Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development
EXECUTIVE EDITOR Prof Vidya Surwade
Associate Professor, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar, Medical College & Hospital, Rohinee, Delhi
INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
1. Dr. Abdul Rashid Khan B. Md Jagar Din, (Associate Professor) Department of Public Health Medicine, Penang Medical College, Penang, Malaysia 2. Dr. V Kumar (Consulting Physician)
Mount View Hospital, Las Vegas, USA 3. Basheer A. Al-Sum,
Botany and Microbiology Deptt, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
4. Dr. Ch Vijay Kumar (Associate Professor)
Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Buraimi, Oman 5. Dr. VMC Ramaswamy (Senior Lecturer)
Department of Pathology, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 6. Kartavya J. Vyas (Clinical Researcher)
Department of Deployment Health Research, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA (USA) 7. Prof. PK Pokharel (Community Medicine)
BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal
NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
1. Dr. Anju Ade (Associate Professor) Navodaya Medical College, Raichur,Karnataka
2. Dr. E. Venkata Rao (Associate Professor) Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.
3. Dr. Amit K. Singh (Associate Professor) Community Medicine, VCSG Govt. Medical College, Srinagar – Garhwal, Uttarakhand 4. Dr. R G Viveki (Associate Professor) Community Medicine,
Belgaum Institute of Medical Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka 5. Dr. Santosh Kumar Mulage (Assistant Professor)
Anatomy, Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences Raichur(RIMS), Karnataka 6. Dr. Gouri Ku. Padhy (Associate Professor) Community and Family
Medicine, AII India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur 7. Dr. Ritu Goyal (Associate Professor)
Anaesthesia, Sarswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Panchsheel Nagar 8. Dr. Anand Kalaskar (Associate Professor)
Microbiology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, AP 9. Dr. Md. Amirul Hassan (Associate Professor)
Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Ambedkar Nagar, UP 10. Dr. N. Girish (Associate Professor) Microbiology, VIMS&RC, Bangalore 11. Dr. BR Hungund (Associate Professor) Pathology, JNMC, Belgaum.
12. Dr. Sartaj Ahmad (Assistant Professor),
Medical Sociology, Department of Community Medicine, Swami Vivekananda Subharti University, Meerut,Uttar Pradesh, India
13. Dr Sumeeta Soni (Associate Professor)
Microbiology Department, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat,India
NATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
1. Prof. Sushanta Kumar Mishra (Community Medicine) GSL Medical College – Rajahmundry, Karnataka
2. Prof. D.K. Srivastava (Medical Biochemistry) Jamia Hamdard Medical College, New Delhi
3. Prof. M Sriharibabu (General Medicine) GSL Medical College, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh
4. Prof. Pankaj Datta (Principal & Prosthodentist) Indraprastha Dental College, Ghaziabad
NATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
5. Prof. Samarendra Mahapatro (Pediatrician) Hi-Tech Medical College, Bhubaneswar, Orissa
6. Dr. Abhiruchi Galhotra (Additional Professor) Community and Family Medicine, AII India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur
7. Prof. Deepti Pruthvi (Pathologist) SS Institute of Medical Sciences &
Research Center, Davangere, Karnataka 8. Prof. G S Meena (Director Professor)
Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi
9. Prof. Pradeep Khanna (Community Medicine) Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana 10. Dr. Sunil Mehra (Paediatrician & Executive Director)
MAMTA Health Institute of Mother & Child, New Delhi
11. Dr Shailendra Handu, Associate Professor, Phrma, DM (Pharma, PGI Chandigarh)
12. Dr. A.C. Dhariwal: Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Dte. DGHS, Ministry of Health Services, Govt. of India, Delhi
Print-ISSN: 0976-0245-Electronic-ISSN: 0976-5506, Frequency: Quarterly (Four issues per volume)
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development is a double blind peer reviewed international journal. It deals with all aspects of Public Health including Community Medicine, Public Health, Epidemiology, Occupational Health, Environmental Hazards, Clinical Research, and Public Health Laws and covers all medical specialties concerned with research and development for the masses. The journal strongly encourages reports of research carried out within Indian continent and South East Asia.
The journal has been assigned International Standards Serial Number (ISSN) and is indexed with Index Copernicus (Poland). It is also brought to notice that the journal is being covered by many international databases. The journal is covered by EBSCO (USA), Embase, EMCare & Scopus database.
The journal is now part of DST, CSIR, and UGC consortia.
Website : www.ijphrd.com
©All right reserved. The views and opinions expressed are of the authors and not of the Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. The journal does not guarantee directly or indirectly the quality or efcacy of any product or service featured in the advertisement in the journal, which are purely commercial.
Editor
Dr. R.K. Sharma Institute of Medico-legal Publications Logix Office Tower, Unit No. 1704, Logix City Centre Mall, Sector- 32, Noida - 201 301 (Uttar Pradesh) Printed, published and owned by
Dr. R.K. Sharma Institute of Medico-legal Publications Logix Office Tower, Unit No. 1704, Logix City Centre Mall, Sector- 32, Noida - 201 301 (Uttar Pradesh) Published at
Institute of Medico-legal Publications Logix Office Tower, Unit No. 1704, Logix City Centre Mall, Sector- 32, Noida - 201 301 (Uttar Pradesh)
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development
www.ijphrd.com CONTENTS
Volume 10, Number 2 February 2019
I
1. Comparative Evaluation of Different Tooth Taper and Its Influence on Retention of Metal Crowns Luted with Resin Cements”-An In Vitro Study ... 01 Pankaj Kulkarni, Veena Hegde, Lokendra Gupta
2. The Effect of Kitchen Table Exercise Program on Strength, Balance and Functional Mobility in Elderly Population ... 06 Kiran K Kamble, Smita B Kanase, Khushboo Bathia
3. Is Dietary Management is Essential for Gallbladder Diseases? A Review based on Available
Literature ... 11 Sahil George Lal, K. Chithra, Nageshwar V
4. Community Satisfaction Index as an Evaluation of Health Services Quality ... 14 Panjumi Khorida, Imas Sayyidati Hadidah, Nyoman Anita Damayanti
