Primrose (HealthAid) shih Aguliçe e mbrëmjes. Jointace Gel (Vitabiotics) shih Ginger Jointace Patch (Vitabiotics) shih Ginger Migrastick (Arkopharma) shih Peppermint Multi-Mam® BabyWash (Multi-Mam) shih Aloe Vera.
LEMON BALM
Medicinal Parts: Aerial parts
Cautions: Limit alcohol intake, diabetes, alcohol dependence, liver
Contraindications: Hypothyroidism, pregnancy 5, 270
Distributore locale: Galea & Galea Pectovit® (Erba Vita) vedi Grindelia Sedivitax (Aboca) vedi Passiflora Tea Tree (Linea Bios) vedi Tea Tree Venalta® (Alta Care) vedi Vinaccioli Venis® Sollievo (Erba Vita) vedi Vinaccioli.
LEMONGRASS
Medicinal Parts: Dried leaves, oil
LICORICE
Medicinal Parts: Root, stolon
Contraindications: Hypokalaemia, cirrhosis of the liver, hypotonia,
Drug interactions: Anticoagulants, antihypertensives, chemotherapy
LINDEN
Family: Tiliaceae
Medicinal Parts: Flowers
Cautions: Cardiac disorders, pregnancy, lactation 9
Side-effects: No side-effects known in conjunction with proper
Dose: Three time daily: dried inflorescence, 2-4 gm in infusion,
LINSEED
LUFFA
Family: Cucurbitaceae Medicinal Parts: Fruit
Family: Brassicaceae Medicinal Parts: Root
Cautions: Pregnant, breastfeeding, breast tenderness (decrease dosage),
Drug interactions: None documented
Dose: 1 dried maca extract 450 mg capsule 3 times daily taken orally
MAGNOLIA
Family: Magnoliaceae Medicinal Parts: Bark
Contraindications: Pregnancy, breast-feeding 294
Dose: 600mg as a powder or liquid extract once or twice daily at
MAIZE
MALLOW (High Mallow) Malva sylvestris
Family: Malvaceae
Medicinal Parts: Leaves, roots, flowers
Dose: Average daily dose: 5 gm of the drug; Tea: drink 2 to 3 times a day 28
MARIGOLD
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal Parts: The flowers are
Cautions: Patients with confirmed allergy to herbs or foods from the
Contraindications: Internal use in pregnancy 19
Organic Aloe Vera Gel Infused with Cucumber, Witch Hazel and Calendula (dr.organic®) see Aloe Vera.
MARSHMALLOW
Medicinal Parts: Leaf, root
Cautions: Marshmallow may interfere with existing hypoglycaemic
Drug interactions: Concurrent use may result in impaired drug
Family: Aquifoliaceae Medicinal Parts: Leaf
Cautions: Hypertension, cardiac disorders, pregnancy, lactation 9
Side-effects: Anxiety, tremors, palpitations, withdrawal headaches,
Drug interactions: Centrally acting drugs, OTC nasal decongestants,
MEADOWSWEET
Drug interactions: Anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs (warfarin, aspirin,
MELILOT
MILK THISTLE
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal Parts: Fruit, leaves
Contraindications: Known allergy to the Asteraceae family 5
Side-effects: Generally well tolerated but occasionally mild GI distress
Drug interactions: Cisplatin, metronidazole, nifedipine, protease
Dose: Average daily recommended dose: 12-15 gm of milk thistle seed
MUIRA-PUAMA
Family: Olacaceae
Medicinal Parts: Roots, bark
Drug interactions: Analgesics, anticoagulants, anti-platelets, MAOIs,
Dose: Daily dose for internal use
MULLEIN
Family: Scrophulariaceae Medicinal Parts: Flower
MYRRH
Medicinal Parts: Gum resin, stem, leaves
Side-effects: Restlessness, mild abdominal discomfort, GI symptoms
NASTURTIUM
Family: Tropaeolaceae Medicinal Parts: The whole
Contraindications: GI ulcers, kidney diseases, infants or small children 28
Dose: Daily dose: extract: 14.4 mg taken 3 times daily; infusion: 2 to 3
Family: Meliaceae
Medicinal Parts: Bark, leaves, branches, seeds, latex
Indications: Inflammatory and febrile diseases (including malaria and
Side-effects: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Dose: There is not enough scientific evidence to safely recommend the use
Neem Leaf Herbal Complex Capsules (Vega); Neem leaf extract 200mg (min. 2.5% bitter principles); Vega Phytoantioxidant BaseTM 85mg providing antioxidants and prebiotics: apple and wild fruit concentrate mixed 8:1 equiv.
