EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT AT TPS 3R BABAKAN SARI
BY:
MUZAKKI GUSRON EFENDI (2210942013) MUHAMMAD ASLAM MUSYAFA (2210942024) MUHAMMAD ATSIIL DHAIFULLAH (2210943036)
LECTURER
Ir. Slamet Raharjo, Dr. Eng
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT ENGINEERING FACULTY - ANDALAS UNIVERSITY
PADANG
2024
i
PREFACE
Waste management is a critical challenge faced by modern societies, especially in urban areas with high population density and rapid industrialization. The growing volume of waste necessitates innovative and sustainable solutions to mitigate environmental and health risks.
One such solution is the implementation of Tempat Pengolahan Sampah Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (TPS 3R), known internationally as a Material Recovery Facility (MRF) with a focus on the "3R" principles—Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.
The TPS 3R system serves as a pivotal component in waste management infrastructure by providing communities with the means to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills, recycle valuable materials, and encourage a culture of reuse. However, the success of a TPS 3R facility depends on several factors, including community participation, operational efficiency, and the support of local government policies.
Evaluating the effectiveness of TPS 3R facilities is essential to understand their impact on waste reduction, environmental sustainability, and social behavior. An evaluation process takes into account the overall design of the facility, the technologies used for waste sorting and processing, the level of public awareness and engagement, and the economic feasibility of the operation. Moreover, it considers the challenges encountered, such as the need for continuous education, the collection logistics, and the maintenance of the equipment.
Through comprehensive evaluation, stakeholders can identify strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement in TPS 3R facilities, paving the way for scalable, sustainable, and community-driven waste management solutions. This assessment is crucial not only for ensuring the longevity of such programs but also for advancing toward a circular economy where resources are utilized more efficiently and waste is minimized.
ii
LIST OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ...i
LIST OF CONTENTS ... ii
LIST OF TABLES ... iii
LIST OF FIGURES ... iv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background ... 1
1.2 Purpose and Objective ... 2
1.3 Benefites of Research ... 2
1.4 The Scope of Research ... 2
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 3
2.1 General ... 3
2.2 Waste Generation... 5
2.3 Waste Composition ... 6
2.4 Waste Characteristics ... 7
2.5 Waste Recycling ... 10
CHAPTER III METHODS ... 12
3.1 Literature Study ... 12
3.2 Data Collection ... 12
3.3 Data Processing and Analysis ... 13
CHAPTER IV RESULT & DISCUSSION ... 15
4.1 Waste Generation... 15
4.2 Waste Composition ... 16
4.3 Waste Recycling Potential ... 17
CHAPTER V CLOSING ... 20
5.1 Conclusion ... 20
5.2 Suggestions ... 21
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 22
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1. Recapitulation of Daily Waste Generation Based on PT Semen Padang Area Facilities ... 15 Figure 4.2. PT Semen Padang Waste Composition ... 16
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1. Number of PT Semen Padang Waste Samples ... 13 Table 4.1. Recapitulation of Daily Waste Generation Based on Facilities in Volume and Weight Units ... 15 Table 4.2. Recapitulation of Daily Waste Composition... 16
1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Waste is all waste produced by human and animal activities in the form of solid, mud, liquid or gas which is discarded because it is no longer needed or desired (Damanhuri, 2004). Waste can also be defined as solid waste consisting of organic and inorganic substances which are considered no longer useful and must be managed so as not to endanger the environment and protect development investments (SNI 19-2454-2002).
According to UU No. 18 of 2008, waste management issues encompass many aspects.
Therefore, its management must be carried out comprehensively and integrated by considering all aspects, including social, economic, and technical factors, so that it provides benefits to the environment. Along with the population growth that increases every year, urban activities and development also expand, generating significant amounts of waste.
Bandung, as one of Indonesia's metropolitan cities, had a population of 2,444,160 people in 2021, with an annual population growth rate of 0.21%. The city produces 1,600 tons of waste per day or 562,034.59 tons per year. However, only 7.16% or about 40,246 tons per year of the waste is managed. The highest composition of waste each year is food waste or organic waste, which accounts for 48.3% (SIPSN, 2021).
Waste management within the community today still often skips essential stages of reducing waste, moving straight to the final disposal stage at landfills (TPA). This practice places a heavy burden on landfills, which not only require large areas of land but also costly environmental protection facilities. The growing volume of waste sent to landfills is partly due to a lack of serious efforts to reduce waste volume at the source (Kustiah, 2005).
One of the efforts to address the waste problem is waste minimization. Waste minimization can be achieved through composting and reusing waste (Pramestyawati and Warmadewanthi, 2013). Composting is an effective method for managing waste. Waste management based on the 3R concept (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) is an integrated approach that involves reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. Implementing the 3R principle is an economically valuable, easy, and affordable solution for waste management, as it can be carried out by the community
2
itself. Bandung has 160 waste management stations (TPS), with 10 locations dedicated to 3R activities (RPJMD Bandung City, 2018-2023).
One of the 3R TPS facilities in Bandung with comprehensive infrastructure and diverse waste processing technologies is TPS 3R Babakansari. Evaluating the suitability of 3R TPS facilities is necessary to assess their alignment with existing conditions and applicable regulations. Based on the explanations above, an evaluation of the suitability of TPS 3R Babakansari and TPS 3R Cibatu is being conducted as an initial step to improve integrated waste management and reduce waste sent to landfills.
1.2 Purpose and Objective
The purpose of carrying out this research is to assess the compliance of two 3R Waste Management Sites (TPS 3R), namely TPS 3R Babakansari, based on the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Housing (PUPR) No. 03 of 2013 and the Technical Guidelines for the Implementation of TPS 3R by the Directorate of Cipta Karya in 2020. The objectives of this internship are as follows:
1. Identify the waste management system at TPS 3R Babakansari.
2. Evaluate the compliance of the existing waste management conditions at TPS 3R sites.
3. Provide recommendations for optimizing both the technical and non-technical aspects of waste management at this TPS 3R sites.