5. Examining Preconception Care Related to Knowledge among Reproductive Age Women: A Narrative Review ... 19 Nidhi Rao, M Hemalatha, Nageshwar V
6. Impact of Parental Stress on Body Mass Index of Children ... 24 Aditya Pareek, Uma Joshi
7. Utilisation of Janani Suraksha Yojana among Women in Urban and Rural Areas of Western Uttar Pradesh ... 30 Shalki Mattas, Bhawana Pant, Saurabh Sharma, Arvind Shukla
8. Comparison of Microleakage in Repairing Furcal Perforations in Biodentine with Cyanoacrylate and Biodenine Alone: an Invitro Study ... 36 Aditya Shetty, Anuj Varshney, Lakshmi Nidhi Rao, Mithra N Hegde, Tony Mathew,
Chitharanjan Shetty
9. Mental Health among High and Higher Secondary School Students ... 41 Nangaiyarkarasi S
10. Gender Gap in Literate Life Expectancy –A District-Wise Study in India ... 45 Barnali Thakuria
II
11. Evaluation of a Community Orientation Program for First Year Medical Undergraduate Students ... 50Suvetha Kanappan, Subhashini Ganesan, Sivan YS, Darshan Manoj
12. An Economic Analysis of Small Scale Industries in Pudukkottai District (Tamil Nadu) ... 57 S Sureshand, S Jasirani
13. Role of Microfinance and Women Empowerment in Madurai District, Tamil Nadu ... 62 S Thangamayan, S Suresh, B Chithirairajan
14. Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Menstrual Blood Banking ... 68 Jomon C U, Laveena Anitha Barboza, Linu Sara George
15. Nutritional and Sensory Evaluation of Moringa Oleifera Cookies ... 74 K Manivel
16. Occupational Health Hazards among IT Sector Women Employees in Tamil Nadu ... 80 B Chithirai Rajan, M Prabhakar Christopher David
17. Gender Preference and Awareness of PCPNDT Act among Rural Reproductive Age Group Women . 85 Rock Britto, M Srinivetha, G Sathvik, T Subashri, S Elango
18. Breast Feeding Literacy and Belief - A Community based Cross Sectional Study among Reproductive Age Group Women in Tamil Nadu ... 91 Neethu George, Meera George, Rock Britto D, Vinodhini, Varshitha Kutchre, Yogesh, S Elango
19. A Study on Implementation of Powdered Cottonseed and Oil on Bread ... 97 K Manivel
20. Phacoemulsification in Patients with Fuchs Heterochromic Iridocyclitis ... 103 Mukesh Singh Rajpoot, Pritee Chouhan, Rahul Bhargava, Anuj Chauhan, Shiv K Sharma
21. Emotional Impact of Diabetic Foot Ulcer ... 109 A Manjula, Prasannababy, S J Nalini, R Ramya
22. A Review of Epidemiology of Unintentional Injuries among Children in India ... 114 Alex Joseph, Dhasarathi Kumar, King David Edward
23. Study of Socio-Demographic Factors affecting Infant Feeding Practices in an Urban
Area of Punjab ... 119 Amanpreet Kaur, Jagdeep Singh, Harpreet Kaur, Harpreet Kaur, Priyanka Devgun
24. On the Structure of Infant Mortality using Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) Model: A Comparative Study based on National Family Health Survey (NFHS) Data in India ... 124 Anu Sirohi, Piyush Kant Rai
25. Retinal Degeneration Using Iris Image through Machine Learning ...133 D Nagarajan, R Sujatha, J Kavikumar, Chang Phang, M.Lathamaheswari
26. To Study the Frequency of Cystic and Solid Lesions among Solitary Thyroid Nodules ... 138 Dinesh Kumar Singh, Anju Singh, Paras Kharbanda
III
27. Prevalence of Pregnancy Associated Listerioisis in and around Puducherry, India ... 143Balamuruganvelu Singaravelu, Sreenivasalu Reddy V, Geethavani Babu, S Kamala Kannan
28. Dengue Cases Treated in Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar in Year 2016 ... 148 Harpreet Kaur, S L Mahajan
29. Mediating Effect of Social Support on Stress among Parents of Children with Intellectual
Disability ... 153 Deepak Pandey, Pushkar Dubey
30. Risk of HIV Infection among Tuberculosis Patients of Jaintia Tribes, Meghalaya ... 159 Arpita Mitra, Roumi Deb
31. Does ICT Influences Rural Government School Teachers Beliefs?-Exploring Teachers Opinion on Usage of ICT as Teaching and Learning Tool ... 163 S.Sudha
32. Evaluation of Levels of Gunas in Indian Athletes Using Prakriti Concept ... 168 Tarun Jain, Ritu Sharma, Abha Singh, Karuna Mehta
33. Effect of 8 Weeks Body-Weight Resistance Training on High-Normal Blood Pressure and Stage 1 Hypertension Subjects- Pilot Study to Validate the Protocol ... 175 Sonu Punia, Sivachidambaram Kulandaivelan
34. Management of Patient with Metabolic Encephalopathy – A Case Study ... 181 Ranjana Chavan, Manisha Vikrant Mistry
35. Multiple Massive Maxillary Exostoses – A Case Report with Complete Denture Rehabilitation ... 186 Ramesh Kumaresan, Balamanikandasrinivasan C,Priyadarshini Karthikeyan, Vini Rajeev
36. A Hybrid Ensemble Classification Approach to Determine the Impact of Asthma in Association with Gastro Esophageal Reflux Symptoms ... 191 K.Kasturi, S.Prasanna
37. Prevalence of Dysmenorrhea among Female Medical Students and its Impact on their Day to Day Activities ... 197 Preetha Paul, Arul Sekary, Kannan I
38. Factors Enhancing Academic Performance in Management Courses among Post Graduate Pupils’ of a Management Institution ... 203 M. Sankar, Sudha
39. Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin – Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Various Clinical Specimens in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital,
Pondicherry ... 208 P.Vamsi Muni Krishna, V.Sreenivasulu Reddy, V.Praveen Kumar, P.Suresh
IV
40. Effect of Retrowalking, a Non-Pharmacological Treatment on Pain, Disability, Balance and Gait inKnee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial ... 214 Shabnam Joshi, Shailendra Kumar Singh, Jaspreet Singh Vij
41. To Live or to Leave? – The Ethical Factors Influencing the Parsi Community’s Health ... 220 Shraddha Dhal
42. A Review on Plasma Glucose: Preventing Mongering of Madhumeha ... 224 Basavaraj S Hadapad, Anupama V. Nayak, Rajesh Kamath
43. Introduction of a Universal EMR Integrated Online Healthcare Management System Mobile App in Hospitals Throughout India and its Benefits to Patients, Hospitals and Governments ... 228 Basil Jacob, Rajesh Kamath
44. Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus- A Cross-Sectional Study ... 234 Kavitha E, Srikumar R
45. The Multiple Ways of Constructing the Overmind ... 240 Rajarethinam Emmanuel, S.N. Sugumar, S. Chandrachud, Chithirai Rajan,
M. Ramesh, Telu Suvarna
46. Are Soft Drinks Soft on Teeth? A Study on Dental Erosion Caused by Soft Drinks
Marketed in India ... 245 Prajna P. Nayak, Nishu Singla, K.V. V. Prasad, Nandita S Rao
47. Decentralized Internet of Things ... 251 Jafar A. Alzubi, J Selvakumar, Omar. A. Alzubi, R Manikandan
48. Self Reported Oral Pain and Dysfunctions Associated with Radiation Induced Oral Mucositis among Head and Neck Cancer Patients - A Prospective Observational Study ... 255 Prabha Lis Thomas, Harmeet Kaur, Karthik S. Rishi