NETTLE
Family: Urticaceae
Cautions: Known sensitivities or allergies to the herb 5, 28 ; swelling or
Medicinal Parts: The whole flowering plant, including the oat
Contraindications: Patients with coeliac disease, intestinal obstruction 5,
Side-effects: Flatulence, anal irritation 5
OLIVE
Family: Oleaceae
Medicinal Parts: Fruit, leaf
Cautions: Known allergies to the Oleaceae family of plants 5 , biliary
Side-effects: Seasonal respiratory allergies 5
Drug interactions: Hypoglycaemic agents, hypertensive agents 5
OREGON GRAPE
Family: Berberidaceae Medicinal Parts: Roots
Dose: Fluid extract: 10-20 drops diluted and taken every 3-4 hours as
PAPAYA
Family: Caricaceae
PARSLEY
Medicinal Parts: Leaf, root, seed
Contraindications: Pregnancy, lactation 9, 28 , inflammatory kidney
Side-effects: Rarely contact allergic reactions of skin 19, 28
Drug interactions: Lithium, warfarin 354
PASSIONFLOWER
Family: Passifloraceae Medicinal Parts: Aerial parts,
Side-effects: Drowsiness is possible with excessive doses 5
Drug interactions: Benzodiazepines (additive effects at high doses),
Dose: Up to four times daily: dried herb 0.5-2 gm, liquid extract (1:1 in
PAU D’ARCO
Family: Bignoniaceae Medicinal Parts: Inner bark
Contraindications: Children, pregnant women 14
Dose: One-half to one cup bark and/or heartwood decoction taken orally 2-4
PEONY
Family: Paeoniaceae
Medicinal Parts: Roots, seeds, flowers
Side-effects: Gastroenteritis with vomiting, colic and diarrhoea 28
Dose: Flowers: One cup of infusion daily; Root: tincture: 30 to 50 drops
PEPPERMINT
Family: Lamiaceae
Cautions: Avoid non-enteric-coated peppermint in patients with reflux
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to peppermint oil, biliary duct
Snoreeze Oral Strips (Snoreeze) Strips; Pectin, water, glycerin, peppermint oil, cellulose, sorbitan stearate, polysorbate 60, vitamin E, menthol, aspartame, potassium sorbate, sodium saccharin, acesulfame K, hyaluronic acid, guar gum, citric acid, brilliant blue FCF. Snoreeze throat spray (Snoreeze) Spray; Water, glycerin, sorbitan stearate, polysorbate 60, cellulose, peppermint oil, vitamin E, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, citric acid, xanthan gum, hyaluronic acid, guar gum.
PINEAPPLE
Family: Bromeliaceae Medicinal Parts: Fruit
Side-effects: Gastric complaints, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, allergic
Drug interactions: Amoxicillin, tetracycline, oral anticoagulants,
PINE BARK
PLANTAIN
Family: Plantaginaceae Medicinal Parts: Fruit
POMEGRANATE
Family: Punicaceae
Medicinal Parts: Root, bark, fruit, peel of fruit, flowers
Side-effects: Gastric irritation including cramps, vomiting and
Dose: Tapeworm treatment: As a decoction: 4 doses of 6ml with 2 hour
PRICKLY ASH
Medicinal Parts: Bark, berries
PSYLLIUM
Family: Plantaginaceae Medicinal Parts: Seed coat
Cautions: If there is difficulty in regulating diabetes mellitus 5 ,
Drug interactions: Calcium, iron, zinc, lithium, coumarin derivatives,
PUMPKIN
Family: Curcurbitaceae Medicinal Parts: Seeds
Cautions: If used concomitantly with warfarin, monitor INR and symptoms
Drug interactions: Warfarin
Dose: 10-30 gm of pumkin seed, as ground seed or an equivalent amount
PYGEUM
Family: Rosaceae Medicinal Parts: Bark
Cautions: Paediatrics, pregnancy, lactation 28
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to the herb 5
Dose: 50-100 mg twice daily of extract standardised to 12-13% sterols 5
RASPBERRY
RED CLOVER
Medicinal Parts: Flower head, leaf
Cautions: In patients with conditions that may be aggravated by increased
Side-effects: Infertility and growth disorders have been reported in
RHODIOLA
Family: Crassulaceae Medicinal Parts: Root
Side-effects: Interfere with sleep, cause vivid dreams during the first
Drug interactions: Pepper (diminish antidepressant effect of rhodiola) 393
Rhodiola root extract (Solgar) Vegicaps;. polyphenols), raw rhodiola root powder 100mg, PhytO2X ä (powdered mixture of beta-carotene prep. and ascorbic acid).
