View of JAVANESE PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION OF ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT STUDENTS

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Surotun Siqoyah, Nur Latifah

JAVANESE PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE

IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION OF ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT STUDENTS

Surotun Siqoyah, Nur Latifah

ƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹ƒŽƒ‰ǡƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹ƒŽƒ‰

ƒ‹Žǣ•—”‘–—•‹“‘›ƒŠͲ͹̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ…‘

Abstract: Š‡ ‘……—””‡…‡ ‘ˆ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ …ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ˆ –Š‡

ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ…“—‹”‡ —Ž–‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽŽ›Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ƒ‹• –‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ –Š‡

’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–• …ƒ—•‹‰ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ƒ† ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š –Š‡

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ˆ‘” ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ –—†‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰Ž‹•Š Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡

†‡’ƒ”–‡– –Šƒ– –ƒ‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‡ƒ…Š‹‰ ȋȌ ƒ† •’‡ƒ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ǡ

†‘‡•‹ƒǡƒ†‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡„‡…‘‡–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ

Š‡‡–Š‘†—•‡†‹–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•ƒ†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š†‡•‹‰

ƒ† –Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡‘ˆˆ”› Ǥ ƒ–Šƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ ƒ”•‘‘’s

–Š‡‘”› ‹• ‡’Ž‘›‡† –‘ …‘’ƒ”‡ ‹– ™‹–Š ˜‘…ƒŽǡ †‹’Š–Š‘‰ǡ ƒ† …‘•‘ƒ– ‹

ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰ •Š‘™• –Šƒ– ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ …‘‡•

ˆ”‘ ƒ •‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–ǡ –‘–ƒŽ‹‰ ‡””‘”• —’ –‘ ͻͻ ƒ† ͳͺͻ ‹ –Š‡

•—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–Ǥ  –Š‡ •‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–ǡ ‡””‘”• ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š

’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘™‡”‡ˆ‘—†‘–Š‡ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’‡‡…Š‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘„ƒ•‡†

‘˜‘™‡Žǡ†‹’Š–Š‘‰ǡƒ†…‘•‘ƒ–Ǥ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ‹–Š‡•—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽƒ•’‡…–ǡ

™‘”† •–”‡•• ‘ –Š‡ •‡…‘† •›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ ™‹–Š –™‘ǡ –Š”‡‡ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘—”Ǧ•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ ™‘”†•

„‡…‘‡–Š‡‘•–‡””‘”•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡…ƒ„‡ƒ˜‘‹†‡†

„›†‘‹‰‘”‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡‹Ž‘‘‹‰ˆ‘”†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”‹‡•ƒ†—•‹‰

‰Ž‹•Šƒ•–Š‡ƒ‹Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹†‘‹‰‡Œ‘›ƒ„Ž‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡••—…Šƒ•Ž‹•–‡‹‰–‘

—•‹…ƒ†™ƒ–…Š‹‰‘˜‹‡•Ǥ

Keywords: Phonological interference, English pronunciation, segmental errors, suprasegmental errors.

INTRODUCTION

˜‡”–Šƒ„‹ŽŽ‹‘’‡‘’Ž‡…ƒ•’‡ƒ‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ

Š‡—•‡‘ˆ—Ž–‹ǦŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹…‘—–”‹‡•–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡…‘‡ƒ–‘—”‹•

Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

JAVANESE PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE

IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION OF ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT STUDENTS

Surotun Siqoyah, Nur Latifah

ƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹ƒŽƒ‰ǡƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹ƒŽƒ‰

ƒ‹Žǣ•—”‘–—•‹“‘›ƒŠͲ͹̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ…‘

Abstract: Š‡ ‘……—””‡…‡ ‘ˆ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ …ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ˆ –Š‡

ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ…“—‹”‡ —Ž–‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽŽ›Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ƒ‹• –‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ –Š‡

’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–• …ƒ—•‹‰ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ƒ† ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š –Š‡

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ˆ‘” ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ –—†‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰Ž‹•Š Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡

†‡’ƒ”–‡– –Šƒ– –ƒ‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‡ƒ…Š‹‰ ȋȌ ƒ† •’‡ƒ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ǡ

†‘‡•‹ƒǡƒ†‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡„‡…‘‡–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ

Š‡‡–Š‘†—•‡†‹–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•ƒ†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š†‡•‹‰

ƒ† –Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡‘ˆˆ”› Ǥ ƒ–Šƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ ƒ”•‘‘’s

–Š‡‘”› ‹• ‡’Ž‘›‡† –‘ …‘’ƒ”‡ ‹– ™‹–Š ˜‘…ƒŽǡ †‹’Š–Š‘‰ǡ ƒ† …‘•‘ƒ– ‹

ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰ •Š‘™• –Šƒ– ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ …‘‡•