49. A Comparative Evaluation of Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Methicillin Sensitive and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococccus Aureus Isolated from Clinical Specimens in a Tertiary Care Hospital ... 262 P.Vamsi Muni Krishna, V.Sreenivasulu Reddy, V.Praveen Kumar, P.Suresh
50. Efficient Approaches for Prediction of Brain Tumor using Machine Learning Techniques ... 267 Jafar A. Alzubi, Ambeshwar Kumar, Omar. A. Alzubi, R. Manikandan
51. Association between Socio-Demographic Variables and Alcohol Dependency among Alcoholics attending Alcohol Deaddiction Camp Held at Gundlupet, Karnataka, India ... 273 M.C. Smitha, M. P. Somashekar, Nagendra
V
52. Prescription Pattern of Antibiotics for Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Shah Alam,Malaysia ... 277 Kavitha Ashok Kumar, Mohammad Rafiq Bin Baderu Khisam, Ashok Kumar Jeppu
53. Re-Standardization Makassar Healthy City based on Local Needs ... 282 Sukri Palutturi, Muhammad Alwy Arifin, Nurhayani
54. The Effect of Progressive Muscle Relaxation in Reducing Fatigue among Nurses in
Mental Hospital ... 289 Rosinta Uli, Robiana Modjo
55. Situational Analysis of Career Choices among Indonesian Nurses Returnees ... 296 Ferry Efendi, Nursalam Nursalam, Elida Ulfiana, Rista Fauziningtyas
56. Analysis of Factors affecting Malnutrition among Elderly in Panti Werdha Mojopahit
Mojokerto ... 300 Arif Wicaksono; Muhammad Sajidin; Heri Tri Wibowo
57. The Development of the Vestibular Stability in Children Who are Engaged in Football Taking into Account their Nervous System ... 306 Georgy G Polevoy
58. Patterns of Mortality Caused by Natural Disasters and Human Development Level: A South Asian Analysis ... 312 Masum Billah, Pedro Arcos González,Rafael Castro Delgado
59. Isolation and Identification of the Fungi Associated with Mosquitos and Utilizing their Filtrates in the Biocontrol of Culex molestus Forskal ... 317 Maysaa Taqi Al-Khazali, Sarah Kadhim Al- Rahimy, Aseel Kariem Alsultany, Hawraa Hasan
Atiyah
60. Clinical and Molecular Profile of Patients with Breast Cancer in Tikrit Province ... 323 Ali Abbas Ali
61. Evaluation of “Sublay” and “Onlay” Mesh Hernioplasty Techniques of Ventral Hernial Repair ... 327 Ali Hussein Al-Tai
62. Estimated Analysis on Environmental Health Risk of 2.5 Micron Particulate Matter to Urban
Communities in South Jakarta ... 332 Alvia Hamastia, Ema Hermawati, Rina Marina, Ridcho Andrian
63. Effects of Multimicronutrient and IFA Supplementation in Preconception Period against Birth Length and Birth Weight: A Randomized, Double Blind Controlled Trial in Banggai Regency, Central
Sulawesi ... 338 Lucy Widasari, Maisuri T Chalid, Nurhaedar JafarAbdul Razak Thaha
64. The Effect of PM2.5 Exposure on Workers’ Enzymatic Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Concentration at a Ready-Mix Concrete Factory in 2018 ... 344 Aulia Fitriani, Umar Fahmi Achmadi, Budi Hartono Bambang Wispriyono, Doni Hikmat Ramdhan
65. Association between PM2.5 and Oxidative Stress Using Malondialdehyde Biomarker among Workers in a Concrete Batching Plant in 2018 ... 351 Ema Fiki Munaya, Umar Fahmi Achmadi, Budi Hartono, I Made Djaja, Doni Hikmat Ramdhan
66. Teachers as Promoters of Sex Education among Adolescents with Mental Retardation ... 357 Hestilia Nurul Ma’rifah, Evi Martha
67. Improper Use of Inhaler Technique in the Control of Asthma in Adult ... 363 Mustafa Neama, Hawaa Khalid Alwan
68. Ecological Studies of Certain Aphid Species and their Associated Predators on Wheat Plants at
Qadisiyah Distract, Iraq ... 370 Ahmed Shamkhi Jabbar, Saadoon Murad Sasdoon
69. Influence Bacterial Inoculant of Local Isolates of Azotobacter Vinelandii and Irrigation Water Quality on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ... 376 Ghanem Bahlool Nooni, Abdualla Kreem Jbar, Sofia Jabbar Jasim Al-Rikabi
70. Effect of Zinc Methionine on Some of the Productive Traits of Broilers ... 381 Abbas S.H. Al Machi, Jassim K. Al-Gharawi, Mousa A. Hassan Radhi A. Al-Ziadi
71. Topical Combination of Nifedipine with Lidocaine for Anal Fissure Treatment ... 387 Rasha Kadim Albayati, Adel Musa Al-Rekabi, Nahedh R. Alammar, Hayder Adnan Fawzi
72. Relationship between Diabetes Mellitus and Tuberculosis in Indonesia ... 392 Indriya Wardhani, Mondastri Korib Sudaryo
73. A Cross-secsional Study: Analysis Risk Factors against Pulmonary TB AFB Positive
in Indonesia ... 398 Ira Aminah Padang, Mondastri Korib Sudaryo
74. The Achievement of Ministry of Health Polytechnic Semarang as an Excellent Service University Upon Implementing a Decade of Internal Quality Assurance System ... 404 Lanny Sunarjo, Enik Sulistyowati, Triana Sri Hardjanti, Supriyadi
75. Snakehead Fish (Chana striata) Powder Formulation for Increasing Calorie and Protein Intake in Malnourished Children ... 409 Magdalena, Mahpolah, Ismi Rajiani
76. Spatial Analysis of Hypertension Risk Factors Incidence in South Kalimantan Province ... 414 Suroto, Mahdalena, Ismi Rajiani
77. Health Improvement after Childbirth with Traditional Snack Consumption ... 418 Serilaila, Betty Yosephin Simanjuntak, Lela Hartini, Mahpolah
78. Evaluation of Apelin, Periostin and Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase-5B in Ankylosing Spondylitis Male Patients According to their Disease Activity ... 423 Israa Abdelmalik Salem, Adnan F. Al-Najar, Abbas Toma Joda
VI
VII
79. Sleep Disturbances and Self-Management among Adolescents with Nocturnal Asthma in Al- NajafCity ... 429 Doaa Ghaleb Hadi Al- Abayechi, Fatima Wanas Khudair, Arafat Hussain AL-Dujaili
80. Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Anemia in Pregnant Women in the Work Area of Baraka Public Health Center, Enrekang District, South Sulawesi Indonesia ... 434 Kalma
81. Effect of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of Honey Bee Trigona spp on Streptococcus pyogenes ... 439 Ratih Dewi Dwiyanti, Yulia Tri Andini, Leka Lutpiatina
82. Study of Humeral Immune Response and Some of the Blood Variables in Mice Balb /c Treated with LPS of Klebsiella pneumoniae Antigen and Glycyrrhiza glabra Extract ... 445 Mohammed A Hamad, Najeeb Mohammed Hussein Omar I. Aljumaili
83. Spore-Forming Bacteria in Honey ... 450 Leka Lutpiatina, Gita Indah Febriani, Emalia Kubarti, Ratih Dewi Dwiyanti
84. Comparison of CT, MRI, and Diffusion–Weight MRI in Differentiation Cystic Brain Tumors
(Prospective Study) ... 456 Hassan Falah Al-Khafaji, Kassim A. H. Taj-Aldean
