2016 ICB BALIKPAPAN

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Supriatna J. 2016. Biodiversity and Nature Based Tourism in Indonesia: Benefits for the Heart of Borneo? International Conference on Biodiversity, Balikpapan, 14-16 January 2016 [Organized by Society for Indonesian Biodiversity, University of Mulawarman

Samarinda & University of Sebelas Maret Surakarta]

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Biodiversity and Nature Based

Tourism in Indonesia: Benefits for the Heart of Borneo?

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Jatna Supriatna

Conservation Biology Graduate Program, University of Indonesia

Chairman, Indonesia Chapter, UN Sustainable Development Solution Network President, Southeast Asian Primatologists Association (SEAPA)

Member, Indonesia Academy of Science

Member, National Committee on Sustainable Tour

ism, Min of Tourism

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Outline:

-Introduction to Indonesia’s Biodiversity -Tourism in Indonesia and Future Outlook

-Wildlife, Ecology, and Its Potentials for Tourism -Current Program in Nature Tourism in

Kalimantan/Borneo

-Management and Development challenges and Opportunities

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Outline:

-Introduction to Indonesia’s Biodiversity -Tourism in Indonesia and Future Outlook

-Wildlife, Ecology, and Its Potentials for Tourism -Current Program in Nature Tourism in

Kalimantan/Borneo

-Management and Development challenges and

Opportunities

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Ring of Fire Country: Indonesia geographically sit in many Geological Faults

129 volcanoes and Sunda Trench Earthquake with red dots of the 5 Richter scale and

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Ring of Fire Country: Indonesia

geographically sit in many geological faults

Indonesian archipelago is 1.5%

of the earth land surface, but it hosts:

>10% of the World Plants

>10 .000 species of

>10 .000 species of Vascular Vascular plants plants 25,000

25,000--30,000 sp. 30,000 sp. Flowering Flowering pants pants

129 volcanoes and Sunda Trench Earthquake with red dots of 5 richter scale and up (1990-2000)

>10% of the World Plants

>10 .000 species of

>10 .000 species of Vascular Vascular plants plants 25,000

25,000--30,000 sp. 30,000 sp. Flowering Flowering pants pants

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INDONESIA and Its Unique

Flora and Fauna

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Indonesia’s Biogeography: Asia and Australia

origin with Wallacea in between

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Indonesia in the

Indonesia in the World Rank World Rank Terrestrial

Terrestrial Total Diversity Total Diversity

Country Total Higher Plants

Total Mammals

Total Birds

Total Reptiles

Total Amphibians

Brazil 1. 1 3 5 2

Colombia 2. 4 1 3 1

Indonesia 3. 2 5 4 6

China 4. 3 8 7 5

Mexico 5. 5 10 2 4

South Africa 6. 14 11 9 15

Venezuela 7. 10 6 13 9

Equador 8. 13 4 8 3

Peru 9. 9 2 12 7

USA 10. 6 12 16 12

PNG 11. 15 13 10 10

India 12. 8 7 6 8

Australia 13. 12 14 1 11

Malaysia 14. 11 15 14 14

Madagascar 15. 17 17 11 13

DRC 16. 7 90 14 16

Philipine 17. 16 16 17 17

* Two Countries Are Tied in This Ranking

Country Total Higher Plants

Total Mammals

Total Birds

Total Reptiles

Total Amphibians

Brazil 1. 1 3 5 2

Colombia 2. 4 1 3 1

Indonesia 3. 2 5 4 6

China 4. 3 8 7 5

Mexico 5. 5 10 2 4

South Africa 6. 14 11 9 15

Venezuela 7. 10 6 13 9

Equador 8. 13 4 8 3

Peru 9. 9 2 12 7

USA 10. 6 12 16 12

PNG 11. 15 13 10 10

India 12. 8 7 6 8

Australia 13. 12 14 1 11

Malaysia 14. 11 15 14 14

Madagascar 15. 17 17 11 13

DRC 16. 7 90 14 16

Philipine 17. 16 16 17 17

Mittermeier et al 1999

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Co untry Highe r Plants Mammals Birds Re ptile s Amphibians