ˆ”‘ ƒ •‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–ǡ –‘–ƒŽ‹‰ ‡””‘”• —’ –‘ ͻͻ ƒ† ͳͺͻ ‹ –Š‡

•—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–Ǥ  –Š‡ •‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–ǡ ‡””‘”• ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š

’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘™‡”‡ˆ‘—†‘–Š‡ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’‡‡…Š‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘„ƒ•‡†

‘˜‘™‡Žǡ†‹’Š–Š‘‰ǡƒ†…‘•‘ƒ–Ǥ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ‹–Š‡•—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽƒ•’‡…–ǡ

™‘”† •–”‡•• ‘ –Š‡ •‡…‘† •›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ ™‹–Š –™‘ǡ –Š”‡‡ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘—”Ǧ•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ ™‘”†•

„‡…‘‡–Š‡‘•–‡””‘”•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡…ƒ„‡ƒ˜‘‹†‡†

„›†‘‹‰‘”‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡‹Ž‘‘‹‰ˆ‘”†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”‹‡•ƒ†—•‹‰

‰Ž‹•Šƒ•–Š‡ƒ‹Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹†‘‹‰‡Œ‘›ƒ„Ž‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡••—…Šƒ•Ž‹•–‡‹‰–‘

—•‹…ƒ†™ƒ–…Š‹‰‘˜‹‡•Ǥ

Keywords: Phonological interference, English pronunciation, segmental errors, suprasegmental errors.

INTRODUCTION

˜‡”–Šƒ„‹ŽŽ‹‘’‡‘’Ž‡…ƒ•’‡ƒ‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ

Š‡—•‡‘ˆ—Ž–‹ǦŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹…‘—–”‹‡•–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡…‘‡ƒ–‘—”‹•

†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘ •—…Š ƒ• †‘‡•‹ƒǤ ‡–‹ƒ™ƒ ȋʹͲͳ͹Ȍ •–ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– †‘‡•‹ƒ Šƒ•

˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡‰‹‘•‡†‘™‡†™‹–Š˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹†•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽƒ†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡”‡•‘—”…‡•

–Šƒ–ƒ––”ƒ…–„‘–Šˆ‘”‡‹‰ƒ††‘‡•–‹…–‘—”‹•–•Ǥ•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ˜ƒ‹•Žƒ†ƒ•

–Š‡…‡–‡”‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•˜ƒ”‹‘—•–‘—”‹•–ƒ––”ƒ…–‹‘•ƒ†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• –‘„‡

—•‡† ƒ• –‘—”‹•–•̵ ‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ ƒ”™ƒ ȋʹͲͳͻȌǡ •ƒ‹† –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ͹ͷͲ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‹ †‘‡•‹ƒ ƒ† ƒ„‘—– ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‘ ƒ˜ƒ ‹•Žƒ†Ǥ

‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡƒ˜ƒ‡•‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡„‡…‘‡•–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†‹•—•‡†‹

˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡‰‹‘•‘–Š‡‹•Žƒ†‘ˆƒ˜ƒǡ•—…Šƒ•‡•–ƒ˜ƒǡƒ–‡ǡ‡–”ƒŽƒ˜ƒǡ

‘‰›ƒƒ”–ƒƒ†ƒ•–ƒ˜ƒǤ

–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡ ‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ †‘‡•‹ƒ

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•–Š‡ƒ‹Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡—•‡†–‘…‘—‹…ƒ–‡™‹–Š”‡•‹†‡–•‘—–•‹†‡ƒ˜ƒ

‘”–Š‘•‡™Š‘†‘‘–•’‡ƒƒ˜ƒ‡•‡™‡ŽŽƒ†…‘””‡…–Ž›Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ǡ•‹…‡’‡‘’Ž‡

…ƒ ƒ…“—‹”‡ –™‘ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ •‡…‘†

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ™Š‡…Š‹Ž†”‡•–ƒ”–‡–‡”‹‰–Š‡‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Žǡ‘”‡

–Šƒ‘‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ…“—‹”‡††—”‹‰•…Š‘‘Žƒ†™‹ŽŽ„‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡†

™‹–Š „› –Š‡‹” ƒ–‹˜‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘ǡ –Š‡ †‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘”• ‘ˆ ‡‹–Š‡”

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‘……—”•‹•’‡‡…Š„‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ•†—‡–‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹–›™‹–Š‘”‡

–Šƒ ‘‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ’Š‡‘‡ƒ ȋ‡‹”‹…Šǡ ͳͻͷ͵ǡ’ǤͳȌǤ

ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡‹•ƒ…‘’Ž‡šŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–Šƒ–Šƒ••‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•Ǥ‡‰‹