85. Health Literacy as a Risk Predictor of Cardiovascular Diseases among Informal Sector Worker in Makassar City ... 462 Novita Medyati, Ridwan Amiruddin, Arsunan, A.A, Muhammad Syafar, Saifuddin Sirajuddin,
Risnah
86. Evaluation and Strategic Planning of Playground for Kids to Reduce the Accident
Risk (Case Study in Immanuel Kindergarten Batu City) ... 467 Qomariyatus Sholihah, Sylvie Indah Kartika Sari, Vania Putri Pramuditha,
Herlambang Dwi Prayoga, Aprizal Satria Hanafi
87. Correlation Tuberculosis Drugs Treatment Phase with SGPT/Bilirubin Total Level and Correlation both of the Enzymes from TB Patients ... 473 Anny Thuraidah, Jihan Rahmah Naily, Nadiya Uswatun Hasanah, Leka Lutpiatina
88. An Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Workers’ Ambient Exposure to Particulate Matter of 2.5 Microns or Less at a Concrete Batching Plant ... 479 Katania Rosela Putri, Umar Fahmi Achmadi, Ririn Arminsih, Doni Hikmat Ramdhan
89. RAPD Identification of Bacteria Isolated from Arm Third Degree Burn Wound ... 485 Hanan Sami Nouri
90. The Impact of Social Media in Improving Patient’s Mental Image Towards Healthcare Provided by Private Hospitals’ in Amman/Jordan ... 491 Mahmood Al-Samydai, Ali Al-kholaifeh, Ali Al-Samydai
91. Sequencing of the Exon 17 C/T, Intron 3 and Intron 8 in INSR (Insulin Receptor Gene) to
Identification New SNPs in Iraqi Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) ... 497 Noor H. Mohammad, Abdul Kareem A. AL-Kazaz
92. Factors Influencing Woman Behavior to Visit Dental Clinic to Improve their Smile ... 504 Rudaina Othman Yousif, Mahmood Jasim Al-samydai
93. CD4+ Cell Impacts of Orally Red Fruit (Pandanus conoideus) Oil Extract in HIV Patients with Antiretroviral Therapy ... 510 Titus Tambaip, Marni Br Karo, Rosdiana Natzir, Maria Bintang, Andi Asadul Islam, Wa Ode Salma, Mochammad Hatta
94. Effect of Iron Overload on Some Physiological and Biochemical Variables in Immature
Female Rats ... 515 Wasan S. Sarhan, Raouf M. Fadhil, Alyaa S. Jawad
95. Assessment of Learning Disabilities among Deaf Adolescent ... 520 Wameedh Hamid Shaker
96. Evaluation of Drug Management Information System to Improve Quality and Users Satisfaction:
Case Study at a Primary Health Center ... 525 Rico Kurniawan, Popy Yuniar, Tris Eryando, Kenji Fadlin Azimi, Retnowati, Devi Maryori
97. Analysis of Risk Factors for Changing Conversion of Pulmonary Tuberculosis AFB Positive Patients in the Intensive Phase, Makassar City, Indonesia ... 531 Ummi Kalsum Supardi, Mondastri Korib Sudaryo,Ida Leida. M. Thaha
98. Therapy Role of Camel Milk to the Treatment for Hepatitis Mice Which Induces via Listeria
Monocytogenes ... 537 Shereen Hussein Ameen, Azeez Khalid Hameed
99. Physical Activity: Mine Workers’ Behavior Related With Metabolic Syndrome ... 543 Dwi Okta Rizkiani, Robiana Modjo
100. Correlation Analysis of Sleep Duration, Dietary Habits, Physical Activity and Knowledge with Blood Pressure on Engineering Workers, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) ... 549 Wardatul Hamro, Robiana Modjo
101. Phenotypic and Molecular Study of mecA Gene in MRSA Isolated from Clinical Cases in Misan Province /Iraq ... 553 Zahid S. Aziz, Marwa A. Hassan
102. A Solution for Nosocomial Infection in Healthcare Facilities ... 559 Yasaman Parsia, Puteri Fadzline Mohamad Tamyez
103. Quality of Life Determination among Hemophiliac Children ... 564 Wameedh Hamid Shaker, Mohmmed Baqer Hassan, Ibrahim ALwan Kadhim Al-Ashour
104. Sensitivity and Specificity of Linear Gingival Erythema as Immune Suppression Marker in Pediatric HIV-infected at UPIPI Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia ... 572 Mario Powa Mensana, Alexander Patera Nugraha, Diah Savitri Ernawati, Bagus Soebadi,
Erwin Asta Triyono, Dominicus Husada, Remita Adya Prasetyo
VIII
105. Maternal Mortality with Panel Regression Approach Model based on Maternal and Child Health Revolution Program or ETC Performance Indicators at Nusa Tenggara Timur Province
Indonesia ... 578 Yuanita Clara Rogaleli, Irfan, Kuntoro
106. Role of microRNA-423 Gene Variation in Women at Higher Risk of Breast Cancer in Tabuk of Saudi Arabia ... 584 Rashid Mir,Ibrahim Abdullah Al Balawi, FMAbu-Duhier
107. The Susceptibility of Aedes Aegypti to Cypermethrin Used in Vector Control Programs of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ... 590 Asep Tata Gunawan, Arif Widyanto, Hari Rudijanto IW, Sugeng Abdullah, Wibowo Ady Sapta, Ahmad Fikri, Ismi Rajiani
108. Effectiveness of Hand Hygiene Training by Kirkpatrick Model ... 595 Widayanti
109. Quantitative Risk Assesment of Crystalline Silica Exposure in Ceramics Industry ... 601 Moch.Sahri, Abdul Rohim Tualeka, Noeroel Widajati
110. Central Obesity as a Risk Factor for Hypertension in Women : in Bogor District ... 605 Melly Kristanti, Helda
111. Health Promoting Lifestyle and its Associated Factors among Private University Students in Shah Alam, Selangor ... 611 Wan Nurul Fatini Syazwanie Wan Mohd Nazri, Hasanain Faisal Ghazi, Maged Elnajeh
112. Why Don’t Couples Use the Contraceptive That’s Best for Them? Social Determinants of Long Acting and Permanent Contraceptive Method Use in Indonesia ... 617 Rita Damayanti, Hoirun Nisa, Iwan Ariawan, Christiana Titaley, Dini Dachlia, Yunita Wahyuningrum, Douglas Storey
IX
An Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Workers’
Ambient Exposure to Particulate Matter of 2.5 Microns or Less at a Concrete Batching Plant
Katania Rosela Putri1, Umar Fahmi Achmadi1, Ririn Arminsih1, Doni Hikmat Ramdhan2
1Dept. of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia,
2Dept. of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Background. Workers in the concrete industry can be negatively affected by exposure to particulate matter.
Particulate matter that is 2.5 microns in width or less (PM2.5) is one of the most dangerous air pollutants because it can be inhaled into the lungs and enter the bloodstream. Objective. This research analyzed workers’ health risks due to inhalation exposure to PM2.5 in at a concrete batching plant. Materials &
Method. The risk was calculated using an environmental health risk assessment method to determine the value of the risk quotient (RQ). The RQ was obtained by dividing the body exposure intake by the reference concentration. If the value of RQ>1, then risk management is necessary. This study calculated the risk of PM2.5 exposure for 59 workers. Samples were collected at 4 points in the plant for 1 hour using a high- volume air sampler; each point was sampled 2 times, once during the day and once at night. Results. The average concentration of PM2.5 was 120 mg/m3 that means the concentration was above the quality standard.
