In view of the complex variables that influence the behavior of states, traditionalists focus on the observed behavior of governments. Students and scholars of international relations may depend on the continued existence of a state as a stable political entity.
THE NATION STATE SYSTEM: BASIC FEATURES OF A NATION-STATE
This long-term goal of achieving strength also requires the exertion of strength, so it is also a means to an end. Influence: The use of instruments of persuasion by one country to change or maintain the behavior of another country.
NATIONAL INTEREST
Bureaucratic Criteria: Each organization tends to exaggerate its specific funding request and advocate in the name of the national interest rather than its own. Racial criteria: national interest defined in terms of the interests of an ethnic or racial minority or majority. Criteria for Class Status: A particular class will defend its interests while defining the national interest.
NATIONAL INTEREST (CONTINUED FROM LECTURE 6)
Yet issues of global concern, such as growing inequality and environmental problems, require world leaders to think beyond the narrow scope of national interests. The world is also becoming increasingly interconnected, meaning that national interests often influence global interests and global interests also enforce national interests to a certain extent.
BALANCE OF POWER (BOP)
Subjective or objective: BP based on appearance is subjective and fragile, while that based on actual skills is objective and more stable. Accidental or fabricated: Accidental BoP is not based on particular policies while fabricated BP is based on conscious policies of one or both parties.
BALANCE OF POWER (CONTINUED)
Secondary states, if they are free to choose, flock to the weaker side because it is the stronger side that threatens them. It is difficult for states to change sides, given the political, economic, socio-cultural ties.
DIPLOMACY
Diplomacy is a method and process by which foreign policy is carried out, but it is not politics in itself. Modern diplomacy is more open and democratic; it requires mutual bargaining and compromises, so diplomats cannot define a certain position in advance.
DIPLOMACY (CONTINUED)
Diplomats must be able to realize the goals and interests of other nations as well. In turn, nations must be willing to show flexibility on issues that are not vital to them, otherwise diplomacy will be futile.
COLONIALISM, NEO-COLONIALISM & IMPERIALISM
Nationalism in Latin America, Asia and Africa, as well as the weakening of the colonial powers helped achieve decolonization.
COLONIALISM, NEO-COLONIALISM & IMPERIALISM
They argue that in order to qualify for these loans (as well as other forms of economic aid), weaker nations are forced to take actions favorable to the financial interests of the IMF/WB, but detrimental to their own economies, and instead increase than to relieve. their poverty. In contrast, critics of the concept of neocolonialism argue that, while the developed world does benefit from cheap labor and raw materials from developing nations, it ultimately serves as a positive force for development in developing Third World countries.
COLONIALISM, NEO-COLONIALISM & IMPERIALISM
US imperialism: under the guise of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), the US exercised control over Latin America under the guise of protecting the interference of European powers in the affairs of independent states in the New World. Russian Imperialism: Initially, the imperialist urge was limited to contiguous areas, but with the advent of the Cold War, Russian imperialism spread to the Asian, African, and South American continents, filling the void left by the waning influence of colonial European powers.
NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER
He showed an understanding of their determination to work towards eradicating the injustices of the world order and establishing a new order of justice and equality for all. Melbourne Summit: Organized by the Commonwealth to review issues in the South as identified by the NIEO. Therefore, the success of the strategies depended to a large extent on the ability to obtain concessions, which was then the program for the new international economic order.
The conflict between these two 'interpretations' of the new order emerged in all negotiations regarding the industrial international division of labor and industrial relocation. Gradually, most Third World states have had to come to terms with the realignment strategy.
NON-ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT
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THE COLD WAR AND ITS IMPACTS - INTRODUCING THE COLD WAR
Common ownership of the means of production and distribution provided the political and economic basis for the spread of communism, which was based on Marx's philosophy of the empowerment of the proletariat. Capitalism is based on the concept of individual freedom and the right to own private property. At the political level, capitalism emphasized the need for democratic government, multi-partyism, an independent judiciary and freedom of the press.