ȋʹͲͲͷȌ ‹ Š‹• —†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ –Š‡•‹• •–ƒ–‡• ‹ˆ ƒ˜ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Šƒ• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡

ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•‹•’‘‡ƒ†™”‹––‡™ƒ›Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹•’‡ƒ‹‰™ƒ›–Š‡”‡

ƒ”‡tutur ngoko—•‡†–‘•’‡ƒ™‹–Š–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ‰‡, tutur madya—•‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡

ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –‡‡ƒ‰‡”• ƒ† ‡Ž†‡”•, ƒ†tutur krama ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡Ž†‡”• ƒ† ‹– ‹• —•‡† ‹

•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘……ƒ•‹‘•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ ‹ ™”‹––‡ ™ƒ›ǡ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ Šƒ•aksara Jawa •‹‹Žƒ” –‘

ƒŽ’Šƒ„‡–‹…–‘™”‹–‡ƒŽ‡––‡”‘”ƒ‘—…‡‡–Ž‘‰–‹‡ƒ‰‘ƒ†•–‹ŽŽ‡š‹•–ˆ‘”

Ž‡ƒ”‹‰•‡…–‹‘‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•…Š‘‘Ž•‹ƒ˜ƒǤŠ—•ǡƒ˜ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Šƒ•‘”‡”‹…Š

†ƒ–ƒƒ•–Š‡…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘–‘…‘†—…––Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ

‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡• ƒ„‘—– ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ’”‡•‡– –‘

Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• …‘†—…– –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ –ƒ‹ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͳ͹Ȍǡ

—„ƒ†‘™‘ ȋʹͲͳ͹Ȍǡ ƒ† ƒ”†ƒ‹ Ƭ —™ƒ–‘”‘ ȋʹͲͳͻȌ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ •‹‹Žƒ”

…‘…‡”•‘–Š‡’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‘ˆ•–—†‡–•‹’”‘‘—…‹‰‰Ž‹•Š

•‘—†•Ȁ’Š‘‡‡•ƒ†ˆƒ…–‘”•ƒˆˆ‡…–‹‰’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‹†‹‰•

‘ˆ–Š‘•‡•–—†‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ‘•–•‹‹Žƒ”‹–Šƒ––Š‡•‡‰‡–ƒŽƒ•’‡…–ǡ•—…Šƒ•˜‘™‡Ž•

ƒ† …‘•‘ƒ–•ǡ „‡…‘‡• –Š‡ ‘•– ‡””‘”• ˆ‘—† ‹ •–—†‡–•̵ ‰Ž‹•Š

’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  …‘–”ƒ•–ǡ –Š‡ ‘•– ˆƒ…–‘”• ƒˆˆ‡…–‹‰ –Š‡ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ƒ”‡•–—†‡–̵•‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǡˆ‹”•–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Surotun Siqoyah, Nur Latifah

‡…‘†Ž›ǡƒ‘–Š‡”•–—†›ƒ„‘—–’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡™ƒ•…‘†—…–‡†

„› —Š›‹†‹ ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ‹†• ‘ˆ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‘ˆ

‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”› •–—†‡–• ‹ ‰Ž‹•Š ’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• –Šƒ–

’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹• •‡‰‡–ƒŽ ȋ˜‘™‡Ž• ƒ† …‘•‘ƒ–•Ȍ ƒ†

•—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ȋ•–”‡••Ȍ ˆ‘—† ‹ •–—†‡–•̵ ’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘ ‡””‘”•ǤŠ‹”†Ž›ǡ–Š‡

’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†›™ƒ•…‘†—…–‡†„›‡ƒŽ†‹‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍƒ„‘—––Š‡’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–‹‡• ‘ˆ •–—†‡–• ‹ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰ •Š‘™• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘Ž›

‡””‘”•‘ˆ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•ˆ‘—†ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡‰‡–ƒŽƒ•’‡…–ȋ…‘•‘ƒ–•ȌǤ

Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡• ‡š’Ž‘”‡ •–—†‡–•̵ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡•Ȁ†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–‹‡• ‹ ’”‘‘—…‹‰ ‰Ž‹•Š •‘—†•Ȁ’Š‘‡‡• –‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ

’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ƒ†ˆƒ…–‘”•ƒˆˆ‡…–‹‰–Š‡’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡›‘Ž†‡–ƒŽǤ ȋͳͻ͵͵Ȍ ȋ‹ Ž‘”‡•ǣ ͳͻͺʹǡ ’Ǥ ͺȌ •–ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡ ˆƒ…‹‰ –Š‡

•…Š‘‘Ž™ƒ•„‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ‹•ǡ–Š‡’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‡–•™Š‘ƒ…“—‹”‡‘”‡