1.3. Benefits of research
The benefits of conducting this research are multifaceted, particularly in enhancing waste management practices at TPS 3R Babakansari and TPS 3R Cibatu. Through identifying and evaluating the existing waste management systems, this study provides crucial insights into how well these sites align with national regulations, such as the Regulation of the Minister of PUPR No. 03 of 2013 and the 2020 Technical Guidelines by the Directorate of Cipta Karya. This evaluation allows for the identification of potential gaps in the current system, enabling the formulation of targeted recommendations to optimize both technical and non-technical processes. The ultimate benefit lies in improving the overall efficiency and sustainability of waste management practices at these facilities, contributing to waste reduction, resource recovery, and better environmental protection in line with the 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
3
principle. Additionally, this work supports community-based initiatives, offering a cost- effective and practical approach to managing waste at the local level..
1.4. The scope of research
The scope of this research includes the following:
1. The research location is at TPS 3R Babakansari.
2. Conducting an evaluation of the existing waste management conditions at TPS 3R Babakansari and TPS 3R Cibatu based on criteria referring to the Ministerial Regulation No.
03 of 2013 and the Technical Guidelines for the Implementation of TPS 3R by the Directorate General of Cipta Karya No. 03 of 2020.
3. The compliance scale results are calculated based on the Likert scale.
4
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
Living things, substances or energy that are introduced into the living environment are usually the remains of human efforts and/or activities. The remainder of a business and/or human activity is in the form of waste/garbage. Therefore, it can be said that one of the causes of environmental pollution is the result of waste/garbage being thrown into the environment until its carrying capacity is exceeded. This causes environmental pollution which is a source of health problems in the community (Mulia, 2005).
Based on Law no. 18 of 2008 concerning Waste Management, waste is the remains of daily human activities or natural processes in solid form produced by waste sources as the place of origin of waste. Waste producers are every person and/or as a result of natural processes that produce waste, so it is necessary to carry out systematic, comprehensive and sustainable waste management, including waste reduction and handling.
Waste management currently only uses a single method, namely container-collect-transport- dispose, the waste is completely disposed of at the Final Processing Site (TPA). To prevent deadlocks in the waste management system, other methods need to be developed. One method that is very flexible and realistic to be developed is the implementation of the 3R principle, namely reduce, reuse, and recycle in waste management, and is the main principle in environmentally friendly waste management.
Based on Minister of Home Affairs Regulation Number 33 of 2010 concerning Waste Management Guidelines, household waste is waste that does not come from households and comes from residential areas, commercial areas, industrial areas, special areas, public facilities, social facilities, and/ or other facilities. The waste producing source areas can be distinguished as follows (Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 33 of 2010):
1. Residential areas
Residential areas are residential areas in the form of clusters, apartments, condominiums, dormitories, and the like.
5 2. Commercial area
Commercial area is an area where trade and/or service business activities are concentrated, equipped with supporting facilities and infrastructure. Examples of facilities included in commercial areas are markets, shops, hotels, restaurants and workshops.
3. Industrial area
An industrial area is an area where industrial activities are concentrated and is equipped with supporting facilities and infrastructure.
4. Special areas
Special areas are special areas that are used for national/national scale interests, for example state palaces, museums, etc.
Meanwhile, according to Noelaka (2008) waste is divided into 3 parts, namely:
1. Organic waste
Organic waste is goods that are considered unused and thrown away by the previous owner/user, but can still be used, managed and utilized with the correct procedures. This waste can easily be broken down through natural processes. Organic waste is waste that rots easily, such as meat scraps, vegetable scraps, leaves, garden waste and others.
2. Non-organic waste
Non-organic waste is waste produced from non-biological materials, either in the form of synthetic products or the results of technological processes for processing mining materials.
This waste is waste that does not rot easily, such as paper, plastic, metal, rubber, glass ash, used building materials and others. This type of waste at the household level includes plastic bottles, glass bottles, plastic bags and cans.
1. B3 waste (hazardous toxic materials)
In hazardous waste or toxic materials (B3), this waste occurs from organic and non-organic chemicals and heavy metals, which generally come from industrial waste. B3 waste management cannot be mixed with organic and non-organic waste. Usually there is a special body formed to manage B3 waste according to applicable regulations.
6 2.2 Waste
According to UU Number 18 of 2008, waste is the residue of daily human activities or natural processes in solid form. Waste includes solid material discarded from household activities, markets, offices, hotels, restaurants, industries, or other human activities (Nurhidayat, 2010).
Waste can also originate from building debris and scrap metal from old vehicles. It is the byproduct of human activities that is no longer used.
2.3 Sources of Waste
According to Artiningsih (2008), waste can be classified into several categories:
a) Residential Waste: Typically kitchen waste.
b) Public Area Waste: Waste from places like stalls, shops, or markets.
c) Industrial Waste: Varies depending on the type of industry. d) Waste from Mining, Agriculture, and Natural Disasters.
Based on its source, waste can come from:
a. Residential Waste: Solid materials from household activities, including leftover food (both cooked and uncooked), plastic, leaves, and so on.
b. Public Area Waste: Waste from public spaces such as markets, bus terminals, train stations, and more.
c. Office Waste: Typically consists of paper, plastic, carbon paper, and paper clips, usually dry waste.
d. Street Waste: Includes paper, cardboard, dust, stones, sand, leaves, plastic, and other debris.
e. Industrial Waste: Packaging waste such as metal, plastic, wood, textile scraps, cans, etc.
f. Agricultural and Plantation Waste: Straw, vegetable waste, rice stalks, broken branches, etc.
g. Livestock and Fisheries Waste: Manure, food scraps, animal carcasses, and more.
2.4 Types and Composition of Waste
According to Hermawati (2019), waste can be categorized into:
1. By Chemical Content:
o Organic: food scraps, vegetable waste, leaves, and fruit.
o Inorganic: plastic, used bottles, metal, cans, etc.
7 2. By Combustibility:
o Combustible: paper, plastic, dry leaves, wood.
o Non-combustible: cans, metal, glass, and so on.
3. By Decomposition Rate:
o Biodegradable: food scraps, meat trimmings, etc.
o Non-biodegradable: plastic, rubber, glass, cans, etc.