Brazil 1 4 3 5 2

Indo ne sia 2 2 1 6 1 1

So uth Africa 3 1 4 * 1 7 1 4 1 7

Co lo mbia 4 1 2 * 5 1 1 1

Australia 5 1 2 1 5 *

PNG 6 9 1 0 1 3 8

Me xico 7 3 6 2 5 *

China 8 7 * 9 7 4

Madagascar 9 7 * 8 3 3

India 0 1 1 1 2 4 1 0

Malaysia 1 1 1 4 * 1 6 1 5 1 4

Ve ne zue la 1 2 1 7 1 3 1 6 1 3

Pe ru 1 3 1 0 7 1 0 1 2

Philippine s 1 4 5 4 8 1 6

Ecuado r 1 5 1 6 1 4 9 7

USA 1 6 6 1 1 1 2 9

DRC 1 7 1 2 * 1 5 1 7 1 5

Rank of Countries with Endemic Biota

Co untry Highe r Plants Mammals Birds Re ptile s Amphibians

Brazil 1 4 3 5 2

Indo ne sia 2 2 1 6 1 1

So uth Africa 3 1 4 * 1 7 1 4 1 7

Co lo mbia 4 1 2 * 5 1 1 1

Australia 5 1 2 1 5 *

PNG 6 9 1 0 1 3 8

Me xico 7 3 6 2 5 *

China 8 7 * 9 7 4

Madagascar 9 7 * 8 3 3

India 0 1 1 1 2 4 1 0

Malaysia 1 1 1 4 * 1 6 1 5 1 4

Ve ne zue la 1 2 1 7 1 3 1 6 1 3

Pe ru 1 3 1 0 7 1 0 1 2

Philippine s 1 4 5 4 8 1 6

Ecuado r 1 5 1 6 1 4 9 7

USA 1 6 6 1 1 1 2 9

DRC 1 7 1 2 * 1 5 1 7 1 5

* Indonesia and Brazil vies

Mittermeier et al 1999

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Indonesia Biodiversity in the Islands

NO

NO islandsislands BirdsBirds MAMMALSMAMMALS REPTILsREPTILs PLANTSPLANTS

Spesies

Spesies EndemiEndemi k (%)

k (%) SpesiesSpesies EndemiEndemi k (%)

k (%) SpesiesSpesies EndemiEndemi k (%) k (%)

11 PAPUAPAPUA 602602 5252 125125 5858 223223 3535 10301030 5555 22 MALUKUMALUKU 210210 3333 6969 1717 9898 1818 380380 66 22 MALUKUMALUKU 210210 3333 6969 1717 9898 1818 380380 66 33 SULAWESISULAWESI 242242 3030 4141 1212 7777 2222 150150 33 44 ^KALIMANTAN^KALIMANTAN 289289 3232 114114 6060 117117 2626 520520 77 55 JAWAJAWA--BALIBALI 362362 77 3333 1212 173173 88 630630 55 66 SUMATERASUMATERA 465465 22 194194 1010 217217 1111 820820 1111

INDONESIA

INDONESIA 322322 4

4 676676 905905 35303530

MacKinnon 1982, Mittermeier et al 1999

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Indonesia: Sit in the center of the Coral Triangle (the highest diversity on corral reef and fish species in the world)

Fish diversity

Corral diversity

Collaboration of 6 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Phillipines, East Timor, Solomon Island and Papua New Guenia), supported by World Bank, ADB, USAID on $ 600 Million

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Key Biodiversity Area

(Included Endemic and Important Bird Area)

Sumatra and Kalimantan:

Facts:

-Highest Key Biodiversity areas in Indonesia, in Sumatra alone 62 KBA

-In Sumatra 248 globally threatened species -Ecological data: time series in Tanjung Putting NP and Leuser NP (Singkil)

-Extensive Protected Area system but encruached

-Highest tropical peat land in the world -Largest oil palm plantation in the world Opportunity:

-Save the remnant forest in the peatland for ecosystem services and non timber forest product

-Restore the degraded peat ecosystem with native species

-Develop new science and technology knowhow to understand more biophysical property

-Corridor landscapes in Sumatra, Hearth of Borneo- NGOs participation

-

Sumatra and Kalimantan:

Facts:

-Highest Key Biodiversity areas in Indonesia, in Sumatra alone 62 KBA

-In Sumatra 248 globally threatened species -Ecological data: time series in Tanjung Putting NP and Leuser NP (Singkil)

-Extensive Protected Area system but encruached

-Highest tropical peat land in the world -Largest oil palm plantation in the world Opportunity:

-Save the remnant forest in the peatland for ecosystem services and non timber forest product

-Restore the degraded peat ecosystem with native species

-Develop new science and technology knowhow to understand more biophysical property

-Corridor landscapes in Sumatra, Hearth of Borneo- NGOs participation

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Type of Park

Numbe r (UNIT)

Total (HA)

Nature Reserve 239 4.330.619,9 6 Marine Nature

Reserve 6 154.610,00

Game Reserve 71 5.024.138,2 9 Marine Game

Reserve 4 5.588,25

Parks in Indonesia, 2015

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Marine Game Reserve

National Park 51 12.328.523, 34 Marine National

Park 7 4.043.541,3

0 Nature Tourism Park 102 257.418,85 Nature Marine

Tourism Park 14 491.248,00 Hunting Park 13 220.951,44 Grand Park 22 350.090,41 Total 521 27.206.729, 84

SSource: Direktorat Kawasan Konservasi dan Bina Hutan Lindung, 2010

Catatan: Tahun 2009 sebanyak 8 kawasan konservasi peraiaran diserahterimakan ke Kementeria Kelautan dan Perikanan sesuai Berita Acara Serah Terima No.BA.01/Menhut-IV/2009 dan BA.108/MEN.KP/III/2009 tanggal 04 Maret 2009, yaitu CAL Banda, CAL Kepulauan Aru, SML Kep Raja Ampat, TWAL Gili Ayer, Gili Meno dan Gili Trawangan, TWA Kepulauan Kapoposang, TWA Kepulauan Padaido, SM Kepulauan Waigeo dan TWA Pulau Pieh.