The calculation shows that PM2.5 is risky to workers in life time duration (25 years) with the average yield at least for the next 9 years because reach RQ=1,096. Thus, risk management is required for the next 25 years by reducing PM2.5 concentration.
KEYWORDS: PM2.5, Concrete Batching Plant, Environmental Health Risk Assessment
Corresponding Author:
Umar Fahmi Achmadi, Prof, dr, M.Ph,PhD Professor in Environmental Health Study, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia 16424 Depok, Indonesia. Tel: (+62) 217863579 ; Fax: 7863479 e-mail: [email protected], Mobile : +62816815794
BACKGROUND
Fine particle or PM2.5 is one indicator of air pollution.
Particulate matter consists of a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic substances suspended in the air.20, 23 Tracheobronchial penetration of PM is related to particle size and efficiency of the lung defense mechanism12, 21 Particles smaller than 10 micron cause larger problem, because these particles can enter the lungs and then enter the alveoli into the bloodstream7 Exposure of PM2.5 can cause acute and chronic effects11,
18 WHO estimates that around 7 million people die every year from exposure to fine particles in polluted air that
penetrate deep into the lungs and cardiovascular system, causing diseases including stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and respiratory infections, including pneumonia13, 26 These fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and then irritate and damage alveolar wall, it will interfere lung function which clinically causes coughing, shortness of breath, and increased risk of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated with impaired lung function9, 16
The source of PM2.5 pollution from industrial activities are usually comes from mining activities, factory chimneys, burning products and the cement industries4 Batching Plant is a factory that ready mix concrete in accordance with the mix design that is ordered by the contractor who is doing construction19 Ready mix concrete basically consists of water, cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Ready mix concrete components include calcium, silica, aluminum,
DOI Number: 10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00337.1
480 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, February 2019, Vol. 10, No. 2 magnesium, iron oxide and sulfur dioxide compounds
along with fly ash, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and admixture. These materials are source of PM2.5 pollution5, 15
The objective of this study was to assess the level of non-carcinogenic health risks caused by workers’
inhalation exposure to PM2.5 in ambient air at a concrete batching plant. The ultimate goal was to formulate a risk management recommendation. Previous environmental health risk assessments (EHRAs) have been conducted to pinpoint where PM2.5 exposure affects people working in the cement industry, and they have said that the most considerable risk is in areas closest to pollutant sources3
MATERIALS AND METHOD
The method used in this study is the EHRA, which consists of several steps: (1) hazard identification, (2) exposure assessment, (3) dose-response analysis, and (4) risk characterization14, 17. Two kinds of samples were used as variables in the risk assessment. The first sampling technique is interviewed workers to know the activity and antrhopometric chracteristics. The second technique was the use of a high-volume air sampler to measure the PM2.5 concentrations in the ambient air at the batching plant. The short-term sampling method was used in which samples are collected for 1 hour. The research sample consisted of 59 workers as respondents while the criteria for including each respondent were as follows: (1) a permanent worker in the plant, (2) 18- 55 years old when the samples were taken, and (3) a worker in an outdoor area. PM2.5 samples were taken at 4 points in outdoor areas and were collected 2 times at each location, once during the day and once at night. The
chronic daily intake (CDI) of PM2.5 was calculated using the following equation14 :
Where:
CDI = Chronic Daily Intake (mg/kg/day), C = Concentration of risk agent (mg/L for drinking water and mg/kg for food),
R = Rate of intake or consumption (L/day for drinking water and kg/day for food),
tE = Time of exposure (hours/day),
fE = Frequency of annual exposure (day/year), Dt = Duration of exposure, year (real time or projection, 30 years for residential default value),
Wb = Weight (kg),
tavg = Average time period (Dt x 365 days per year for non-carcinogenic substances, 70 years x 365 days per year for carcinogenic substances).
Estimation of the level of health risks derived from calculations using Risk Quotient (RQ) is calculated through the equation14 :
CDI = Intake (mg/kg/day)
RfC = Reference Concentration (mg/kg/day) RESULT
Hazard Identification. The risk agent in this study is the exposure of PM2.5 toward respiration of human body.
The highest concentration location for PM2.5 exposure is located in the stockpile area during the morning shift which is 137.2μg/m3, and the lowest is in the silo and parking lot during the morning shift which is 107.5μg/
m3. The average concentration per day of PM2.5 is 120μg/
m3 (Table 1).
Table 1. Concentration of PM2.5 on 4 points in Batching Plant
No. Location Measurement Time Concentration (µg/m3) Average concentration perday (µg/m3)
1 Stockpile Area 09.15-10.15 137,2
129,05
21.10-22.10 120.9
2 Central Mix & Conveyor 14.40-15.40 133,5
117,45
20.00-21.00 101,4
3 Lab, Workshop, & Waste Treatment
11.10-12.10 114,4
113,35
21.10-22.10 112,3
4 Silo & Parking Lot 15.00-16.00 107,5
120,3
20.00-21.00 133,1
Total 120
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, February 2019, Vol. 10, No. 2 481
Exposure Assessment. Weight measurement and worker activity patterns aim to determine PM2.5 exposure to workers in the Batching Plant. Variables that need to be known from the worker activity to calculate the intake are in Table 3. The Frequency of Exposure (fE) aims to find out the number of working days of workers for one year. Every worker has a 12-day leave per year.
The working day of workers in outdoor is 9 per 10 days, so the working days per year multiplied by 365 days is 329 days/year, then minus the days of leave, so total frequency of exposure is 317 days/year.
The duration of Real Time Exposure is based on the actual time conditions of all respondents, but workers can work in the Batching Plant until their retirement and are constantly exposed to PM2.5 exposure. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the Duration of Life Time Exposure (Dtlifetime) with an EPA default value for industry which is 25 year8.
The average time period (tavg) is the average time of year the workers working at the Batching Plant. To find out the value by calculating the duration of exposure multiplied by the number of days per year which is 365
days/year for non-carcinogenic exposure (Dt × 365 days/
years for non-carcinogenic substances). The calculation is:
Tavg = Dt × 365 days/year Tavg = 25 year x 365 days/year Tavg = 9.125 days/year
Based on the results of the data retrieval, it was found that these Batching Plants have a concentration of PM2.5 of 0.12mg/m3 with the average body weight of the worker 66.83kg and the inhalation rate 0.64m3/hour, based on the activity pattern of working for 12 hours per day for 317 days per year with the average worker working for 2 years (Table 2), based on the calculation of the formula for the intake value which is 0.0016 mg/
kg/day. The calculation is an actual duration of work (Dtreal time) of the workers. Because the company will continue to operate and the workers should work until their retirement, it is also necessary to calculate the life time intake (Dtlife time) which is 25 years for the industry6 The calculation of lifetime intake produces a value of 0.0124 mg/kg/day.