–Šƒ–™‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ȋ„‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽȌ„‡…‘‡•–Š‡ƒ‹‘„Œ‡…–ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‹••–—†›

ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘…—•‡•‘–Š‡’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‘ˆƒ˜ƒ‡•‡•–—†‡–•Ǥ

Š‘‘Ž‘‰› †‡ƒŽ• ™‹–Š Š‘™ •‘—†• ƒ”‡ •‡Ž‡…–‡† ƒ† ˆ‹––‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡

‡˜‹”‘‡–ȋ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ•—…Šƒ•˜‘™‡Žǡ†‹’Š–Š‘‰ǡƒ†…‘•‘ƒ–ȌǤ–‹•–Š‡

…‘•–”—…–‡†‹–‘–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”—‹–•ǡ•—…Šƒ••›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡•ǡˆ‡‡–ǡ™‘”†•ȋ•—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ

ƒ•’‡…– •—…Š ƒ• •–”‡••ǡ ”Š›–Šǡ ƒ† ‹–‘ƒ–‹‘Ȍ ȋƒ–Šƒǡ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡™‹ŽŽƒ’’‡ƒ”‹ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ•–‡”‹‰‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†

’”‘‘—…‡ •‘—†• ‹ …‘–”ƒ•– ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–• ȋ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ†

•—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽȌǤ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ ‘”†‡” ȋͳͻ͸͹Ȍ •–ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ‡””‘”• ”‡•—Ž– ˆ”‘

‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‹Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ•‡…‘†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘–Š‡Šƒ„‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ

‡•‹†‡•ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ…–‘”•ƒˆˆ‡…–‹‰–Š‡’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ”‡‘”‡—•‡ˆ—Ž–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†–Š‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ

’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‹’”‘‘—…‹‰‰Ž‹•ŠǤ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡„ƒ…‰”‘—†

‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†›ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ˆ‹† •‘‡ ’”‘„Ž‡•ǣ ȋͳȌ Šƒ– ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ƒ•’‡…–•

ˆ‘—† ‘ –Š‡ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ –‘™ƒ”† ‰Ž‹•Š

’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–•–—†‡–•ǫƒ†ȋʹȌŠƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† –Š‡ ‘……—””‡…‡ ‘ˆ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡

–‘™ƒ”†‰Ž‹•Š’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘ǫ

Š‹• •–—†› ˆ‘…—•‡• ‘ –Š‡ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡

•–—†‡–•ƒ†–Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ǡ–Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• —•‡† –Š‡ ƒ‹ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–• ȋƒ–Šƒǡ ʹͲͲͺȌ –‘

ˆ‹†–Š‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‹’”‘‘—…‹‰‰Ž‹•ŠǤ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–‘‘„•‡”˜‡–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ

–Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” †‡–‡”‹‡• •‡˜‡”ƒŽ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…• ‹ …‘†—…–‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ

Š‘•‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ƒ”‡ǣ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•—•–„‡•–—†‡–•

™Š‘ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› –‘‘ –Š‡ …‘—”•‡• ‘ˆ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ƒ†˜ƒ…‡ •’‡ƒ‹‰ ȋ•‹š–Š

Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

‡…‘†Ž›ǡƒ‘–Š‡”•–—†›ƒ„‘—–’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡™ƒ•…‘†—…–‡†

„› —Š›‹†‹ ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ‹†• ‘ˆ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‘ˆ

‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”› •–—†‡–• ‹ ‰Ž‹•Š ’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• –Šƒ–

’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹• •‡‰‡–ƒŽ ȋ˜‘™‡Ž• ƒ† …‘•‘ƒ–•Ȍ ƒ†

•—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ȋ•–”‡••Ȍ ˆ‘—† ‹ •–—†‡–•̵ ’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘ ‡””‘”•ǤŠ‹”†Ž›ǡ–Š‡

’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†›™ƒ•…‘†—…–‡†„›‡ƒŽ†‹‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍƒ„‘—––Š‡’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–‹‡• ‘ˆ •–—†‡–• ‹ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰ •Š‘™• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘Ž›

‡””‘”•‘ˆ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•ˆ‘—†ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡‰‡–ƒŽƒ•’‡…–ȋ…‘•‘ƒ–•ȌǤ

Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡• ‡š’Ž‘”‡ •–—†‡–•̵ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡•Ȁ†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–‹‡• ‹ ’”‘‘—…‹‰ ‰Ž‹•Š •‘—†•Ȁ’Š‘‡‡• –‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ

’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ƒ†ˆƒ…–‘”•ƒˆˆ‡…–‹‰–Š‡’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡›‘Ž†‡–ƒŽǤ ȋͳͻ͵͵Ȍ ȋ‹ Ž‘”‡•ǣ ͳͻͺʹǡ ’Ǥ ͺȌ •–ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡ ˆƒ…‹‰ –Š‡