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SCIENCE can help: Bio-indicators, Ecological Monitoring and Restoring Degraded land

• Charismatic species: Orangutans, Tigers, Rhinos, Elephants, Tree Kangoroo etc and Forest regulator animals: Ants, Butterfly, Birds, bats, herbivores and carnivors, etc

• Ecological database to understand loss biodiversity before and after big forest fires (Ants research prevails changing diversity and dominance at the canopy, trunks and ground)—forest economy)

• Lost Ecosystem Integrity: Restoration needs hundred years to return to functional ecosystem from

degraded land, Empty Forest Syndrome

• Ecological Dynamic of restoring peat land: Need more researche

• Valuing environment assets: recuperation our assets and reforestation altered areas, property

certification, PES, regulation and management

• Charismatic species: Orangutans, Tigers, Rhinos, Elephants, Tree Kangoroo etc and Forest regulator animals: Ants, Butterfly, Birds, bats, herbivores and carnivors, etc

• Ecological database to understand loss biodiversity before and after big forest fires (Ants research prevails changing diversity and dominance at the canopy, trunks and ground)—forest economy)

• Lost Ecosystem Integrity: Restoration needs hundred years to return to functional ecosystem from

degraded land, Empty Forest Syndrome

• Ecological Dynamic of restoring peat land: Need more researche

• Valuing environment assets: recuperation our assets and reforestation altered areas, property

certification, PES, regulation and management 2010 UsinggAlos Palsar data,

some of suitable habitats of orangutans were converted to oil palm plantation.

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Funding for Park and Species Management

Country

2004 2006

Total Budget Total Budget

(Ha) US$/ha/yr (Ha) US$/ha/yr

Indonesia 21.324.979

0,44

^28.084.706

2,35

Philippina 2.431.000 5,62 2.431.000 6,43

Thailand 6.805.600 13,65 9.380.812 20,65

Malaysia 1.484.400 14,50 1.484.400 18,50

USA 31.351.234 52,18 34.155.468 76,12

Note : 2009 in Indonesia = US$2,99 /ha/yr

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Biodiversity “ USE ”

Traditional Use

6000 plants for foods

2500 Medicinal plants (??)--jamu Yeast (?)---tempe, tauco, etc

Domestication and Wild-harvesting

Milkfish started during Majapahit Kingdom

• Rattan collection and non-timber product:

• 400 fruits

• 370 vegetables

• 55 spices

Tourism and Environment Services

Potential Ecotorism and Wildlife Tourism:

Komodo, Sulawesi primates, etc

Traditional Use

6000 plants for foods

2500 Medicinal plants (??)--jamu Yeast (?)---tempe, tauco, etc

Domestication and Wild-harvesting

Milkfish started during Majapahit Kingdom

• Rattan collection and non-timber product:

• 400 fruits

• 370 vegetables

• 55 spices

Tourism and Environment Services

Potential Ecotorism and Wildlife Tourism:

Komodo, Sulawesi primates, etc

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Indonesia is the center of Banana diversity (Nasoetion, 1991)

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Green Gold

Anti-bacterial Anti-fungal Anti-malarial Herbicide Anti-tumor

Immunostimulant Anti-rheumatic

Termination of pregnancy Contraceptive

Aristolochia

Anti-bacterial Anti-fungal Anti-malarial Herbicide Anti-tumor

Immunostimulant Anti-rheumatic

Termination of pregnancy Contraceptive

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ETHNOBIOLOGY

INDIA just finished with digitalized data on ethno- biology with the help of 200 scientists.

What’s about Indonesia? New Museum in LIPI but

not enough…..

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Problems with Ensuring Environmental Sustainability in Indonesia

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Problems with Ensuring Environmental

Sustainability in Indonesia

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Sustainable Development Goals:

Learning from MDG to SDG 2016

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 Decade of Biology 2010-2020 as Biodiversity focus.

IPBES—Intergovernmental Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service

World Industrial future : Pharmacy, Health, Food, Agriculture and Cosmetics. All those need Biodiversity.

2015 ASEAN Community---need more scientists across.

World Industrial future : Pharmacy, Health, Food, Agriculture and Cosmetics. All those need Biodiversity.

2015 ASEAN Community---need more scientists across.

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Biomass Burning Smoke

19-24 June 2013

FRP Aerial Density (mW.m^-2; 0.1° grid)

Worst air pollution ever in Sumatra, Singapore, Malaysia: PSI>400.