4. By Characteristics:
o Garbage: quickly decomposable material, especially in warm weather, often found in residential areas, markets, and restaurants.
o Rubbish: divided into combustible (organic) and non-combustible (inorganic) waste.
o Ashes: residues from industrial burning.
o Street Sweeping: waste from streets or sidewalks.
o Dead Animal: large animal carcasses like dogs or cats that die from accidents or natural causes.
o Household Refuse: a mix of garbage, ashes, and rubbish from residences.
o Abandoned Vehicle: discarded vehicle remains.
o Demolition Waste: building debris from construction.
o Industrial Waste: from agriculture, plantations, and industries.
o Sewage Solids: solid or coarse organic substances.
o Special Waste: requires special handling, such as cans and radioactive substances.
Waste composition illustrates the breakdown of each component and its distribution, vital for evaluating the necessary equipment, systems, waste processing, and city waste management plans. Waste is typically categorized by its composition, e.g., as a percentage of weight or volume of paper, wood, rubber, plastic, metal, glass, cloth, food, and miscellaneous waste (Damanhuri and Padmi, 2010).
Waste composition is influenced by several factors (Tchobanoglous, 2002):
1. Collection Frequency: More frequent waste collection leads to higher waste piles. Paper waste and other dry waste will accumulate, while organic waste will decrease due to decomposition.
2. Seasons: Waste type is influenced by the seasonal availability of fruits.
8
3. Economic Conditions: Different economic conditions generate waste with different components. Higher-income communities produce more dry waste such as paper, plastic, and cans, while lower food waste due to practical and clean living habits.
4. Weather: Areas with high water content will have waste with higher humidity.
5. Product Packaging: Daily product packaging also affects waste composition. Developed countries like the U.S. use more paper packaging, while developing countries like Indonesia use more plastic.
2.5 Waste Generation
According to Artiningsih (2008) waste generation is the amount or amount of waste produced by humans in an area. Waste generation is expressed in volume units of liters/person/day (l/p/d) or liters/square meter of building/day (l/m2/d) and in weight units of kilograms/person/day (kg/p/d) or kilogram/square meter building/day (kg/m2/d).
Estimates of waste generation for now and in the future are the basis for planning, designing and assessing waste management systems. Estimating the average waste generation is the first step that is usually taken in waste management. This data must be available so that a good alternative waste management system can be developed. The amount of waste generated will usually be related to waste management elements, including (Damanhuri, 2010):
1. Selection of equipment, for example containers, collection and transportation tools;
2. Planning transportation routes;
3. Facilities for recycling;
4. Size and type of landfill.
Factors that can influence the amount of waste include (Soemirat, 2011):
1. Population
The population affects waste generation because the greater the population, the greater the waste production.
2. Socioeconomic and cultural factors
The higher the socio-economic situation, the greater the per capita amount of waste thrown away. The quality of waste is increasingly non-decomposable. Changes in the quality of this waste depend on the available materials, applicable regulations, and public awareness of waste problems. The increase in welfare will increase construction activities
9
and renewal of buildings, transportation, agricultural and industrial products will increase with the consequence of increasing the volume and type of waste.
3. Technological progress
Technological advances can increase the quantity and quality of waste, because the use of increasingly diverse raw materials, increasingly diverse packaging methods and manufactured products.
2.6 Waste Management
According to Law No. 18 of 2008 on Waste Management, waste management is a systematic, comprehensive, and sustainable activity that includes waste reduction and handling. Waste management systems encompass five aspects: technical-operational, organizational and managerial, legal and regulatory, financial, and community participation. These aspects can be illustrated in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1 Scheme of Solid Waste Management
Sources: Public, 2024
2.6.1 Technical-Operational Aspects
According to Hermawati, the technical-operational aspect is the closest component to the object of waste. Waste management operations are integral and sequential, starting from collection, transfer, transportation, to disposal/treatment.
10 Operational waste management techniques consist of:
1. Waste containerization
Waste containerization refers to a temporary place for waste before it is transported to the landfill (Purnaini, 2011). According to Purnaini (2011), waste containerization is generally divided into two types:
• Individual: waste containers are placed at every waste generation source.
• Communal: waste from various sources is collected in one place before being transported to the landfill.
According to Ministry of Public Works Regulation No. 3 of 2013, waste containerization patterns are divided into two: individual containerization and communal containerization.
Individual containerization is used in high-density residential areas, while communal containerization is used in medium-density or slum areas. Communal containers are determined by the managing institution due to their public nature. Communal waste containers must meet the following criteria (Minister, 2013):
1. Affordable price 2. Easy to clean
3. Airtight and watertight 4. Have a lid
5. Easy to lift
6. Aesthetic in color and shape 7. Easily available
2. Waste Collection Patterns
Waste Collection Patterns consists of (Permen PU No. 3 Tahun 2013, Damanhuri & Padmi, 2010)
1. Direct Individual Collection
Waste is directly transported to processing sites by trucks. Suitable for areas with:
- Waste generation > 0.3 m³/day - Adequate collection tools
- Elite, urban, well-organized areas - Wide roads
11 2. Indirect Individual Collection
Utilizes waste carts when:
- Waste is accessible by collectors - Narrow roads or alleys are present - Small-scale waste processing is possible - Lower terrain (slope <5%)
3. Direct Communal Collection
For narrow alleys or hills where individual collection is difficult, using trucks to reach communal containers. High community involvement is required.
4. Indirect Communal Collection
In flat areas (slope <5%), manual or small wheeled containers are used, with land available for waste transfer. Proper access for collectors is needed.
5. Street Sweeping
Collected waste is transported directly to processing sites. Sweepers must know their areas and be well-coordinated with the personnel and equipment used.
3. Waste Transportation
The waste transportation pattern is based on the waste collection system and is carried out in the following ways:
- Direct individual collection (door-to-door).
- Container system collection (using small containers with transport tools like trucks or dump trucks).
4. Waste Processing
According to Law No. 18 of 2008, waste processing involves activities that change the characteristics, composition, and amount of waste. Waste processing techniques include:
- Composting - Recycling
- Waste volume reduction through shredding and compacting - Biogasification (utilizing energy produced from waste processing)
12 4. Final Processing
The final processing site (TPA) known as sanitary landfill is a waste disposal system by compacting and covering and coating the soil every day (Widyatmoko and Moerdjoko, 2002). In the TPA system, there will be a chemical, biological, and physical waste decomposition process that produces gases and organic materials. Rainwater that falls on the TPA location will infiltrate into the waste system and dissolve the decomposition results in the form of a liquid called leachate. The composition of leachate varies from one location to another.
