Garth Cant, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Rosalind Chew, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore George N. David Crick, University of Central England Léo-Paul Dana, University of Canterbury Monica Diochon, Saint Francis Xavier University Erwin Dreessen, Industry Canada. Særlig tak til Garth Cant, pensioneret professor ved University of Canterbury og i øjeblikket Trustee for New Zealand Geographical Society.
INDIGENOUS
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
HISTORY, CULTURE, VALUES AND OBJECTIVES
Landström, Hans (1999), 'The roots of entrepreneurship research', New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 2(2), Fall Principles of Political Economy with Some of their Applications to Social Philosophy, Londen: Longmann, Green. Al hierdie tegnieke is aangewend as hulpmiddels in diens van 'die konstante vergelykende metode' (Glaser en Strauss, 1967:passim). 1985a), 'The analysis of depth interviews', in Robert Walker (red.), Applied Qualitative Research, London: Gower Publishing Company, pp.
AFRICA
The result of the resulting situation (arising from population growth) was constant trailer accidents in the market. In fact, the local government charges the occupiers of the open spaces in the market. This allows most of them to be actively involved in the processing, storage and marketing of agricultural surpluses.
Newman therefore concluded that women play a predominantly active role in the agricultural and informal sectors of the economy compared to men. This implies that they can contribute to the development of the country regardless of their marital status. Others participated in the union as members of the task force and ex-official members.
The first concerns the level of legitimacy and effectiveness of entrepreneurship in society. In the next part of the study, the method for applying this framework to the African entrepreneurial situation is presented. Entrepreneurial activities flourished in Nande society as an alternative to the exclusion of the entire society from colonial and political opportunities.
In addition to the current business, 97 percent of the respondents carry on livestock farming, in accordance with the Masai culture. Although our interests are in the first structure (using surplus income to purchase more livestock), none of the correlations are significantly large. According to the law in Lesotho, ownership of all rural land rests with the Sovereign, on behalf of the people.
ASIA
Allan Degen
There is evidence that nomadic pastoralism in the Negev dates back to the beginning of the Neolithic period (Sauer, 1966). In 1955, most of the state land in siaghad was leased to the tribesmen through their sheikhs. In the spring, these are usually lands under the Jewish National Fund (mainly forests), the army and the Land Authority.
This is a serious setback as these buyers bought most of the Bedouin sheep in the past and brought them to the areas. The majority of expenditure was on animal feed (60 per cent), followed by land rent (20 per cent), salaries (8 per cent) and veterinary costs (7 per cent). Economic difficulties and high unemployment in the wage labor market may also be part of the answer.
Bedouin Traditions on the Development of the Negev Capital in the Ottoman Period', Nomadic Peoples. As a whole, fishing played a secondary role in the traditional economy of the Kalar Evenks compared to hunting and reindeer herding. The rest of the Evenks are officially unemployed, but actually work in the agricultural sphere.
Hunting is pursued by the majority of the indigenous population of the northern Chitinskaya province. Most of the people who created these and other feats lived in the urban centers of the Taimyr region. Nganasan is one of six languages in the Samoyedic branch of the Uralic language family.
Country background
However, due to some specific socio-economic conditions of the country, such as low market capacity, landlocked geography, underdeveloped infrastructure, dependence on raw material imports and lack of investment, the development of SMEs in Mongolia is unsatisfactory compared to that. in other places. To help them overcome the difficulties they face in development, the Government of Mongolia adopted and implemented the 'SME Development Program' in 1999. The main goal of this program was to create a favorable economic and legal environment for the development of SMEs.
This chapter provides an overview of SMEs in Mongolia by examining the current situation and attempts to analyze the obstacles and constraints faced by the entrepreneur in Mongolia. These fundamental changes caused a massive decline in economic growth and created many problems in the years immediately following the collapse of the one-party system. Despite the fact that we are suffering from strategic mistakes, the processes of privatization, price liberalization, creation and development of the stock exchange, reform of the banking system and expansion of economic relations with foreign countries have created a new environment.