RHUBARB
Family: Polygonaceae Medicinal Parts: Dried root,
Cautions: Avoid by individuals suffering from arthritis, kidney
Side-effects: Spasmodic GI complaints 28
Drug interactions: Cardiac
Principal: For repair of disorders of the GI tract; diseases of the digestive tract including gastritis, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, diarrhea28, 397.
ROSE HIP
Medicinal Parts: Petals, rose hips with/without seeds, seeds
Dose: 2 gm drug as a single daily dose 28
ROSELLE
Family: Malvaceae Medicinal Parts: Flowers
Dose: Available as a tea preparation
ROSEMARY
Family: Labiatae Medicinal Parts: Leaf
ROSEROOT
RUTIN †
SAFFLOWER
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal Parts: Flowers, seeds, oil
SAFFRON
Family: Iridaceae
Medicinal Parts: Stigma, style
Cautions: Patients taking
Side-effects: Occasional allergic reactions with topical use 5
SARSAPARILLA
Family: Smilacaceae
Medicinal Parts: Rhizome, root
Side-effects: Stomach complaints and queasiness may occur in rare cases 28
Drug interactions: Digitalis glycosides, bismuth 14
SAW PALMETTO
Family: Arecaceae
Medicinal Parts: Dried ripe fruit
Drug interactions: Finasteride (and other 5-alpha reductase inhibitors),
Saw Palmetto Berry Extract (Solgar) Vegicaps; Raw Saw Palmetto Berry Powder 300mg, Standardized Saw Palmetto Berry Extract 150mg, PhytO2X ä (Powder Mixture of Beta Carotene Preparation and Ascorbic Acid).
SCHISANDRA
Family: Schisandraceae Medicinal Parts: Fruit
Drug interactions: Drugs
Dose: Dried fruit: 1.5-6 gm/day
SCOTCH PINE
Family: Pinaceae
Medicinal Parts: Tar extracted from trunks, branches and roots, oil
SENNA
Medicinal Parts: Leaves, fruit, flowers
Drug interactions: Licorice, corticosteroids, digitalis glycosides,
Dose: Unless otherwise prescribed, daily dose (taken at bedtime)
SHIITAKE MUSHROOM
Family: Pleurotaceae
Medicinal Parts: Fruiting body
Side-effects: Allergic dermatitis, diarrhoea, mild pressure on the
Drug-interactions: Anticoagulants, NSAIDs 433
SIBERIAN GINSENG
Cautions: Individuals who are highly energetic, schizophrenic 9 , diabetics 5
Drug interactions: Anticoagulants, digoxin, chemotherapy, antidiabetic
Local distributor: Galea & Galea Siberian Ginseng Herbal Complex (Vega) Capsules; Siberian ginseng root powder 200mg; Siberian ginseng root extract (10:1) 150 mg (min. 0.8% eleutheroside) equiv.
Local Distributor: Galea & Galea Siberian Ginseng (Power Health) Capsules; Siberian ginseng extract 5:1 100mg eq. Local Distributor: Galea & Galea Vitalize Regenerative Formula (Vega) Capsules; Siberian ginseng root extract 10:1 equiv. 40% polyphenols), shiitake mushroom powder 50mg, niacin 36mg,.
SLIPPERY ELM
Family: Ulmaceae
Medicinal Parts: Dried inner bark
Dose: Powdered bark (1:10) in hot water, 5-20 ml; equivalent tablets or
SORREL
Medicinal Parts: Fresh leaves, whole herb
Dose: Adults’ daily dose: 2 coated tablets or 50 drops (with 19% ethanol)
ST. JOHN’S WORT
Family: Clusiaceae/Gluttiferae Medicinal Parts: Aerial parts,
Contraindications: History of photosensitivity or hypersensitivity to
Side-effects: GI symptoms,
Drug interactions: General anesthetics, antidiabetics,
STARFLOWER
Medicinal Parts: Oil from seeds, leaves
Cautions: Avoid excessive or prolonged ingestion of starflower
Contraindications: Schizophrenic and/or epileptic patients and in
Drug interactions: Antiplatelet drugs, NSAIDs, phenothiazines, warfarin
Rheumatoid arthritis: 6-7 g borage oil (equivalent to 1.4 g GLA content) daily in 3 divided doses after meals. Discaps; Star oil 250 mg (on average contains 23% fatty acids as GLA), vitamin E 8 mg. Borage Oil 500mg (Power Health) Capsules; Borage oil 500 mg provides GLA 130 mg, linolenic acid 184 mg.
Local Distributor: Health Plus Starflower Oil 1000mg (HealthAid) Capsules; Star flower oil 1000 mg (contains 23% GLA), vitamin E 20 mg. Starflower Seed Oil Powder 33% 150mg (providing GLA 20% 10mg); Vega Phytoantioxidant BaseTM delivers antioxidants and prebiotics: apple and mixed blueberry concentrate 8:1, equiv.