The recycling process, compost production and incineration aims to reduce the volume of waste produced, so that waste disposal in sanitary landfill ponds can be reduced and ultimately save the use of landfill land. Composting can be done with several types of technology, including using one of the aeration methodologies, turning over compost materials (turning over compost materials) and open air or reactor based (Handono, 2010).
2.6.2 Non-Technical Aspects
Non-technical aspects of waste management focus on the social, economic, and behavioral dimensions that influence how communities handle waste. Effective waste management requires community engagement, public awareness, and educational initiatives to foster a culture of recycling and responsible waste disposal. Local governments and organizations often collaborate with residents to implement programs that promote sustainable practices, such as composting and waste segregation. Economic incentives, such as reduced waste disposal fees for households that recycle, can encourage participation.
Additionally, addressing cultural attitudes toward waste can significantly impact the success of waste management strategies. For instance, involving community leaders in promoting waste reduction can enhance acceptance and encourage positive change.
Ultimately, a holistic approach that incorporates these non-technical aspects is essential for creating a sustainable waste management system that benefits both the environment and the community.
13 2.7 Waste Management Facilities
Waste Management Places (TPS) 3R and Integrated Waste Treatment Places (TPST) are two essential facilities for sustainable waste management. TPS 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) is designed to reduce the volume of waste generated by emphasizing the principles of reduction, reuse, and recycling. At TPS 3R, the community can bring separated waste based on its type, such as organic, inorganic, and hazardous waste. With the existence of this facility, it is expected that the community will become more aware of the importance of environmentally friendly waste management and actively participate in reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills (Permadi et al., 2021).
On the other hand, TPST is a more comprehensive facility that focuses not only on sorting but also on the integrated processing of waste. In TPST, the accepted waste undergoes various processing methods, such as composting for organic waste, recycling for materials that can be reused, and other processing suitable for waste that cannot be recycled. TPST serves as a long- term solution to urban waste problems by integrating various management methods in one location (Yulianto, 2022;). This approach can reduce the negative environmental impacts of waste and provide economic benefits through the reuse of materials.
Both facilities serve not only as waste management sites but also as educational centers for the community. Through outreach and training programs held at TPS 3R and TPST, residents can learn about the importance of effective waste management and practical ways to reduce, reuse, and recycle waste in their homes. With support from the government and active community participation, TPS 3R and TPST are expected to create a cleaner and more sustainable environment for future generations (Wang & Chen, 2023).
2.8 Likert Scale
The Likert scale is a widely used tool in survey research for measuring attitudes, opinions, and perceptions. Developed by Rensis Likert in the 1930s, this scale typically consists of a series of statements to which respondents indicate their level of agreement or disagreement on a symmetric agree-disagree scale (Likert, 1932). The scale commonly ranges from 1 to 3 or 1 to 5, with options that might include "Strongly Disagree," "Disagree," "Neutral," "Agree," and
"Strongly Agree" (Babbie, 2016).
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One of the main advantages of the Likert scale is its ability to capture the intensity of respondents' feelings towards a given statement, allowing for nuanced data collection beyond simple yes/no questions. This richness of data makes it particularly useful in social science research, where understanding the depth of opinion is crucial. Researchers often utilize mean scores and standard deviations to analyze data derived from Likert scales, which can provide insights into overall trends and variations within a population (Rogelberg & Stanton, 2007).
However, the use of Likert scales is not without its criticisms. Some scholars argue that the ordinal nature of the data collected can limit the applicability of parametric statistical tests, which assume interval-level data. Critics also point out that respondents may exhibit central tendency bias, where they avoid extreme categories, potentially skewing the results towards neutrality. Additionally, cultural differences may affect how respondents interpret scale points, making cross-cultural comparisons challenging (Van de Vijver & Leung, 1997).
Despite these limitations, the Likert scale remains a favored method for quantitative research in various fields, including psychology, education, and marketing. It allows for the collection of data that can be easily analyzed and interpreted, making it a practical choice for researchers (Boone & Boone, 2012). Ongoing discussions regarding its advantages and disadvantages highlight the need for careful consideration in its application and interpretation.
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CHAPTER III METHODS
3.1 Study Location
The research location is chosen at TPS 3R Babakansari. This facility has a diverse waste processing system compared to other TPS 3R facilities. The biodigester processing itself is conducted in the city of Bandung at TPS 3R Babakansari, TPS 3R Cibatu, and TPS 3R Tegalega.
The selected location for evaluating the level of suitability is TPS 3R Babakansari.
The following is a map of the work practice locations, namely TPS 3R Babakansari and TPS 3R Cibatu, presented in Figure 3.1
.
1
Figure 3.1 Location of TPS 3R Distribution in Bandung City
2
Figure 3.1 Location of TPS 3R Babakan Sari
3.2 TPS 3R Babakansari
TPS 3R Babakansari serves Babakansari Subdistrict which consists of 18 RW with an area of 88.1 Ha, administratively this subdistrict is bordered by:
O Southern part: Kebon Jayanti sub-district O Northern part: Babakan Subdistrict, Surabaya O Eastern part: Antapani Kidul Subdistrict O West part: Kebon Waru sub-district
TPS 3R Babakansari was established on December 9, 2014, and inaugurated by the Mayor of Bandung at that time, Mr. Ridwan Kamil. TPS 3R Babakansari is located at Jl. Babakan Sari 1 No.64, Babakan Sari, Kiaracondong District, Bandung City. Astronomically, TPS3R Babakan Sari is located at -6.9220803 BT – 107.6495702 BS with an area of approximately 1046.26 m2. TPS Babakansari is more worthy of being recognized as TPS 3R with improvements and adjustments because it does not have final processing, the distance of the TPS to settlements is <500m, it does not have leachate processing, weighbridges, and does not have a buffer zone (Alvian, 2018). The comparison of the requirements for TPST and TPS 3R Babakansari is attached in Table 3.2
Table 3.2Comparison of TPST with TPS 3R Babakansari Parameter
Requirements of PUPR Ministerial Regulation No. 03
Year 2013
Existing conditions
Compliance
TPST TPS 3R TPST TPS 3R
Definition
Place where collection, sorting, reuse, processing and final processing
activities are carried out
Place where collection, sorting, reuse and recycling activities are carried out on a
regional scale
Collection, sorting, reuse, recycling on a regional scale
Not
fulfill Fulfil
Distance to settlement
Minimum 500
m - Minimum 6 m Not fulfill
Fulfil
Wide > 20,000 m2 > 1000 m2 1046.26 m2 Not fulfill
Fulfil
Environmental pollution
control
Leachate treatment building, drainage channels
Drainage channel
Drainage channel
Not fulfill
Fulfil
Handling
residue There is There is There is Fulfil Fulfil
Supporting facilities
Weighbrid ge,
fence and tools security,
office, laundry vehicle,water clean, electricity,
work area
Communal containers, sorting area,
composting area, clean
water, electricity,
barriers, unloading
area cart and warehouse
storage
Sorting area, composting
area, clean water, barrier, cart unloading
area and storage warehouse
Not fulfill Not fulfill
Zone
buffer There is There isn't any There isn't any No
fulfil Fulfil (Source: Hafidz Alvian, 2018)
The location of TPS 3R Babakansari is can be seen attached in Figure 3.7.