Biomass Burning Aerosol Optical Depth @ 0.55 µm

0.1 0.3 0.5 1 3

Terra MODIS 19 June 2013 FRP Aerial Density

(mW.m^-2; 0.1° grid)

Terra MODIS 19 June 2013

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Forest Fires and Culturally Transformed

-Easy access and available for wider stakeholders on the early warning system: dryness, high rainfall, deforestation, fires shared to all stakeholders.

-uploaded those concessions into social- media to control : permits, planting, burning by stakeholders Bring more Scientists, NGOs and International experts to action-based research included analysis, innovate, implement and monitoring, many of them have

already funded projects, i.e. TFCA, SLP,ICCTF etc (hundreds NGOs can participate)

-Understanding community and multi-stakeholders land development practices from adats, migrants, local and central govt and business ventures

-

-Easy access and available for wider stakeholders on the early warning system: dryness, high rainfall, deforestation, fires shared to all stakeholders.

-uploaded those concessions into social- media to control : permits, planting, burning by stakeholders Bring more Scientists, NGOs and International experts to action-based research included analysis, innovate, implement and monitoring, many of them have

already funded projects, i.e. TFCA, SLP,ICCTF etc (hundreds NGOs can participate)

-Understanding community and multi-stakeholders land development practices from adats, migrants, local and central govt and business ventures

- Most of fires in peatland

PLEASE PAY ATTENTION TO

POSSIBLE MORE FIRES IN PAPUA

0Trade off research between plantation, ecosystem services and others at peat land -A New Peat land management or task force established supported by stakeholders

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Food Security at the Peatland (ha)

(Wulan et al 2014)

Activities Rice Sago Oil Palm

Planting up to

transportation 896.3 kg CO2eq 3.6 kg CO2eq 177.3 kgCO2eq Product

Development 913.05 kgCO2eq 2281.9 kgCO2eq 2361 kgCO2eq

Yield Rp 55.2Million Rp.107 Million Rp.71.7 Million

NPV Rp.72 Million Rp. 11.6 Million Rp. 33.1 Million

Social Value 1.37 1.15 0.9 (highest)

LCSA Highest lowest medium

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Habitat destruction—Could Tourism be serving as alternative solutions?

Indonesia: The largest producer of Oil Palm in the World 49-50% ( almost 11 million ha, as large as Java

Logging:

Since early 70, Indonesia forest has been given to private sectors to log and even in the area of peat land and important area for biodiversity conservation

Land conversion for pulp and oil pam plantation:

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Hunting Pressure decreases recently in quantity but not number of species Papua

Facts:

-

115.000 parrots trapped in Papua & Molucca per year -More than 1000 /year orangutan captured and traded -2500 Javanese langurs/leaf monkey traded

-3000 gibbons from Sumatra and Kalimantan traded -Rhinos horns, Elephant tusks, and Tiger skins

-Wildlife Trade from Indonesia $ 600 M to $ 1 billion Actors:

Army, Navy, Police, Conservation Dept staff, others

Facts:

-

115.000 parrots trapped in Papua & Molucca per year -More than 1000 /year orangutan captured and traded -2500 Javanese langurs/leaf monkey traded

-3000 gibbons from Sumatra and Kalimantan traded -Rhinos horns, Elephant tusks, and Tiger skins

-Wildlife Trade from Indonesia $ 600 M to $ 1 billion Actors:

Army, Navy, Police, Conservation Dept staff, others

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Threatened Species of Indonesia (IUCN 2010)

Group Total species

Endemic species to

Indonesia

Total Threatened species (IUCN

2004)

IUCN 2004 Status

Critical Endangered Vulnerable

Fauna Fish 1069 108 91 10 14 67

Amphibia 343 153 33 3 9 21

Bird 1585 353 122 16 32 64

Mammal 674 404 146 15 44 87

Reptil 603 209 28 8 9 11

Flora Plant 29375 ?? 383 113 67 203

TOTAL 33649 1227 834 165 185 484

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Impact of Climate Change on

Ecosystems

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TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRY THREATENED

MAMMAL S PECIES

In d o n e s ia 1 2 8

Ch in a 7 5

In d ia 7 5

Bra zil 7 1

Me xic o 6 4

Au s t ra lia 5 8

PNG 5 7

Ph ilip p in e s 4 9

Pe ru 4 6

Ma d a g a s c a r 4 6

Ke n ya ** 4 3

Ma la ys ia 4 2

De m . Re p . Of Co n g o ~ 3 8

Vie t n a m ** 3 8

US A 3 5

Co lo m b ia 3 5

Et h io p ia ** 3 5

Th a ila n d ** 3 4

S o u t h Afric a 3 3

Ta n za n ia ** 3 3

Countries with the most threatened mammals

mammals

TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRY THREATENED

MAMMAL S PECIES

In d o n e s ia 1 2 8

Ch in a 7 5

In d ia 7 5

Bra zil 7 1

Me xic o 6 4

Au s t ra lia 5 8

PNG 5 7

Ph ilip p in e s 4 9

Pe ru 4 6

Ma d a g a s c a r 4 6

Ke n ya ** 4 3

Ma la ys ia 4 2

De m . Re p . Of Co n g o ~ 3 8

Vie t n a m ** 3 8

US A 3 5

Co lo m b ia 3 5

Et h io p ia ** 3 5

Th a ila n d ** 3 4

S o u t h Afric a 3 3

Ta n za n ia ** 3 3

** Not a Megadiversity Country

Total of Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable Identified in 1996 IUCN Red List = 1,096

Total Number of Species in Megadiversity Countries (15) on this list = 852

Percent of All Threatened Species that Exist in Megadiversity Countries (852/1,096)=77.7%

~ Formerly Zaire

mammals

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TobaLake

Logging company

Geothermal- Medco

Can we synergize these disharmony development activities?