SUNDEW
Family: Droseraceae
Medicinal Parts: Whole herb
SWEET CLOVER
Medicinal Parts: Flowering herb
Dose: Adult daily dose: preparations containing the equivalent of up to
STINGING NETTLE
TAMARIND
Medicinal Parts: Fruit pulp, dried seeds
Drug interactions: Aspirin (increased bioavailability leading to GI
TEA TREE
Medicinal Parts: Essential oil from leaves and branches
Contraindications: Eczematous or inflamed skin (may cause irritation)
THYME
Medicinal Parts: Leaves, flowering tops
TRAGACANTH
Medicinal Parts: Gum-like exudation from trunk and branches
Cautions: Maintain adequate fluid intake (insufficient intake can lead
Side-effects: Allergic reactions in rare cases 28
Dose: A typical single dose is 1 tsp granulated drug (approximately 3 gm)
TURMERIC
Medicinal Parts: Dried secondary rhizome
Cautions: Avoid high doses in males and females wanting to conceive,
Contraindications: Bile duct obstruction 5, 28 , breast cancer patients
Local distributor: Health Plus Turmeric root extract (HealthAid) tablets; Curcumin powder extract 350mg (derived from turmeric) standardized to a minimum of 95% curcuminoids, turmeric powder 150mg, bromelain 20mg.
UVA-URSI
Family: Ericaceae Medicinal Parts: Leaves
Cautions: Not for unsupervised, prolonged use 28
Contraindications: Kidney disorders, irritated digestive disorders, acidic
Side-effects: Individuals with gastric sensitivity may experience nausea,
Dose: Unless otherwise prescribed, three to four times daily: dried leaf,
VALERIAN
Family: Valerianaceae
Medicinal Parts: Roots, rhizome
Cautions: When driving a car or operating heavy machinery when high
Drug interactions: Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazpeines,
Dose: Unless otherwise prescribed, up to three times daily: dried root
Local Distributor: Galea & Galea Valerian Root Extract (Solgar) Vegicaps; Raw valerian root powder 300mg, standardized valerian root extract (provides 1mg [0.8%] valerian acid) 150mg, PhytO2X ä (powdered mixture of beta-carotene preparation and ascorbic acid).
VELVET BEAN
Medicinal Parts: Seeds, hairs on the pod
Dose: Decoction: ½ to 1 cup twice daily; 1-2 gm twice daily of seed
WHITE WILLOW
Family: Salicaceae Medicinal Parts: Bark
Cautions: Pregnancy, children, gastric or duodenal ulcers, hemophilia,
Contraindications: Salicylate hypersensitivity 5, 28
Drug interactions: Anticoagulants, salicylate drugs, aspirin, NSAIDs 5, 28
WILD LETTUCE
Drug interactions: CNS
Dose: Unless otherwise prescribed, three times daily: dried leaf, 0.5-4
WILD OREGANO
Medicinal Parts: Leaves
Dose: Tea: 1 cup several times a day
WILD YAM
Family: Dioscoreaceae
Side-effects: Nausea, vomiting &
WITCH HAZEL
Family: Hamamelidaceae Medicinal Parts: Bark, leaf
Dose: Daily dosage: Decoction
WOLFBERRY
Medicinal Parts: Dried berries, root bark
Drug interactions: Antidiabetic agents, warfarin 492, 495
WOOD BETONY
Medicinal Parts: Basal leaves
Dose: The infusion can be taken daily
WORMWOOD
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal Parts: Aerial shoots,
Drug interactions: Phenobarbital, iron 28
YARROW
Family: Asteraceae/Compositae Medicinal Parts: Flowerhead
Contraindications: Known hypersensitivity to yarrow or other
Dose: Unless otherwise prescribed, three times daily: dried herb, 2-4 gm
YELLOW DOCK
Family: Polygonaceae Medicinal Parts: Roots
Side-effects: Overuse may cause abdominal cramps and diarrhoea, and
YELLOW MELILOT
YOHIMBE
Family: Rubiaceae Medicinal Parts: Bark
Contraindications: Liver & kidney disease, chronic inflammation of
Drug interactions: Tyramine- containing food, alcohol,
YUCCA
Family: Agavaceae Medicinal Parts: Leaves
Dose: There is no proven safe or effective dose for yucca
Effects of a standardized Bacopa monnieri extract on cognitive performance, anxiety and depression in the elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Effects of Echinacea on the frequency of upper respiratory tract symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose evaluation of the acute behavioral effects of guarana in humans.