•…Š‘‘Ž™ƒ•„‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ‹•ǡ–Š‡’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‡–•™Š‘ƒ…“—‹”‡‘”‡

–Šƒ–™‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ȋ„‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽȌ„‡…‘‡•–Š‡ƒ‹‘„Œ‡…–ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‹••–—†›

ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘…—•‡•‘–Š‡’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‘ˆƒ˜ƒ‡•‡•–—†‡–•Ǥ

Š‘‘Ž‘‰› †‡ƒŽ• ™‹–Š Š‘™ •‘—†• ƒ”‡ •‡Ž‡…–‡† ƒ† ˆ‹––‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡

‡˜‹”‘‡–ȋ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ•—…Šƒ•˜‘™‡Žǡ†‹’Š–Š‘‰ǡƒ†…‘•‘ƒ–ȌǤ–‹•–Š‡

…‘•–”—…–‡†‹–‘–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”—‹–•ǡ•—…Šƒ••›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡•ǡˆ‡‡–ǡ™‘”†•ȋ•—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ

ƒ•’‡…– •—…Š ƒ• •–”‡••ǡ ”Š›–Šǡ ƒ† ‹–‘ƒ–‹‘Ȍ ȋƒ–Šƒǡ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡™‹ŽŽƒ’’‡ƒ”‹ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ•–‡”‹‰‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†

’”‘‘—…‡ •‘—†• ‹ …‘–”ƒ•– ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–• ȋ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ†

•—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽȌǤ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ ‘”†‡” ȋͳͻ͸͹Ȍ •–ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ‡””‘”• ”‡•—Ž– ˆ”‘

‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‹Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ•‡…‘†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘–Š‡Šƒ„‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ

‡•‹†‡•ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ…–‘”•ƒˆˆ‡…–‹‰–Š‡’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ”‡‘”‡—•‡ˆ—Ž–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†–Š‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ

’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‹’”‘‘—…‹‰‰Ž‹•ŠǤ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡„ƒ…‰”‘—†

‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†›ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ˆ‹† •‘‡ ’”‘„Ž‡•ǣ ȋͳȌ Šƒ– ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ƒ•’‡…–•

ˆ‘—† ‘ –Š‡ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ –‘™ƒ”† ‰Ž‹•Š

’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–•–—†‡–•ǫƒ†ȋʹȌŠƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† –Š‡ ‘……—””‡…‡ ‘ˆ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡

–‘™ƒ”†‰Ž‹•Š’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘ǫ

Š‹• •–—†› ˆ‘…—•‡• ‘ –Š‡ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡

•–—†‡–•ƒ†–Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ǡ–Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• —•‡† –Š‡ ƒ‹ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–• ȋƒ–Šƒǡ ʹͲͲͺȌ –‘

ˆ‹†–Š‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‹’”‘‘—…‹‰‰Ž‹•ŠǤ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–‘‘„•‡”˜‡–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ

–Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” †‡–‡”‹‡• •‡˜‡”ƒŽ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…• ‹ …‘†—…–‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ

Š‘•‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ƒ”‡ǣ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•—•–„‡•–—†‡–•

™Š‘ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› –‘‘ –Š‡ …‘—”•‡• ‘ˆ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ƒ†˜ƒ…‡ •’‡ƒ‹‰ ȋ•‹š–Š

•‡‡•–‡”Ȍ ‹ –Š‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ ƒŽƒ‰ „‡…ƒ—•‡ •‹…‡

–Š‡ •–—†‡–• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ’ƒ••‡† –Š‡ …‘—”•‡•ǡ ‹– ‡ƒ• –Š‡ •–—†‡–• ƒ™ƒ”‡ –Š‡

’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–• ƒ† …ƒ •’‡ƒ ‹ ƒ†˜ƒ…‡ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ ‡…‘†ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”

•‡Ž‡…–•–Š‡•–—†‡–•ȋ„‘›•ƒ†‰‹”Ž•Ȍ™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ„ƒ…‰”‘—†‹ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ƒ†

…ƒ•’‡ƒ –Š‡ ƒ˜ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ˆŽ—‡–Ž› ƒ† ƒ…“—‹”‡ –Š‡ †‘‡•‹ƒƒ† ‰Ž‹•Š

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǤŠ‹”†ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Ž‹‹–‡†–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•„›‘Ž›

–ƒ‹‰‰Ž‹•Šƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‡ƒ…Š‹‰Žƒ••ȋȌȋ…‘•‹•–•‘ˆƒ”‘—†ͳͶ•–—†‡–•

„—–ʹ‘ˆ–Š‡—…‘–ƒ…–ƒ„Ž‡Ȍ„‡…ƒ—•‡•‹…‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•Ž‡ƒ”ƒ„‘—–Š‘™