Table 2. Distribution of Anthropometry and Activity Patter of Respondent
Variables Mean Median Min Max Normality Test
Age (year) 33,83 33 20 53 Normal
Weight (Kg)
Inhalation Rate (m3/day) Time of Exposure (hour/day) Duration of Exposure Real time (year)
66,83 0,6361 12,2669 3,3153
65,00 0,63 12,5 2
41 0,53 9 3 month
101 0,73 15 16
Normal Normal Normal Abnormal
Dose-Response Analysis. The purpose of the Dose-Response Analysis in this study is to calculate the Reference Concentration (RfC) with the intake calculation and the value in safe limits that do not cause detrimental effects on workers. The calculation value of RfC is .
Risk Quotient. The Risk characterization is calculated to determine the level of risk for workers exposed to PM2.5. If the value is RQ <1 then exposure is not risky, whereas if the value is RQ> 1 it is considered risky exposure. The calculation of the total risk of
Batching Plant with real time duration using the same equation produces RQ = 0.412 meaning that PM2.5 exposure is not at risk in the Batching Plant with real time exposure duration. Based on the calculation of the life time duration, the risk has begun since the worker has worked for 9 years because the value of RQ> 1 is equal to 1.096. (Table 3). The result of RQ value shows risk, then the exposure with the life time duration requires risk management.
482 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, February 2019, Vol. 10, No. 2 Table 3. Risk Projection
2 years 5 years 9 years 15 years 20 years 25 years
0,412 0,609 1,096 1,826 2,435 3,044
DISCUSSION
The calculation of environmental health risk assessment of PM2.5 exposure to Batching Plant workers shows that PM2.5 is not a risk to workers for the duration of real time exposure, but it is risky to workers in the duration of lifetime exposure. Data regarding worker characteristics, anthropometric factors, and activity patterns are required to determine the amount of risk that individuals are exposed to at certain PM2.5 concentrations. The results of the univariate analysis regarding the characteristics of respondents show that the average age of workers at the Batching Plant is 34 years old. Based on the research about the association between PM2.5 exposure and impaired lung function, the human respiratory system stalls to 80% in late adolescence, which is 18 years old for women and 20 years old for men. During its development, the lungs can experience modification and damage that are at risk for experiencing respiratory diseases during adulthood.
After achieving optimal lung function, the advancing age will affect the decline in lung function to reach 28 ml per year. Thus, the advancing age will increase the risk of respiratory health10
The average concentration (C) of PM2.5 at the Batching Plant in 4 sampling points during days and nights is 120 μg/m3. The measurement results show that in every point of sampling the concentration of PM2.5 passes the limit value. The permissible concentration of PM2.5 within 24 hours according to several regulations such as the Indonesian Government Regulation number 41 of 1999 is 65 μg/m3; on the other hand, according to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards - US EPA8, it is 35 μg/m3, and according to WHO air quality guidelines25, it is 25 μg/m3. The measured concentration exceeds the quality standard, meaning that the exposure is dangerous for humans and the environment. The highest concentration is in the stockpile area with the measurements during morning shift of 137.2 μg/m3. Stockpile is a place to store coarse aggregate (gravel) and fine aggregate (sand). Much particulate dust spreads when the aggregate is blown away by the wind because
it is placed in an open space. The aggregate transfer to the Load-In Hopper uses Wheel Loaders, the movement of Wheel Loader tires and the smoke of the vehicle can also spread particulate dust. These things allow high concentration of PM2.5 in the air2, 22
This study uses calculation done individually and on the average of RQ value at Batching Plant. The calculation of the Batching Plant area with real time exposure duration does not indicate any risk, but the duration of life time exposure shows that health risk will start from the duration of work for 9 years. Therefore, risk management is necessary. Risk management is carried out on the duration of life time exposure due to RQ >
1. Risk management planning can be done in arithmetic calculation of intake with various modifications. What can be done is to do risk management to reduce PM2.5 concentration.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion of this study is that the average concentration of PM2.5 at Batching Plant pass the limit value based on The Indonesian Government Regulation number 41 of 1999, The National Ambient Air Quality Standards, and WHO air quality guidelines. The average calculation of risk with real time duration is not treacherous because RQ=0,412. But, the calculation shows that PM2.5 is risky to workers in life time duration (25 years) with the average yield at least for the next 9 years because reach RQ=1,096. Therefore, risk management can be done by reducing the PM2.5 concentration.
Acknowledgements: This study was supported by Universitas Indonesia through PITTA grant number 2210/UN.2.R3.1/HKP.05.00/2018. We are grateful to all research subjects and the management team of the concrete batching plant.
Ethical Approval: This research number of the ethical approval from the Ethical Research Committee is 280/UN2.F10/PPM.00.02/2018 dated April 6th 2018.
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, February 2019, Vol. 10, No. 2 483
Conflict of Interest: There is no conflict of interest for this research.
REFERENCES
1. Ambient Air Pollution: A Global Assessment for Exposure and Burden of Disease. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO); 2016.
2. Araújo IPS, Costa DB, Moraes RJB De.
Identification and Characterization of Particulate Matter Concentrations at Construction Jobsites.
Sustainability [Internet]. 2014;6:7666–88. Available from: www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
3. Bio FY, Sadhra S, Jackson C, Burge PS.
RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS AND LUNG FUNCTION IMPAIRMENT IN UNDERGROUND GOLD MINERS IN GHANA. GHANA Med J.
2007;41(2):38–47.
4. Chellam S, Kulkarni P, Fraser MP, Fraser MP.
Emissions of Organic Compounds and Trace Metals in Fine Particulate Matter from Motor Vehicles : A Tunnel Study in Houston , Texas Emissions of Organic Compounds and Trace Metals in Fine Particulate Matter from Motor Vehicles : A Tunnel Study in Houston ,. J Air Waste Manage Assoc [Internet]. 2011;2247. Available from: http://www.
tandfonline.com/loi/uawm20
5. Environment Protection Authority (EPA).
ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE CONCRETE BATCHING INDUSTRY. Melbourne Victoria: 1998.
6. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Exposure Factors Handbook. 2011.
7. Environment Protection Authority (EPA). Health and Environmental Effects of Partuculate Matter (PM). [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2017 Dec 29]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/health- and-environmental-effects-particulate-matter-pm 8. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). National
Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter; Final Rule. 2006.
9. Haikerwal A, Akram M, Smith K, Sim MR, Meyer M, Tonkin AM, et al. Impact of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Exposure During Wildfires on Cardiovascular Health Outcomes. J Am Hear Assoc [Internet]. 2007;1–11.
10. Hastiti LR. PAJANAN PM 2 , 5 DAN GANGGUAN
FUNGSI PARU SERTA KADAR PROFIL LIPID DARAH ( HDL , LDL , KOLESTEROL TOTAL , TRIGLISERIDA ) PADA KARYAWAN PT X , KALIMANTAN SELATAN TAHUN 2012. J Kesehat Masy Univ Indones. 2013;
11. Hu G, Zhong N, Ran P. Air pollution and COPD in China. J Thorac Dis. 2015;7(1):59–66.
12. Jang A. Particulate Air Pollutants and Respiratory Diseases. In: intech. 2012.
13. Krewski D, Burnett RT, Goldberg MS, Hoover BK, Consultants H, Siemiatycki J, Jerrett M, et al.
OVERVIEW OF THE REANALYSIS OF THE HARVARD SIX CITIES STUDY AND AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY STUDY OF PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION AND MORTALITY Daniel Krewski Michal Abrahamowicz The reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study ( Dockery et al ., 1993 ) and the Ame. J Toxicol Environ Health. 2003;Part A(66):1507–51.