Batang Toru river

Aek Nabara:

Community orangutan Tourism Hydro-electric

power Rubber and Old

Garden Forest

Gold Mining

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Planning for partnering Conservation and Production

•

Facts:

-Biodiversity of Papua is more than half of diversity and endemism (CI, 1999)

--8 out of 140 EBA Endemic Bird area)-8 most important eco-region 1 of the only 3 wilderness area in the world.

- -Peatland: Mamberamo and Merauke to the western part

- Opportunity:

- Opportunity to develop “win-win solution” between production and conservation

- Ecotourism development with many endemic and important birds: Birds of paradise, tree kangoroo, etc - Extractive Industry with little footprint such as Gas, oil

and minerals

- Oil palm development using science criteria but not in the peat land

Facts:

-Biodiversity of Papua is more than half of diversity and endemism (CI, 1999)

--8 out of 140 EBA Endemic Bird area)-8 most important eco-region 1 of the only 3 wilderness area in the world.

- -Peatland: Mamberamo and Merauke to the western part

- Opportunity:

- Opportunity to develop “win-win solution” between production and conservation

- Ecotourism development with many endemic and important birds: Birds of paradise, tree kangoroo, etc - Extractive Industry with little footprint such as Gas, oil

and minerals

- Oil palm development using science criteria but not in the peat land

Oil palm suitability analysis Biodiversity priorities setting

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Oil Palm Suitability Forest Carbon Potential Supriatna et al 2009

Tradeoff Analysis: agriculture, ecosystem services, and Suitability for tiger’s habitat

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Land use type

NPV per ha (US$)

Oil palm (high yield) Oil palm (low yield) REDD

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Land use type

NPV per ha (US$)

Oil palm (high yield) Oil palm (low yield) REDD + Biodiversity

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Land use type

NPV per ha (US$)

Oil palm (high yield) Oil palm (low yield) REDD + Biodiversity + Flood Prevention

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Land use type

NPV per ha (US$)

Oil palm (high yield) Oil palm (low yield) REDD + Biodiversity + Flood Prevention

Locally Retained Income

Other unforeseen costs: influx of migrant labor,

additional demand for land, infrastructure development, pollution and waste

Evaluation: Economic Tradeoffs

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Methodological approach Suitability Analysis

Geophysical - slope, elev

Climatic – temp, rainfall, dry

season

Create fuzzy layers based suitabilityon

criteria

multi- criteria evaluation

•friction surfaces based on terrain – cost distance to roads and rivers

•calculate/map profitability function

overlay with forest policy

zones spatial map

of oil palm profitability

Climatic – temp, rainfall, dry

season

Contraints – peat (>1m), sulphats,acid flood zones

Create fuzzy layers based suitabilityon

criteria

DETERMINE WEIGHTS

•define relationships among variables

•set all equal? use local knowledge? use secondary literature?

multi- criteria evaluation

Oil palm suitability

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Map of Oil Palm Suitability Scenario 1

^low

high

Note: black area inside the island is masked by constraint layers

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Map of Oil Palm Suitability Scenario 2

low

high

Note: black area inside the island is masked by constraint layers

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Harmonize Forest Biodiversity and Economic Development: Merauke example in Papua

• Combine Multi-disciplinary analyses to produce a variety of spatial planning scenarios with acceptable trade-offs (choices) and synergies between

options for land-use (production, conservation, cultural values and livelihoods targets).

• Collaboration between Conservation and Business - one of the first of its kind in Indonesia

• Combine Multi-disciplinary analyses to produce a variety of spatial planning scenarios with acceptable trade-offs (choices) and synergies between

options for land-use (production, conservation, cultural values and livelihoods targets).

• Collaboration between Conservation and Business - one of the first of its kind in Indonesia

Biodiversity Cultural

significance

Socio-

economy Production

scenarios scenarios

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Food Security at the Peatland (ha)

(Wulan et al 2014)

Activities Rice Sago Oil Palm

Planting up to

transportation 896.3 kg CO2eq 3.6 kg CO2eq 177.3 kgCO2eq Product

Development 913.05 kgCO2eq 2281.9 kgCO2eq 2361 kgCO2eq

Yield Rp 55.2Million Rp.107 Million Rp.71.7 Million

NPV Rp.72 Million Rp. 11.6 Million Rp. 33.1 Million

Social Value 1.37 1.15 0.9 (highest)

LCSA Highest lowest medium

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Conservation “ Banks ”

• Wildlands, wetlands, and forests

http://nature.org/aboutus/projects/forestbank/

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TOURISM IN INDONESIA

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Facts and Figures: World Nature Based Tourism

· Tourism accounts for as much as 11% of global GDP, offers jobs to 200 million people, and includes more than 800 million international travellers per year (figure projected to nearly double by 2020).