–‘–‡ƒ…Š–Š‡•–—†‡–•‹ƒ•…Š‘‘Žǡ‹–‹•…”—…‹ƒŽ–‘‡Šƒ…‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‹‰•‹ŽŽ‘ˆ

̵• •–—†‡–• „› ‘™‹‰ Š‘™ –Š‡› ’”‘‘—…‡ ‰Ž‹•Š –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† –Š‡

‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡™Š‡–Š‡̵••–—†‡–•„‡…‘‡–Š‡–‡ƒ…Š‡”Ǥ

 …‘…Ž—•‹‘ǡ ƒˆ–‡” ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”

ƒ••—‡• –Šƒ– –Š‹• •–—†› ‹• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡• ƒ• †‡•…”‹„‡†

ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡• ˆ‘…—• ‘ –Š‡ •‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…– ȋƒ”†ƒ‹ Ƭ

—™ƒ–‘”‘ ȋʹͲͳͻȌǡ —„ƒ†‘™‘ ȋʹͲͳ͹Ȍǡ –ƒ‹ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͳ͹Ȍǡ ‡›ƒŽ†‹ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͳ͸ȌȌ ‡š…‡’– —Š›‹†‹ ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡ ™Š‹…Š ˆ‘…—• ‘ „‘–Š •‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ†

•—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽǤ ‡…‘†ǡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡• ƒŽ•‘ ˆ‘…—• ‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ…–‘”• ƒˆˆ‡…–‹‰

’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ –Š‹• •–—†› ™‹ŽŽ ˆ‘…—• ‘ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–• –‘

…Žƒ••‹ˆ› –Š‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹ †‡–ƒ‹Ž ȋ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ† •—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–•ȌǤ

•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ˆ‹†‹‰ –Š‡ ˆƒ…–‘”• ƒˆˆ‡…–‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•

ˆ‘…—•‡† ‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ

‰Ž‹•Š Ž‡ƒ”‡”• …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ‘”‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ „›

‘™‹‰ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‹†•‘ˆ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ

METHOD

Data collection

Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Šƒ†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡•‹…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‰–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǤŠ‘•‡•–ƒ‰‡•

ƒ”‡ǣ ‹”•–ǡ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ ™ƒ• ‰‹˜‡ –‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‘ Š‡Ž’ –Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ•™‡”–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ƒ†•‡Ž‡…––Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•̵•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”

–Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ ‡…‘†ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• …‘–ƒ…–‡† –Š‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• „›

…Šƒ––‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ Šƒ–•’’ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•̵ ’Š‘‡ —„‡”•

‡–‹‘‡†‹–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‡”–‘”‡…‘”†–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‰‹˜‹‰‰Ž‹•Š™‘”†Ž‹•–•Ǥ

Š‡‰Ž‹•Š™‘”†Ž‹•–•–ƒ‡ˆ”‘…ƒŠ‘‘ȋʹͲͲʹȌƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹†‘ˆ

’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•ǤŠ‹”†ǡƒˆ–‡”‰‡––‹‰–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š™‘”†Ž‹•–•”‡…‘”†‹‰ǡ–Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡† –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› ‹

–‡”•‘ˆ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•ǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•̵‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†Ǥ

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Surotun Siqoyah, Nur Latifah Data analysis

ˆ–‡” …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‰ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• …‘–‹—‘—•Ž› Ž‹•–‡‡† –‘ –Š‡

•–—†‡–•̵ ‰Ž‹•Š ’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ˆ‹† ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹ ’”‘‘—…‹‰ ‰Ž‹•Š

™‘”†•Ǥ ˆ–‡” ˆ‹†‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡

•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ† •—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–• —•‹‰ ƒ–Šƒ̵• –Š‡‘”› ȋʹͲͲͺȌǤ ˆ–‡”

…Žƒ••‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘̵•‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•…‘…Ž—†‡†Š‘™–‘

ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡„›…‘’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡ƒ•™‡”•ˆ”‘•–—†‡–•

ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™Ǥ Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ”‡•’‘•‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •–—†‡–• ™Š‘

ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‘• ™‘—Ž† „‡ …‘•‹†‡”‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž •—‰‰‡•–‹‘• ˆ‘”

ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ

FINDINGS

Phonological Interference

……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ”‡…‘”†‡”ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ˆ‘—† –Š‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‘ˆ

•–—†‡–•̵’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‹–‘–™‘ƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ

‹–Š‡•‡‰‡–ƒŽƒ•’‡…–ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡‹†•‘ˆ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡

’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–ǣ ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹•‡”–‹‘ǡ ƒ† †‡Ž‡–‹‘Ǥ ‡…‘†ǡ ‹ –Š‡