Figure 3.7Location of TPS 3R Babakansari
CHAPTER IV RESULT & DISCUSSION
This chapter explains the existing conditions of waste management at TPS 3R Babakan Sari, then evaluates the existing suitability at both TPS 3R based on existing waste management condition data by comparing the referred regulations. The regulations refer to the Regulation of the Minister of PUPR No. 03 of 2013 and the Technical Instructions for the Implementation of TPS3R in 2020. The results obtained from the evaluation of the existing TPS 3R Babakansari and TPS
3R Cibatu will be used as a basis for evaluation recommendations at TPS 3R
The discussion scheme can be seen in Figure 4.1
Identification of existing conditions of TPS 3R
Babakansari
Comparative evaluation of TPS R
Optimization recommendations
Figure 4.1 Discussion Scheme
Source: Analysis Results, 2021
4.1 Technical and Non Technical Aspect
Based on literature studies, two references can be used to evaluate TPS 3R, namely the Regulation of the Minister of PUPR Number 03 of 2013 concerning "Implementation of Waste Infrastructure and Facilities in Handling Household Waste and Household-like Waste" (PerMen PUPR No.03/2013), and Technical Instructions for the Implementation of TPS 3R in 2020 (Juknis TPS 3R).
The aspects that will be evaluated are technical and non-technical aspects, before identifying and
evaluating the waste management system at TPS 3R Babakansari and Cibatu, the measuring instrument that will be used as a parameter for identification and evaluation of the Regulation of the Minister of PUPR No.03/2013 and the Juknis TPS 3R is first determined. The following is the determination of measuring instruments for technical and non-technical aspects from the two references used.
1. Technical Aspects
The measuring tool for evaluating technical aspects at TPS 3R refers to the Regulation of the Minister of PUPR
Tabel 4.1 Recapitulation of Measurement Tools for Evaluating Technical Aspects
Aspect Indicator PerMen PUPR No.03/2013
Technical
Gathering Twice a day
Waste isn't allowed mix Sorting Sorting into 5 types of waste Processing Compaction, compost,
Recovery material Transportation
residue transport to TPA HCS system SCS withn minimum frequent of 3 times a day
Based on Table 4.1, there are four technical aspects, namely collection, sorting, processing and transportation as follows:
Collection: waste collected and transported to the nearest 3R TPS must not be mixed
again, waste collection from the source is at least 2x a day and the collection tool used must use a partition.
Sorting: waste is grouped into 5 types of waste, namely B3 waste, easily decomposed
waste, reusable waste, recyclable waste and residual waste.
Processing: waste processing can be in the form of composting to produce compost,
biodigesters that produce methane gas products so that they can be used for cooking purposes, as well as utilization for animal feed BSF produced from waste or direct processing of organic waste into animal feed.
Transportation: waste transportation using a transfer system or indirect system, the
transportation process uses a lifting container system (Hauled Container System = HCS) or a fixed container system (Stationary Container System = SCS) at least 3 times a day.
2. Non-technical aspects
Measuring tools for evaluating non-technical aspects refer to The 2020 TPS 3R Cipta Karya Technical Instructions are listed in Table 4.2
Table 4.2 Recapitulation of Non-Technical Evaluation
Measurement Tools
Aspect Indicator PerMen PUPR No.03/2013
Regulation The existence of region rules Twice a day
Waste isn't allowed mix
Financing Contribution Regular Minimum Rp 10.000/month
Finance records Record in and outcame
Institutional Structure Organization Chairman, Secertary, treasurer, sections.
Labor > 6 SDM per worler Community Participitation
Willingnes to pay Community pay regularly
Giving opinion Gives opinion on prgress of TPS 3R Aware of sortiring the waste The waste should be sorted
Based on Table 4.2, the non-technical aspects explained are regulatory aspects, financing aspects, institutional aspects and community participation aspects as follows:
A. Regulations
There are regulations in the area discussing waste management, including the implementation of 3R and determining rates for cleaning management.
B. Institutions
The formation of a management organization is carried out in order to organize waste management in order to advance TPS operations.
C. 3R. The organizational structure of TPS 3R consists of a chairman, secretary, treasurer, section
economic endeavors, operations and maintenance section and extension section. c.
Financing
D. The financing or financial aspects of TPS 3R are obtained from compost sales, community contributions and government assistance. Based on the TPS 3R Cipta Karya Technical Instructions (2020), the minimum monthly community contribution is IDR 10,000. TPS 3R financial expenditures are used for operations and maintenance such as from transportation, sorting and composting machine operators.
E. Community participation
Community participation in waste management is a willingness to advance the operation of TPS 3R. With the sorting of waste at the source so that organic and inorganic waste are not mixed
and it can make it easier for officers, besides it can affect the selling value of inorganic waste because its quality does not decrease.