Since the 1990s, the government has implemented policies aimed at liberalizing the economy and ensuring private sector-led development. The overall economic recovery began in 1995, mainly as a result of the government's free trade and economic policies, market-oriented legislation and the promotion of private ownership of property designed to accelerate the radical economic reforms in the country. The government actively encourages foreign investment, especially in the export sector, particularly in minerals and livestock products such as cashmere and wool.
In a fledgling democracy that has experienced political turmoil over the past year, economic growth has been surprising.
An overview of SMEs in Mongolia
According to the international standard, which classifies an enterprise with 50 or fewer employees as an SME, 96.1 percent of the private enterprises in Mongolia have 49 or fewer employees and are therefore identified as SMEs (see Table 13.1). These enterprises contribute approximately 18.9 percent of corporate income tax revenue and 21.8 percent of value added tax revenue. The Government of Mongolia believes that the development of the SMEs is a crucial component of the socio-economic development of the country.
As stated earlier, the main objective of this program is to create a favorable economic and legal environment for the development of SMEs. As a result of the implementation of this program, infrastructure has been developed in rural areas, one of the most important development areas. As a result of the reform of the banking system, which has been gradually implemented, public confidence in the banking institution has increased.
Another example of the government's SME support policy is the 'SMEs Promotion Fund', which operates under the Ministry of Industry and Trade. Note: About 90 percent of the electricity in Mongolia is produced by two main power stations, which are public entities. These two power stations, plus a few small enterprises, contribute about 97 percent of the value of GDP in this sector, while the remaining 3 percent is produced by small privately owned power stations in the urban area.
Each aimag (province) has privately owned power stations, which are operated by manual labour, while the two main power stations do not require much manual involvement, employing around 4,000 people out of the total of 22,700 employed in this sector. .
Obstacles and constraints faced by the entrepreneur in Mongolia
According to a survey conducted by the Enterprise Restructuring Project in 2004, entitled "Mongolia: a study of the business enabling environment", there are 12 barriers to business development, which are listed as follows: (1) taxes, ( 2) corruption, (3) unfair competition, (4) interest rates, (5) obtaining external finance, (6) regulatory environment, (7) lack of skilled human resources, (8) underdeveloped infrastructure, (9) lack of access to new ideas and technologies, (10) functioning of the judicial system, (11) lack of business development services, and (12) inflation. This relates not only to tax rates and the overall tax burden, but also to issues such as the number of taxes and the perceived privileged treatment of the untaxed "shadow" sector. This multifaceted issue arises due to a number of interrelated factors that include a weak judicial system, poorly drafted regulations that give officials broad discretionary powers, poor training and pay of officials, and weak corporate governance.
The general regulatory environment was ranked midway, with high interest rates and difficulties in obtaining external financing of greater concern. The main regulatory areas of note were tax procedures, the inspection regime and the need to make unofficial payments to regulatory officials (Enterprise Restructuring Project Phase, 2004).
Conclusion
Mongolian National Bureau of Statistics (2004), Mongolian Statistical Yearbook - 2003, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 2004), “The role of small and medium-sized enterprises in the economy”, Money and Finance,4, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. In particular, the area of Sapporo is Ainu territory, which in their language means 'The land given by the river'. As the Wajin (Japanese) spread their power across the land of the Ainu, known today as Japan, they introduced advanced military tactics and weaponry that the Ainu could not match.
Organized public fraud by the Ainu increased significantly under the Tokugawa Shogunate, which lasted until the end of the nineteenth century. One of the laws implemented to cheat the Ainu was 'Land-Lease', a feudalistic system focused on fishing, hunting and timber rights. However, the collapse of the Tokugawa Shogunate did not end the suffering of the Ainu people.
If they failed, confiscation of property followed, and the Ainu were deprived of most of their plots in this way. Among other things, the law forced the Ainu to adopt Japanese names and prohibited the use of the Ainu language. Ely and Hess defined entrepreneurs as "the ultimate owners of business enterprises, those who make the final decision and assume the risks involved in such decisions" (1893, p. 95).
Zaleznik and Kets de Vries specified that the entrepreneurial personality includes 'the urge to take risks and the stubborn resistance to change' (1976, p. 23).