14. Louvar JF, Louvar DB. Health and Environmental Risk Analysis: Fundamental with Applications. 2nd ed. USA: Prentice hall PTR; 1998.
15. Murthy NRD, Ramaseshu D, Rao MVS, Engineering DC. STUDIES ON FLY ASH CONCRETE UNDER SULPHATE ATTACK IN ORDINARY , STANDARD AND HIGHER GRADES AT EARLIER AGES. ASIAN J Civ Eng (BUILDING HOUSING). 2007;8(2):203–14.
16. Paulin L, Hansel N. Particulate air pollution and impaired lung function [ version 1 ; referees : 3 approved ] Referee Status : In: F1000Research.
2016. p. 1–9.
17. Rahman A. Prinsip Dasar, Metode, dan Aplikasi Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan. Depok:
Universitas Indonesia; 2017.
18. Shi L, Zanobetti A, Kloog I, Coull BA, Koutrakis P, Melly SJ, et al. Low-Concentration PM2.5 and Mortality: Estimating Acute and Chronic Effects in a Population-Based Study. Environ Health Perspect.
2016;(1):46–52.
19. Titan America. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET for Ready-Mix Concrete. 2001. p. 1–4.
20. Upadhyay S, Ganguly K, Stoeger T. INHALED AMBIENT PARTICULATE MATTER AND. Eur Med J. 2014;(October):88–95.
21. Wang C, Tu Y, Yu Z, Lu R. PM 2 . 5 and Cardiovascular
484 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, February 2019, Vol. 10, No. 2 Diseases in the Elderly : An Overview. Int J Environ
Res Public Health [Internet]. 2015;12:8187–97.
Available from: www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph 22. Wang J, Ogawa S. Effects of Meteorological
Conditions on PM 2 . 5 Concentrations in. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2015;9089–
101. Available from: www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph 23. World Health Organization (WHO). Ambient Air
Pollution: A Global Assessment for Exposure and Burden of Disease. Geneva. 2016.
24. World Health Organization (WHO). CLIMATE AND HEALTH COUNTRY PROFILE – 2015 INDONESIA.; 2015. 1-8 p.
25. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Geneva; 2005.
RAPD Identification of Bacteria Isolated from Arm Third Degree Burn Wound
Hanan Sami Nouri
Dept. of Basic Nursing Sciences, College of Nursing / Mosul University, Iraq ABSTRACT
This study aims to isolate different types of bacteria from the wounds of the third degree burns in the forearm area and to define those types at the morphological level and using the RAPD-PCR technique. And study the sensitivity of isolated species towards certain types of antibiotics traded. 35 swabs of third-degree burns were collected in the forearm area of 35 patients. 12 species of bacteria were isolated and purified from those swabs. The necessary tariff tests were carried out.
The isolated bacteria were identified as morphology and the result was the following: Bacillus sp, Enterobacter sp, E.Coli sp, Klebseilla sp , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MRStaphylococcus aureus. Seven antibiotics;
amoxicillin , Cefaclor, ampicillin , amoxicillin/clavulonic acid , Ciprofloxacin , Imepenim and Vancomycin were tested to identify the isolates of the isolated bacteria. DNA was extracted from isolates. The RAPD- PCR method was applied to DNA extracts according to a standard method using 3 primers. This technique resulted in repeated trip patterns used for genetic differentiation. The phylogeny tree in Figure 2 obtained from statistical analysis of the RAPD-PCR band pattern of 12 bacterial isolates using three RAPD primer shows that there are only two main groups branched from one ancestor at linkage distance 16%. One of these groups contains isolate number 10, while the other group contains isolate no.12 and branched at linkage distance 15% to other two sub groups one of them contains isolates 1, 11 while the other group contains the other remaining 8 isolates. The study showed different types of infectious bacteria according to the age of the injured and the causes of injury, which is worth studying on a larger scale.
Keywords: third degree burn; infection; bacteria; identification; RAPD-PCR; sensitivity
Corresponding author:
Hanan Sami Nouri
Dept. of Basic Nursing Sciences, College of Nursing / Mosul University, Iraq
INTRODUCTION
The skin is the first line of the immune system of the body as well as containing nerve cells to do the sensory function.[1, 2] Burns are one of the most common home injuries, especially in children. Burns are not limited to the pain and biting sensation, but can cause severe damage to skin and skin, causing skin cells to die in the affected area.[3] Although severe burns may require emergency measures to prevent complications, burns are often recovered without complications, taking into account the degree of incineration and the cause[4, 5].
Burns are divided into three main types depending on the degree of damage to the skin and skin; first-degree burns, mildest damage, second-degree burns and third- degree burns, the most severe type of burns [5] .
The immune response changes after the injury burns, especially the third degree, where the first defense wall of the body drops and inhibits immunity and less efficiency. The burns of the third degree on the largest proportion of the enemy and whenever the destruction of the skin on a large scale, the greater the cases of infection [4, 6] .
RAPD reactions are PCR reactions, using a small- size primer that can be randomly attached to multiple DNA sequences in the bacterial genome and the creation of repeated autopsy patterns that are used in genetic differentiation[7]. If there is a mutation in the DNA template at the site that was previously a supplement to
DOI Number: 10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00338.3
486 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, February 2019, Vol. 10, No. 2 the paint, a PCR product will not be produced, resulting
in a different pattern of the DNA parts that are inflated on the gel. The other difference between this method and ordinary PCR is the use of two different temperatures.
Because bacteria are the main cause of nosocomial infection, especially in patients with burns[6].
The aim of this study was to determine the genetic pattern of RAPD from strains of isolated bacteria from burn patients to characterize their genetic diversity.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
The 35 sterile swabs samples were collected from burned arms at --- hospital after having a signed agreement form of the patient’s family.
Samples were properly labeled with patients Name, Age, and Gender. The samples then were processed at the laboratory.
We used 3 different media to cultivate the isolated bacteria; Nutrient agar, Blood agar, and MacConkey’s agar with the addition of antifungal agent like azole .The media was autoclaved for 15 minutes at 121°C.
Streaking of the samples on the plate were done in three plates each with one of the previously mentioned media and incubated for 48 hours on 37° C.
The colonies that appeared on the plates were sub cultured and purified. The pure colonies obtained from the sub culturing and purification process were numbered and labeled.
Morphological and biochemical identification of the purified isolates were performed[4]. Table 1 summurize the biochemical tests used to identify the bacterial isolates. Table 2 shows the list of antibodies used in identification of the bacterial shambles.
Table 1 the biochemical tests used to identify the bacterial isolates.