•—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽƒ•’‡…–ǡ™‘”†•–”‡••‹•…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†‹–‘ˆ‘—”’ƒ”–•ǡ†‹˜‹†‡†„›–Š‡

—„‡” ‘ˆ •›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡• ‹ ™Š‹…Š ™‘”† •–”‡•• ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ

•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

a. Segmental aspect 1.) Assimilation

••‹‹Žƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ ‹† ‘ˆ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘• •’‡‡…Š –Šƒ– „‡Ž‘‰• –‘ –Š‡

segmental aspect of phonology. Assimilation occurs when ELT’s students (respondents) assimilate vowel, diphthong, and consonant to its neighbor’s

•‘—†Ǥ

1.1.) Vowel and diphthong 1.1.1.) Assimilation of vowel

––Š‹•’‘‹–ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‘……—”•‹–Š‡•‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™‘”†•ǣ

‹”•–ǡ–Š‡™‘”†pat (pӕt) was assimilated from the vowel ‘ӕ’ to various vowels and diphthongs. The vowel ‘ӕ’ was assimilated to some vowels. Those

ƒ”‡ǣ ͷ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ’”‘‘—nced sound ‘pӕt’ into ‘pɜ:t’, one respondent pronounced sound ‘pӕt’ into ‘pet’, and one respondent pronounced sound ‘pӕt’

into ‘pa:t’. Besides, vowel ‘ӕ’ also assimilated to diphthongs, and those are: one

Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

Data analysis

ˆ–‡” …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‰ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• …‘–‹—‘—•Ž› Ž‹•–‡‡† –‘ –Š‡

•–—†‡–•̵ ‰Ž‹•Š ’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ˆ‹† ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹ ’”‘‘—…‹‰ ‰Ž‹•Š

™‘”†•Ǥ ˆ–‡” ˆ‹†‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡

•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ† •—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–• —•‹‰ ƒ–Šƒ̵• –Š‡‘”› ȋʹͲͲͺȌǤ ˆ–‡”

…Žƒ••‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘̵•‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•…‘…Ž—†‡†Š‘™–‘

ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡„›…‘’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡ƒ•™‡”•ˆ”‘•–—†‡–•

ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™Ǥ Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ”‡•’‘•‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •–—†‡–• ™Š‘

ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‘• ™‘—Ž† „‡ …‘•‹†‡”‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž •—‰‰‡•–‹‘• ˆ‘”

ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ

FINDINGS

Phonological Interference

……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ”‡…‘”†‡”ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ˆ‘—† –Š‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‘ˆ

•–—†‡–•̵’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‹–‘–™‘ƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ

‹–Š‡•‡‰‡–ƒŽƒ•’‡…–ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡‹†•‘ˆ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡

’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–ǣ ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹•‡”–‹‘ǡ ƒ† †‡Ž‡–‹‘Ǥ ‡…‘†ǡ ‹ –Š‡

•—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽƒ•’‡…–ǡ™‘”†•–”‡••‹•…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†‹–‘ˆ‘—”’ƒ”–•ǡ†‹˜‹†‡†„›–Š‡

—„‡” ‘ˆ •›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡• ‹ ™Š‹…Š ™‘”† •–”‡•• ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ

•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

a. Segmental aspect 1.) Assimilation

••‹‹Žƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ ‹† ‘ˆ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘• •’‡‡…Š –Šƒ– „‡Ž‘‰• –‘ –Š‡

segmental aspect of phonology. Assimilation occurs when ELT’s students (respondents) assimilate vowel, diphthong, and consonant to its neighbor’s

•‘—†Ǥ

1.1.) Vowel and diphthong 1.1.1.) Assimilation of vowel

––Š‹•’‘‹–ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‘……—”•‹–Š‡•‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™‘”†•ǣ

‹”•–ǡ–Š‡™‘”†pat (pӕt) was assimilated from the vowel ‘ӕ’ to various vowels and diphthongs. The vowel ‘ӕ’ was assimilated to some vowels. Those

ƒ”‡ǣ ͷ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ’”‘‘—nced sound ‘pӕt’ into ‘pɜ:t’, one respondent pronounced sound ‘pӕt’ into ‘pet’, and one respondent pronounced sound ‘pӕt’

into ‘pa:t’. Besides, vowel ‘ӕ’ also assimilated to diphthongs, and those are: one

respondent pronounced sound ‘pӕt’ into ‘paIt’, and ƒŽ•‘ ‘‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–

pronounced sound ‘pӕt’ into ‘peIt’.