· Tourism makes up 3-10% of GDP in developed countries and up to 40% in some developing countries.

· For 83% of countries tourism is amongst the top five shares of exported goods and services;

for 38% of countries it is the primary source of foreign currency. While, over the past 40 years, the world’s population has doubled, legally protected areas have tripled, now totaling well over 100,000 sites and covering about 12% of the Earth’s land surface.

· Over the past two decades, both nature and adventure tourism have developed to be part of the fastest-growing segments within the tourism industry. With an annual growth rate of 10- 30%, nature-based tourism seems to be the fastest growing tourism sector. Its share in the world travel market is currently about 20%.

Facts and Figures: World Nature Based Tourism

· Tourism accounts for as much as 11% of global GDP, offers jobs to 200 million people, and includes more than 800 million international travellers per year (figure projected to nearly double by 2020).

· Tourism makes up 3-10% of GDP in developed countries and up to 40% in some developing countries.

· For 83% of countries tourism is amongst the top five shares of exported goods and services;

for 38% of countries it is the primary source of foreign currency. While, over the past 40 years, the world’s population has doubled, legally protected areas have tripled, now totaling well over 100,000 sites and covering about 12% of the Earth’s land surface.

· Over the past two decades, both nature and adventure tourism have developed to be part of the fastest-growing segments within the tourism industry. With an annual growth rate of 10- 30%, nature-based tourism seems to be the fastest growing tourism sector. Its share in the world travel market is currently about 20%.

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· ·

Facts and Figures (cont)

-Within the same territory, employment related to recreational activities can exceed employment related to resource exploitation by more than five times.

· 1.4% of the Earth’s land surface accommodates 44% of all endemic plants as well as 35% of all endemic mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians (‘endemic’ species are those found only within the defined geographic area).

· 24% (1130 species) of mammals and 12% (1183 species) of birds are thought to be endangered) with global extinction.

· 40% of the global economy is estimated to be rooted in biological products and processes, demonstrating that biodiversity matters.

Source: Christ et al, 2003; Higginbottom, 2004; UNWTO, 2005.

· ·

Facts and Figures (cont)

-Within the same territory, employment related to recreational activities can exceed employment related to resource exploitation by more than five times.

· 1.4% of the Earth’s land surface accommodates 44% of all endemic plants as well as 35% of all endemic mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians (‘endemic’ species are those found only within the defined geographic area).

· 24% (1130 species) of mammals and 12% (1183 species) of birds are thought to be endangered) with global extinction.

· 40% of the global economy is estimated to be rooted in biological products and processes, demonstrating that biodiversity matters.

Source: Christ et al, 2003; Higginbottom, 2004; UNWTO, 2005.

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Great Batam

Great Kalimantan

Great Sulawesi Great Maluku Papua

‘GREAT’ Concept of Indonesia Tourism Development

Great Jakarta

Great Yogyakarta

Great Bali Great

Sumatera

Great Bandung

Great Surabaya

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National destination Map(DPN), National Development Area L (KPPN), Strategic area for Tourism (KSPN)

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Indonesia Revenue from sectors

No 2012 2013 2014 (s.d. Sep 2014)

Commodity Value

(mil US$) Commodity Value

milUS$) Commodity value

(jmilUS$)

1 Oil and Gas 36,977.00 Oil and Gas 32,633.2 Oil and Gas 23,402.2

2 Coal 26,166.30 Coal 24,501.4 Coal 16,011.9

3 Oil Palm Oil Palm 15,839.1 Oil Palm 12,756.8

3 Oil Palm 18,845.00 Oil Palm 15,839.1 Oil Palm 12,756.8

4 Rubber 10,394.50 Tourim 10,054.1 Tourim 8,221.3

5 Tourism 9,120.85 Rubber and derivates 9,316.6 Apparel 5,660.3

6 Apparel 7,304.70 Apparel 7,501.0 Rubber 5,538.8

7 Electricity 6,481.90 Electrical 6,418.6 Food and Beverages 4,755.3

8 Textile 5,278.10 Food and beverages 5,434.8 Electrical 4,744.3

9 Food and Beverages 5,135.60 Textle 5,293.6 Textle 4,031.0

10 Paper and derivates 3,972.00 Paper 3,802.2 Chemical 3,071.0

11 Chemical 3,636.30 Wood product 3,514.5 Wood product 2,930.5

1245Wood productSource : Pusdatin Kemenpar, 20153,337.70 chemical 3,501.6 Paper 2,870.7