F. Based on the results of determining the measuring instrument from PerMen PUPR No.03/2013 and TPS Technical Guidelines
3R, it can be seen that waste management in TPS 3R is divided into technical and non- technical aspects. So the identification and evaluation that will be carried out refer to the measuring instruments that have been determined
4.2 Identification of Existing Conditions of TPS 3R
Identification of waste management at TPS 3R refers to previously determined aspects. Based on the results of observations and interviews, the following will discuss the identification of waste management at TPS 3R Babakansari and TPS 3R Cibatu.
4.2.1 TPS 3R Babakansari
Based on the results of field observations, the waste management flow carried out by TPS 3R Babakansari is presented in Figure 4.1 below.
Figure 4.1Waste Management at TPS 3R Babakansari
Based on Figure 4.1, it can be seen that the sources of waste entering the TPS are:
3R Babakansari comes from household waste, namely from 18 RW in the Babakansari sub- district area and organic waste from the Waste Free Area (KBS) area which has 10 sub- districts. KBS is a fostered area of DLHK Bandung City, this area is an area that has carried out sorting at the source, there is even a KBS location that has carried out processing at the source accompanied by DLHK, organic waste from the area
This KBS will be transported to TPS 3R Babakansari and TPST Jelekong for compost and biodigester needs.
Organic waste from Babakansari Village is used for compost needs and inorganic waste is managed directly by the Resik Waste Bank, in addition organic waste from the KBS area is used for compost needs at TPS 3R Babakansari, this KBS area is organic waste from other areas or outside the Babakansari Village area. The 10 KBS villages are presented in Table 4.3
The waste that has been collected by officers is taken to the TPS 3R Babakansari area to be sorted according to type, namely organic waste that will be used for compost and inorganic waste that is suitable for sale and recycling, while waste categorized as household B3 waste is included in residual waste because no processing is carried out on household B3 waste but is entirely transported directly to the TPA. The following is a description of the waste Collection and processing system at TPS 3R Babakansari.
a. Collection system
Garbage collection is taken from each source that has been placed in a container or trash bin to be transported to TPS 3R. Temporary garbage containers used by the community are plastic bags/trashbags that are attached to the front fence or stored in the yard of each house. Garbage collection is carried out every day at
07.00-11.00 with a garbage cart or triseda. The use of collection tools depends on the condition of the settlement in the RW, if the road conditions are small, use a garbage cart. Garbage collection for the KBS area is carried out every day only once at 10.00 using a garbage car.
b. Waste processing
Waste processing is an activity to process waste so that it has more economic value and does not have a negative impact on the environment or society. One of the waste processing that can be done is by sorting waste at the source according to type to make it easier for officers to process it. There are several houses that have sorted, but there are also people who have not sorted. Waste that is collected and has not been sorted will be sorted at TPS 3R Babakansari. Based on the results of observations that have been made, the waste processing carried out at TPS 3R Babakansari is:
1. Compost
Organic waste that comes in every day is used as a basic material for compost. The results of compost documentation at TPS 3R Babakansari are attached in Figure 4.2. The compost that is processed causes a smell because the organic waste used is still mixed with plastic and even rubber waste, besides it is not covered again with dry leaves so it causes a smell, based on (Damanhuri, 2016)
The more wood or plastic waste that is still mixed in, the more difficult it is to decompose.
Figure 4.2Takakura Method
Compost that is 3-4 weeks old will be chopped first and then the results can be sold. The results of the compost that has been chopped are then sold to the surrounding community and sold to traders and flower shops around the Babakansari and Arcamanik areas. For sack packaging, it is sold for Rp. 25,000 while for small plastic sizes it is sold for Rp. 8,000. the chopping process can be seen in Figure 4.3.
Figure 4.3Enumeration Process
2. Biodigester
Waste processing activities using the biodigester method at TPS 3R Babakansari have not been functioning since January 2021, because there was damage to several parts such as the hole where the waste was put in which was damaged due to lack of maintenance during the pandemic so that further repairs were needed. The results of organic waste processing using the biodigester in January - December 2020 are in Table 4.4 below.
Table 4.4Biodigester processing results for the period January-December 2020 Location Target Amount Achievements
(ton) (ton) (%) Babakan Sari 36,000 31,332 87%
Source: PD Kebersihan Performance Report, 2020
Based on Table 4.4 above, it can be seen that waste processing with a biodigester is able to process 87% or 31,332 tons of waste from its managed waste target. The biodigester requires 250-300 kg of organic waste/day. In 2021, the biodigester processing at TPS 3R Babakansari was no longer operational because the condition of the biodigester equipment was damaged where the waste inlet was damaged, the gas pipeline was damaged due to lack of maintenance and also lack of human resources to carry out maintenance due to the pandemic so that several workers were laid off, the condition of the biodigester equipment is presented in Figure 4.4
Figure 4.4Biodigester TPS 3R Babakan Sari
3. Inorganic waste is sorted specifically by the waste bank. Inorganic waste collected at TPS 3R Babakansari will be further processed by Bank Sampah Resik. The inorganic waste will be taken to the Cicabe Recycling Center (PDU) to be sorted and processed and then sold to the recycling industry or waste collectors. The results of the documentation of inorganic waste processing, namely by pressing, can be seen in the Figure 4.5.
Figure 4.5Selected Inorganic Waste
Residual waste is transported to the TPA with a transportation frequency of 2 trips every day, namely at 03.00 am and 07.00 am.
Figure 4.6Transportation of Waste from TPS 3R Babakansari to TPA Sarimukti
TPS 3R Babakansari has infrastructure such as office space, administration room, cart unloading area, production room, waste bank warehouse, bathroom and prayer room. The availability of facilities at TPS 3R is shown in Table 4.5
4.2.2 TPS 3R Cibatu
The waste management flow carried out at TPS 3R Cibatu is presented in Figure 4.7the following.
Figure 4.7Waste Management Flow at TPS 3R Cibatu
Based on the existing conditions and the results of interviews with the managers of TPS 3R Cibatu, waste transportation uses triseda motorbikes and garbage carts. Waste that has been collected by officers is taken to the TPS 3R Cibatu area which is the stage 1 sorting that has been carried out by the community, while people who do not sort at the source will be sorted stage two at TPS
3R Cibatu, the sorted waste will be used as compost and biodigester, while residual waste is directly transported to the TPA.
a. Collection system
Garbage collection is carried out twice a day at 07.00-
10.00 and in the afternoon at 16.00. Garbage collection in the TPS 3R Cibatu area, almost all houses have sorted so that it can lighten the work of officers in sorting, but for garbage from the community that has not sorted will be collected at TPS 3R Cibatu then the second stage of selection is carried out.
b. Waste processing
Waste processing carried out at TPS 3R Cibatu, namely:
1. Compost
Organic waste that comes in every day is used as a basic material for compost. The compost processing carried out at TPS 3R Cibatu does not cause odor because the waste used is predominantly fruit waste and the waste is mixed back with dry leaves so that it does not cause a pungent odor.