In practice, capitalism has caused problems for minorities, growing inequality and arguments about the role of the state in managing the economy. Empowerment: the process of enabling a certain segment of people to exercise more political and economic power.
THE COLD WAR AND ITS IMPACTS (CONTINUED)
THE COLD WAR AND ITS IMPACTS (CONTINUED)
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DISARMAMENT AND ARMS CONTROL
In 1920, the Council of the League appointed another commission, the Temporary Mixed Commission, with a fixed term of four years, composed mainly of civilians. This temporary commission of the League was asked to determine the limitation of land and naval forces for various countries according to their national security needs, the commission also proposed compulsory arbitration and proposed international assistance to victims of aggression. In 1926, the League established a second preparatory commission for disarmament, which produced a draft treaty that was considered by 61 countries at the Geneva Conference of the League in 1932.
Discussions about this concept continued for 2 years, but then the Japanese attack on Manchuria and the German withdrawal from the treaty in 1933 destroyed the hope of disarmament.
DISARMAMENT AND ARMS CONTROL (CONTINUED)
THE RELEVANCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN INTERNATIONAL
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Public international unions such as the International Telegraph Union (1865), the Universal Postal Union (1847) and the Rhine River Commission (1804) also became prototypes for international organizations established in the 20th century, such as the League of Nations and the UN system.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (CONTINUED)
Critics point to the repeated use of the veto to protect Israel, and the inability of the UN to enforce its resolutions on powerful countries like the United States while enforcing them on weaker states like Iraq or Syria. Based on the above criticism, there is often talk of abandoning or reforming the UN (including the expansion of the Security Council, as it does not include many of the world's prominent powers such as Germany and Japan. Since the UN was formulated after the Second World War and it is therefore criticized for no longer reflecting the realities of the current world order). Tyranny: injustice implemented by the use of force Abandonment: to leave or let go.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (CONTINUED)
WWF is a global organization that acts locally through a network of country offices to stop the accelerating destruction of the natural environment. World Bank official website www.worldbank.org WWF official website www.panda.org OIC official website www.oic-oic.org.
THE ROLE OF DECISION MAKING IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
It is recognized that political parties, pressure groups, public opinion influence decision-making processes much more in democratic than authoritarian states. Decision Making: Individual and Group Influences on Foreign Policy http://www.wwnorton.com/web/ir/chapters/ch6/critical-thinking.htm.
DECISION MAKING (CONTINUED)
Avoiding bias is also difficult, as decision-making units are often dominated by their own and different interests. Comparative analysis of decisions made in similar circumstances and open and competent institutional support are crucial for decision-making in an increasingly complex international environment.
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO IR
SYSTEMS BASED APPROACH (CONTINUED) – DISTINCT SYSTEMS IN IR
LIBERALISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
LIBERALISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY (CONTINUED)
This led to these parties becoming de facto neoliberal, and often led to a drastic loss of their popular support. Critics of the German Social Democratic Party and the British Labor Party, for example, accuse them of following neoliberal policies.
INTEGRATION IN IR
GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
THE GLOBAL DIVIDE
FOCUS ON FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
If multinational companies were to offer training in the informal sector, many marginalized workers could enter the formal economy and increase their income. Governments in the developing world must also upgrade skills and invest in the infrastructure of the informal sector.
CONFLICT AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION
Development of options Design creative solutions together
THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
There is ample evidence to show that it is more effective to prevent pollution and degradation of natural resources, such as eroding watersheds, than to compensate for the damage caused. It is not possible to accurately calculate damage to the natural environment in order to provide compensation. Developing countries need economic incentives such as technical assistance and financial support, as well as differentiated implementation schemes for developing countries.
Reconciling and integrating environmental protection with economic growth, including environmental measures and trade practices, is crucial.
HOW IR DIFFER FROM DOMESTIC POLITICS?
CHANGE AND IR