(46)

Tourism Target for 2019

• Competetive Tourism Index

• Foureign Tourists

• Domestic travel

• Competetive Tourism Index

• Foureign Tourists

• Domestic travel

• Contribution toward GDF (WTTC)

• Devisa

• Contribution for Man power development

• Contribution toward GDF (WTTC)

• Devisa

• Contribution for Man power development

2014 TARGET 2019

• 15%

• Rp. 240 triliun

• 13 million

• 15%

• 13 million

• 9 % (Rp. 946,09 triliun)

• 11 million

• 9 % (Rp. 946,09 triliun)

• 11 million

• #30

• 20 jmillion

• 275 jmillion

• #30

• 20 jmillion

• 275 jmillion

• #70

• 9 million

• 250 million

• #70

• 9 million

• 250 million macromacromicromicro

Malaysia : 27,4 juta(million) Thailand : 24,8 juta(million) Singapore : 15,1 juta(million)

*) Source data : UNWTO – United Nation World Tourism Organization

**) WEF : World Economic Forum

Comparison with other ASEAN countries (2014):

46

(47)

PORTOFOLIO TOURISM STRATEGY

Great Bali

Nature(35 %)

1. MARINE TOURISM(35%) 2. ECO TOURISM (45%)

PORTOFOLIO CUSTOMER

PERSONAL FOREIGN INDIVIDU/FAMILY TRAVELLER, COMMUNITIES

BUSINESS TRAVEL AGENT SMEs, BUSSINES, ASOSIATIONI, LOCAL GOVERNMENT

INTERNATIONAL DOMESTIC TOURISM

3 Portofolio Market/ costumer and 9 Portofolio Product

PORTOFOLIO PRODUCT

Nature(35 %) ^2. ECO TOURISM (45%)

3.ADVENTURE TOURISM (20%)

Culture(60 %)

1.(HERITAGE AND PILGRIM TOURISM)(20%) 2.CULINARY AND SHOPPING TOURISM)(45%) 3. CITY AND VILLAGE TOURISM (35%)

Man Made (5 %)

1. MICE & EVENTS TOURISM (25%) 2. SPORT TOURISM (60%)

3. INTEGRATED AREA TOURISM(15%)

Source: Passenger Exit Survery, 2014

47

(48)

NATURE BASED TOURISM POTENTIALS AND CURRENTS

48

NATURE BASED TOURISM POTENTIALS

AND CURRENTS

(49)

Nature Tourism Current Ranked based on Number of visitors

Terrestrial/Forested landscape

1. Komodo dragon ( Varanus komodoensis), Komodo island 2. Birding (in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Wallacea and Papua) 3. Orangutan (Pongo pygmaes and P. abelIi)-Tanjung Puting NP,

Leuser NP

4. Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus)-Way Kambas 5. Tarsier (Tarsius tarsier)-Tangkoko NR

6. Rhinos (Rhioceros javanicus and D. sumatraensis) 7. Bali Starling (Bali Barat NP)

8. Whales in Lamalera, East Nusa Tenggara

49 Terrestrial/Forested landscape

1. Komodo dragon ( Varanus komodoensis), Komodo island 2. Birding (in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Wallacea and Papua) 3. Orangutan (Pongo pygmaes and P. abelIi)-Tanjung Puting NP,

Leuser NP

4. Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus)-Way Kambas 5. Tarsier (Tarsius tarsier)-Tangkoko NR

6. Rhinos (Rhioceros javanicus and D. sumatraensis) 7. Bali Starling (Bali Barat NP)

8. Whales in Lamalera, East Nusa Tenggara Marine landscape

1. Corral reef and other biota (Raja Ampat, Wakatobi, Bunaken, etc) 2. Turtles ( 5 species): Alas Purwo, South Sukabumi, Bali, etc

3. Dolphins (Bali)

4. Whales (Lamalera, Flores island)

(50)

Western Indonesia Endangered Species for

tourism Development

(51)

59 primates living in Indonesia, third largest diversity after

Madagascar and Brazil :

(52)

Marine mammals of Indonesia Marine mammals of Indonesia Marine mammals of Indonesia Marine mammals of Indonesia

Sperm whales – Bunaken NP

Spinner dolphin – Bali (target species of U$5M/yr dolphin watch industry)

Killer whales/Orca –

Solor Alor (MPA planned Cuvier’s beaked whale – Komodo NP

Pygmy Bryde’s whales - Komodo NP

Bryde’s whale (regionally distinct, note white jaw on right side only)– Uluwatu, Bali

Pygmy blue whale – Solor Alor (MPA planned)

Pygmy killer whales – Bunaken NP

(53)

Living in the Edge--Will you see Orangutan in the Future?