Figure 4.8Compost Processing at TPS 3R Cibatu
2. Biodigester
Every day organic waste is used as a basic material for compost and biodigesters. Biodigesters require around 250-300 kg/day of biodigester processing results at TPS 3R Cibatu attached in the Table
4.6, the biodigester results at TPS 3R Cibatu are used as stove gas for daily needs at the TPS 3R location as in Figure 4.9
Table 4.6Results of processing the TPS 3R Cibatu Biodigester
Location Target (tons) Quantity (tons) Achievement (%)
Cibatu 36,000 34,960 97%
Source: PD Kebersihan Performance Report, 2020
Figure 4.9TPS 3R Cibatu Biodigester Results
Residual waste is transported to the TPA with a transportation frequency of 1 trip every day, namely at 23:00. TPS 3R Cibatu has infrastructure such as office space, cart unloading area, production room, biodigester, bathroom and prayer room. The availability of facilities at TPS 3R is shown in Table 4.7
4.3 Comparative Evaluation of the Level of Suitability of TPS 3R Babakansari
After obtaining data on the existing condition of waste management in both 3R TPS, an evaluation of the suitability of the existing data was carried out referring to PerMen PUPR No.03/2013 and TPS 3R Technical Guidelines No.03/2020. The evaluation was carried out using a Likert scale withsimple scoring method, so that the percentage of compliance of waste management at the two 3R TPS with the referred regulations is obtained.
4.3.1 TPS 3R Babakansari
When compared with the reference measuring instrument of Per Men PUPR No.03/2013 and Juknis TPS 3R No.03/2020, the evaluation results are presented in Table 4.8 and Table 4.9 below.
Table 4.8 Technical Aspects of TPS 3R Babakansari
Based on Table 4.8, the collection indicator at TPS 3R Babakansari, collection is carried out only once a day, thus obtaining a value of 2 when compared to PerMen PUPR Number 03 of 2013, which states that collection should be carried out every day for 2 trips, however, the waste collected by officers is still mixed, thus obtaining a value of 1.
The waste sorting indicator gets a score of 2 because the sorting is only done on 2 types of waste, namely organic and inorganic waste, so it is not in accordance with the provisions of the PUPR Ministerial Regulation Number 03 of 2013 which should divide the sorting into 5 types of waste, namely B3, organic, inorganic, recyclable waste, and residue. This is not a problem because the TPS
3R currently processes and handles the two dominant types of waste, namely compostable organic waste and inorganic waste with economic value. However, waste sorting into 5 types of waste should be done to minimize residual waste transported to the landfill.
The processing indicator gets a value of 2 because the processing is carried out at the TPS 3R Babakansari only does composting, this is said to be inappropriate because waste processing at TPS 3R is one way to ensure that the volume of waste transported to the TPA is
not too large, so other alternatives are needed besides waste processing. The transportation indicator at TPS 3R Babakansari gets a score of 3 because transportation at TPS 3R Babakansari uses a transportation system with SCS with a transportation frequency of 3x a da
The percentage of technical aspect achievement in Table 4.8 at TPS 3R Babakansari is based on a Likert scale with a total of 5 components. The value that is in accordance with the regulatory criteria gets the highest value, which is 3, so that the 5 sub-components are multiplied by 3 so that the ideal value produced is 15, while for values that are quite in accordance with the regulatory criteria, they get a value of 2 and if they are not in accordance with the regulations, they get a value of 1.
TPS 3R Babakansari gets an actual score of 10. The score that meets the regulatory criteria gets the highest score, which is 3, so that the 5 sub -components are multiplied by 3 and produce an ideal score of 15, while for scores that are quite in accordance with the criteria, they get a score of 2 and if they are not in accordance, they get 1.
To get the percentage of the actual score with the following equation:
Based on the percentage of actual scores obtained for the technical aspect compliance at TPS 3R Babakansari, it is 67% and is included in the "Quite Good" category. Discussion of non-technical aspects is presented in Table 4.9
Based on Table 4.9, it explains the regulatory, institutional, financing and community participation aspects as follows:
Regulation: in the regulatory aspect based on the regulations that have been referred to, it is
reviewed based on the existence or absence of regulations governing waste management that contain the implementation of 3R. Based on the interview results, management at TPS 3R Babakansari refers to the Regulation of the Minister of PUPR No. 03/2013 concerning
"Implementation of Waste Infrastructure and Facilities in Handling Household Waste and Household-like Waste". In addition, another reference is the Bandung City waste management regulations regulated in Bandung City Regional Regulation Number 9 of 2018 so that it gets a value of 3.
Institutional: in the institutional aspect there are three indicators, namely organizational
structure, number of workers and the functioning of the organizational structure. For the organizational structure of TPS 3R Babakansari, it gets a score of 3 because the organizational structure is complete, but the functioning of the organizational structure does not run according
to its function so that it gets a score of 2, the organizational structure is said to not run according to its function because there is one section where the employee has retired, for the number of part-time workers at TPS 3R Babakansari as many as 4 HR, namely 3 permanent workers and 1 part-time worker, this does not meet the criteria based on the TPS Technical Instructions
3R because part-time human resources at each 3R TPS are more than 6, the lack of human resources at the Babakansari 3R TPS is due to the dismissal of several officers due to the pandemic in 2021.
Financing: in the financing aspect there are two indicators, namely routine contributions and
financial records. For routine contributions, it gets a value of 3 because the monthly contribution in the Babakansari area is IDR 15,000, which has met the criteria based on the 2020 TPS 3R Technical Instructions, the minimum routine contribution is IDR 10,000. While for the financial recording indicato
got a score of 2, which is not appropriate because when recording finances, sometimes officers record once every 3 days and do not record it every day, this can cause recording errors and expenses and income cannot be monitored properly.