Bacillus sp Enterobacter
sp E.Coli sp Klebseilla sp Pseudomonas
aeruginosa MRStaphylo- coccus aureus
Catalase test + + - + + +
Oxidase test + + - + + +
Eg coagulase - - + - - +
Litmus milk decolorization
test - + - + - -
IMVIC + + - + + +
Table 2 the list of antibodies used in identification of the bacterial shambles.
amoxicillin Cefaclor ampicillin Amoxicillin
clavulonic acid Ciprofloxacin Imepenim Vancomycin
Bacillus sp S R S R S S S
Enterobacter
sp R S R S S R S
E.Coli sp S R S S R R S
Klebseilla sp R S R R S S S
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa S S R R S S R
MRStaphylo-
coccus aureus R R S S R R R
DNA extraction
. From a bacterial suspension 200 ml was used in genomic DNA extraction using DNA extraction kit (Bio-Rad , USA).
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, February 2019, Vol. 10, No. 2 487
RAPD-PCR reaction
DNA amplification was performed on a thermo cycler (Bio Rad, USA) in a final volume of 25 µL containing 21µL of master mix (thermo, usa ), 2.5 µL of 50 mM primer and1.5 µL genomic DNA .list of primers used in this study as following : primer 1 (3 - AGCGGGCCAA- 5), primer 2(3-GCGCGATCTGGTTCACTCG-5), primer 3 (3- CAGTGAAAATTCACTGGCAAC-5). [8].
The cycling conditions were as follows: initial denaturation at 96 8C for 2 min followed by 3 cycles of denaturation at 94 8C for 1 min, annealing at 36 8C for 2 min, extension at 72 8C for 2 min and 29 more cycles of denaturation at 94 8C for 1 min, annealing at 58 8C for 1 min, extension at 72 8C for 1 min and a final extension at 72 8C for 5 min[8].
The RAPD-PCR products were loaded on a 1.5%
(w/vol) agarose gel with 0.5 mg/ml of Ethidium bromide, and were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and banding patterns were observed in Gel-Documentation system
(Uvitec, UK). A 1 kilobase DNA ladder (Fermentas, Canada) was used as a molecular size standard. The RAPD fingerprints were analyzed and genotypes were assigned on the basis of number and weight of band differences. Each reaction was repeated at least three times for reproducibility. The minor non reproducible reactions were excluded from the study.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After infection with third degree burns is a critical condition to affect the immune system. Topical antibiotics are used intravenously to prevent and treat infection. The collected samples were divided into groups according to type and by age and then by isolated bacterial species after their morphological and biochemical identification.
This result was recorded in Table 4. The males and females were eliminated 51.5% and 48.5%, respectively.
The majority of the studied samples were of the age of 25-45 years by 60.1%. The most common cause of the eye injury was the incidence of burns as a result of edible oil by 42.9%.
Table3. statistical analysis of the patients data
No percentage Types of bacteria isolated Sex
male 18 51.5% Enterobacter, E.Coli, Klebseilla, Bacillus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Female 17 48.5% Enterobacter, E.Coli, Klebseilla, Bacillus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Age
1-10 5 14.2% E.Coli, Bacillus, Enterobacter 10-25 9 25.7% Klebseilla, Enterobacter, Bacillus
25-45 21 60.1% Staphylococcus, E.Coli, Enterobacter , Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Couse of burn
Direct fire 8 22.8% Klebseilla, Enterobacter, Bacillus Hot water 10 28.5% E.Coli, Bacillus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cooking oil 15 42.9% Staphylococcus, E.Coli, Enterobacter
Electricity 2 5.8% E.coli , Klebsella
488 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, February 2019, Vol. 10, No. 2 The results of the current study showed the presence
of infection in burns of the third degree in the forearm.
These results are consistent with the study conducted by[6], which investigated the association of microbes with burn patients . In 2004, isolated a number of different bacterial isolates from post-burn infection, including S. aureus, epidermis and klebsiella [2, 9]. These results are concise with our study, which isolated us by eight different types of bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, klebseilla, E.coli, epidermis, Enterobacter, and bacillus. Adeyemiet al; in 2006, it was reported that most severe burns were due to the association of pseudo-auregenousa, klebseilla, staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Staphylococcus epidermis. [3, 10]The present study agrees with the previous researcher. It is also in line with research conducted by [10-12]. The results of our study are consistent with the results[7] . The causes of this high frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsella may be present in abundance in the air, and can remain within the waste range of environmental conditions and show resistance against a number of
antibiotics. The current research work is also consistent with reports[13, 14]. It is well documented that children 1-15 years of age are more likely to have burns[14]. The results of our study showed that the highest percentage of burn injuries in the age group 25-45 years were recorded 60% followed by age group. These results are consistent with the research work of [13, 15].
The 12 bacterial isolates were tested on molecular levels by DNA fingerprinting with random primers (RAPD) (figure 1). The RAPD analysis data of these bacterial isolates can be used for further molecular identification using 18srRNA sequence. The phylogeny tree in Figure 2 obtained from statistical analysis of the RAPD-PCR band pattern of 12 bacterial isolates using three RAPD primer (Figure 2) shows that there are only two main groups branched from one ancestor at linkage distance 16%. One of these groups contains isolate number 10, while the other group contains isolate no.12 and branched at linkage distance 15% to other two sub groups one of them contains isolates 1, 11 while the other group contains the other remaining 8 isolates.
Figure 1 – RAPD-PCR fingerprints of 12 isolates from burn patients A: using primer1 B: using primer2 C: using primer3. M:
DNA molecular weight marker (1 kilo base), 1–12: Samples
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, February 2019, Vol. 10, No. 2 489
Figure 2. The phylogenetic tree
The gelectrophorasis gel showes some common bands of some bacterial species indicating that those samples are related on moleculer levels. The data of the RAPD analysis with those specific primers previously mentioned in table 4 was enlisted to relate the data obtained from the morphological identification , antibiotic sensitivity test and moleculer analysis of the tested isolates.
The data revealed that isolates 10, 12 were have the most far genetic distance among the twelve bacteria isolates, while isolates 1, 11 were laid in the same group indicating genetic similarity between these two isolates which in turn differ from the 8 remaining bacterial isolates. This results indicates that there were only one species of Enterobacter (sample 12) and Bacillus (sample 10). Isolates 1and 11 represents 2 species of E.Coli while Pseudomonas sps showed to be in 3 different species (samples 2,6,4) . MRStaphylococcuson the other hand represented by 3 subspecies 5,8,7. There were 2 isolates from the morphological identification appeared to by Klebseilla sp while genetically they were not in the Staphylococcus branch on the phylogenetic tree analysis.
The difference in genetics observed in this study is not expected because the result is different depending on
the cause of the injury and the difference in the age of the patient. Some researchers in their experiments also reported a wide genetic variation and the appearance of some unexpected bacterial species in cases of burns in different degrees.[16]
CONCLUSION
The study showed genetic differences among the types of bacteria isolated from wounds from burns of the third degree. It also showed the presence of some unknown organisms that show morphology that they will be developed and therefore we recommend completing research on those species to define them molecularly.
The study showed different types of infectious bacteria according to the age of the injured and the causes of injury, which is worth studying on a larger scale.
Conflict of Interest: The author has no disclosures to report.
Source of Funding: Self.
Ethical Clearance: Not required.
REFERENCES
1. Neyestanaki, D. K., Mirsalehian, A., Rezagholizadeh, F., Jabalameli, F., Taherikalani,