Kalimantan orangutan(Pongo pygmaeus):

1. Tanjung Puting NP (Orangutan Foundation International)

2. Gunung Palung NP ( Harvard University)

3. Kutai NP, (Kyoto Univ-Fdn) 4.. Rehabilitation programs in Palangkaraya, Semboja (East Kalimantan-Bprnean Orangutan Survival Foundation ) and West Kalimantan (ER)

Sumatran orangutan 6.700 ind (CR) Sumatra orangutan(Pongo abelii):

1. North Sumatra: Bahorok

(managed by Park and communities) and Tangkahan (community based) 2. Aceh: Ketambe Research Station (Managed by Park)

3. Rehabilitation: Near Medan North Sumatra (SOCP)

Kalimantan orangutan(Pongo pygmaeus):

1. Tanjung Puting NP (Orangutan Foundation International)

2. Gunung Palung NP ( Harvard University)

3. Kutai NP, (Kyoto Univ-Fdn) 4.. Rehabilitation programs in Palangkaraya, Semboja (East Kalimantan-Bprnean Orangutan Survival Foundation ) and West Kalimantan (ER)

Sumatran orangutan 6.700 ind (CR)

(54)

Parks Tanjung

Putting NP Kutai NP Gunung

Palung NP Bahorok,

Leuser NP Tangkahan Ketambe, Leuser NP

Location Central

Kalimantan East

Kalimantan West

Kalimantan North

Sumatra North

Sumatra Aceh, Sumatra

Tourism

Started 1974-cont 80-cont 90-cont 76-cont 2000-cont 70 –up and

down

Orangutan Tourism in Indonesia

Tourism

Started 70 –up and

down Principal Birute

Galdikas Suzuki-Kyoto Cheryl Knott-

Harvard Park mgr Community Univ & Park Mgr

Managemen

t Fdn Fdn Univ Private

@park Community Park

Facilities Rehab and

research Research Research Release and

lodges homestay Research

Station Guided by scientists scientists scientists guide community guide Daily fees

(55)

Kalimantan: Nature Tourism

1. Tanjung Putting NP—orangutan 2. Kutai NP—Orangutan

3. Derwawan Marine Parks-coral reef

4. Kayan Mentarang NP (Rhinos and Elephants) 5. Gunung palung NP

6. Betung Kerihun (orangutan) and Danau Sentarum NP-natural lakes and many birds

55 1. Tanjung Putting NP—orangutan

2. Kutai NP—Orangutan

3. Derwawan Marine Parks-coral reef

4. Kayan Mentarang NP (Rhinos and Elephants) 5. Gunung palung NP

6. Betung Kerihun (orangutan) and Danau Sentarum NP-natural lakes and many birds

(56)

Loss of Eco-tourism and Non Timber Forest Product (NTFP) potentials

Forested landscape

1. Birding (Kalimantan)

2. Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus in many NPs)

3. Bornean pygmy Elephant and Rhino (North Kalimantan)

4. National Park beauty:

:

56

Forested landscape

1. Birding (Kalimantan)

2. Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus in many NPs)

3. Bornean pygmy Elephant and Rhino (North Kalimantan)

4. National Park beauty:

Orangutan Kalimantan lives mostly in peat land (aprox 70%), so burning peat means exterminate them---Tanjung Putting tourism lost f half of its annual revenue this year

Nature based Tourism (30%

of total) in Indonesia—3 millions foreign visitors

NTFP-Jelutung, Tengkawang, Rattan -Created more products from peat forest

(57)

Increase on revenue

1.446.926.500 1.400.000.000

1.600.000.000

1997 through 2011

Komodo National Park

202.734.000 449.744.000

335.605.000

235.380.000 262.307.000

275.409.000

193.966.000 292.183.000

350.092.200

410.519.000

397.834.000

500.136.000 678.070.000

1.299.657.500

- 200.000.000 400.000.000 600.000.000 800.000.000 1.000.000.000 1.200.000.000 1.400.000.000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 s/d Juli 2011

(58)

Visitors and Country origins from 2008 – 2010 Komodo National park

4.203 5.738

4.191 5.000

6.000 7.000

122 4.203

33 780

3.920

14 778

127-9 1.266

532

283720822- 5130 514

361812 -1043151 2.965

4.191

1512272 1.7691.646

3.855

5111310144- - 390

44493288 2 -

3.642

6129 828

6014 1.387

101526597166195102 727

1 775

390670529

11829212931 8 3212 -

1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000

Afrika Selatan Amerika Austria Belarusia Bosnia Bulgaria Ceko Chili Costarica Denmark Guatemala Hongaria Indonesia Irlandia Jamaica Kazakstan Kuba Lituania Malaysia Mexico Norwegia Panama Perancis Polandia Rusia Scotlandia Singapura Spanyol Swedia Tanzania Turki Uzbekistan Western Sahara Yunani Cuba

2008 2009 2010

(59)

Increase visitation 5% per year

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Target Domes tik Target Mancanegara R ealis as i Domes tik R ealis as i

Mancanegara

Tourist arrivals for Komodo NP

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Target Domes tik Target Mancanegara R ealis as i Domes tik R ealis as i

Mancanegara