Community participation: there are three indicators, namely the availability of people to pay
contributions, provide opinions and awareness of sorting at the source. The indicator of paying contributions gets a value of 1 because there are still people who do not pay contributions per month, namely in RT 4 and RT 7. This is when compared to the 2020 TPS 3R Technical Instructions, people must pay contributions every month. People in the TPS area
3R Babakansari is less active in providing suggestions or opinions regarding the progress of TPS 3R so that it gets a score of 1. The indicator of awareness of sorting waste at the source gets a score of 1 because there are still very few people who sort at the source so that it does not meet the criteria based on the 2020 TPS 3R Technical Instructions.
Based on Table 4.9, the criteria for the percentage of achievement of non-technical aspects at TPS 3R Babakansari are calculated based on a Likert scale with a total of 9 components. The value that is in accordance with the regulatory criteria gets the highest value, namely 3, so that the 9 sub-components are multiplied by 3 so that the ideal value produced is 27, while for values that are quite in accordance with the regulatory criteria, they get a value of 2 and if they are not in accordance with the regulations, they get a value of 0.
Based on the actual score percentage equation, the percentage of conformity achieved in non-technical aspects is 67% with the category "Quite Good".
4.4 Recommendations for the Suitability of TPS 3R Babakansari and TPS 3R Cibatu
Based on the existing conditions and evaluation results at TPS 3R Babakansari and TPS 3R Cibatu, it can be seen that there is a non-compliance with the referred regulations. Therefore, improvements are needed in aspects that are not in accordance. Based on the evaluation results, TPS 3R Babakansari is included in the "Quite Good" category in terms of technical aspect compliance and TPS 3R Cibatu is included in the "Good" category in terms of technical aspect compliance. The scoring results obtained for the two TPS 3Rs received the "Quite Good" category in terms of compliance based on non-technical aspects where there are still components that are not in accordance with the referred regulations, namely PerMen PUPR No.03/2013 and Technical Instructions for TPS 3R Cipta Karya 2020.
Recapitulation of the suggested recommendations based on scoring on the parameters that still get sufficient and insufficient values at each TPS 3R, this is done to find out what things are inhibiting the two TPS 3R so that appropriate recommendations can be provided according to the needs at each TPS 3R, the recapitulation is presented in Table 4.13 and Table 4.14.
Table 4.13Recommendations for TPS 3R Babakansari
Aspect Mismatch Recommendation
TECHNICAL
Collection 1x daily dose
Collect 2x daily so that the waste can be properly sorted and processed.
The garbage that was transported was still mixed again by officers.
Conduct monitoring regarding the means of transport used so that there is a partition between organic and inorganic waste PeSort the trash
into only 2 types
Shouldconducting outreach to the community on the importance of sorting at the source so that the waste that...
Aspect Mismatch Recommendation
transported and if sorted can be sorted into other types of waste such as residue, B3 or waste with sales value
Processing is running only kompos
Make improvements to the biodigester
equipment so that the amount of waste transported to the landfill is not too large.
INSTITUTIONAL
Organizational structure which is incomplete so that the OS function does not work
according to its function
Do even distribution of tasks to overcome incompleteness members within the organization.
Conducting performance evaluations
functionality for
efficiency of retired HR
Lack of human resources
Conduct routine
monitoring at least once a month to determine the availability of human resources at each TPS 3R and hold special meetings to discuss human
resource needs at TPS 3R..
FINANCING Not keeping records every day
Always record your daily expenses/income so that your financial condition can be monitored properly and
financial transparency is necessary
carried out so that all administrators at TPS
Aspect Mismatch 3R Recommendation
know the condition
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
RT 4 and RT 7 do not make regular
contributions
Conduct outreach at the local RT or RW regarding routine contributions
The public is not active in providing opinions regarding the progress of TPS 3R
Maintain good relationships
with the local service community, one of which is being open to criticism and suggestions for progress at TPS 3R.
The small number of people who have carried out sorting
TPS 3R conducts outreach to the
community through the outreach section regarding the
importance of sorting at the source.
Source: Analysis Results, 2022
CHAPTER V CLOSING
5.1 Conclusion for TPS 3R Babakansari
Based on the results of the analysis and evaluation conducted at TPS 3R Babakansari, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The waste processing carried out at TPS 3R Babakansari is limited to composting, which results in a significant amount of waste still being transported to the landfill (TPA). This indicates that the current waste management practices are insufficient to effectively handle the waste generated in the area.
2. From the evaluation of existing conditions and the results of Likert scale calculations on technical aspects, TPS 3R Babakansari received a score of 67%, categorized as "Quite Good." This suggests that while the facility is functioning adequately, there are still components that need improvement to enhance its operational efficiency.
3. According to the evaluation results regarding the suitability of existing conditions in non-technical aspects, TPS 3R Babakansari received a "Quite Good" category for the suitability of non-technical aspects of TPS 3R. This indicates that the facility meets some criteria but requires further development in various areas.
5.2 Suggestions for TPS 3R Babakansari
Based on the evaluations conducted and the recommendations provided for improving waste management at TPS 3R Babakansari, the following suggestions can be made:
1. Regulatory Aspects: It is essential to formulate a policy at the sub-district level that mandates the obligation to pay routine monthly contributions for waste management services. This will ensure a steady funding stream for operations.
2. Technical Aspects: Waste sorting activities should be re-optimized to facilitate the subsequent waste processing process. This will increase the volume of waste that can be processed and reduce the amount transported to the TPA. Additionally, it is crucial to maintain the supporting facilities and infrastructure for waste management at TPS 3R.
3. Institutional Aspects: A review of the organizational structure at TPS 3R is necessary to ensure that no worker is responsible for more than one task, thereby improving efficiency and accountability in waste management operations.
4. Financial Aspects: Daily recording of financial transactions should be implemented to avoid miscommunication in the future regarding funds and contributions. This will help in maintaining transparency and accountability.
5. Community Participation: Counseling sessions should be provided for the community receiving waste services from TPS 3R, emphasizing the importance of sorting waste at the source. This will enhance overall waste management efforts and encourage community involvement in sustainable practices
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