‡…‘†ǡ–Š‡™‘”†pot(pɒt) was assimilated from vowel to vowel. Of the 12 respondents, all of them pronounced vowel 'ɒ' to vowel 'ɔ'. Besides, there

ƒ”‡ –™‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• ‹ ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‹‘ ‹ ’”‘‘—…‹‰ ˜‘™‡Ž•ǣ Ž‘‰ ˜‘™‡Ž ƒ†

short vowel. Nine respondents assimilated the vowel 'ɒ' into the long vowel of 'ɔ:' and three respondents assimilated the vowel 'ɒ' into the short vowel of 'ɔ'.

1.1.2.) Assimilation of diphthong

––Š‹•’‘‹–ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‘……—”•‹–Š‡•‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™‘”†•ǣ

‹”•–ǡ –Š‡ ™‘”†toe (tәʊȌ ™ƒ• ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ †‹’Š–Š‘‰ –‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•

vowels and diphthongs. The diphthong 'әʊ̵ ™ƒ• ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡† –‘ •‘‡ ˜‘™‡Ž•Ǣ those are: four respondents pronounced sound 'tәʊ̵‹–‘Ž‘‰˜‘™‡Ž•‘—†̵–—ǣ̵ǡ

–Š”‡‡”‡•’‘†‡nts pronounced sound 'tәʊ̵‹–‘•Š‘”–˜‘™‡Ž•‘—†̵–ɔ̵ǡƒ†–™‘

respondents pronounced sound'tәʊ̵ ‹–‘ Ž‘‰ ˜‘™‡Ž •‘—† ̵–ɔǣ̵Ǥ ‡•‹†‡•ǡ –Š‡

diphthong 'әʊ̵ ƒŽ•‘ ™ƒ• ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘ •‘‡ †‹’Š–Š‘‰•Ǣ –Š‘•‡ ƒ”‡ǣ ‘‡

respondent pronounced sound 'tәʊ̵ ‹–‘ •‘—† ̵–ʊә̵ǡ ƒ† ‘‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–

pronounced sound 'tәʊ̵‹–‘•‘—†̵–‘ʊ̵Ǥ

‡…‘†ǡ–Š‡™‘”†air(eәr) was assimilated from diphthong to vowel and diphthong. The diphthong 'eә' was assimilated to vowel 'e', and one respondent pronounced sound 'eәr' into sound 'er'. Besides, the diphthong 'eә' was assimilated into diphthong 'eI', and eight respondents pronounced sound 'eәr'

‹–‘•‘—†̵‡”̵Ǥ

1.2) Consonant

1.2.1.) Assimilation of consonant

–Š‹••‡…–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‘……—””‡†‹–Š‡•‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰…‘•‘ƒ–•ǣ ‹”•–ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ…‘•‘ƒ–•ƒ”‡ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡†‹–‘…‘•‘ƒ–̵•̵Ǥ‡…‘†ǡˆ‘—”

™‘”†•ƒ”‡’”‘‘—…‡†‹‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•‘—†‹–‘…‘•‘ƒ–̵•̵ǣ–Š‡™‘”†fish (fi:ʃ) which consonant 'ʃ' in the last word assimilated into consonant 's'. One respondent pronounced sound 'fi:ʃ' in–‘̵ˆ‹ǣ•̵ƒ†–Š‡”‡•–’”‘‘—…‡†™‡ŽŽǢ–Š‡

™‘”†sizeȋ•ƒœȌ™Š‹…Š…‘•‘ƒ–̵œ̵‹–Š‡Žƒ•–™‘”†ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡†‹–‘…‘•‘ƒ–

̵•̵ǤŠ‹”†ǡ ‡‹‰Š– ”‡•’‘†‡–• ’”‘‘—…‡† •‘—† ̵•ƒœ̵ ‹–‘ ̵•ƒ•̵ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‘—”

”‡•’‘†‡–•’”‘‘—…‡†™‡ŽŽǢ–Š‡™‘”†this(θi:z) wŠ‹…Š…‘•‘ƒ–̵œ̵‹–Š‡

Žƒ•– ™‘”† ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘ …‘•‘ƒ– ̵•̵Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–

pronounced sound 'θi:z' into 'θi:s' and the rest pronounced well, and the last

™‘”†‹•usual(ju:ʒuәl) which consonant 'ʒ' in the middle word assimilated i–‘

consonant 's'. Seven respondents pronounced the sound 'ju:ʒuәl' into 'ju:suәl'

ƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”•’”‘‘—…‡†™‡ŽŽǤ

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Surotun Siqoyah, Nur Latifah

‡…‘†ǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ …‘•‘ƒ–• ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘ …‘•‘ƒ– ̵̵Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡

–Š”‡‡™‘”†•’”‘‘—…‡†‹‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•‘—†‹–‘…‘•‘ƒ–̵̵Ǣ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣ

–Š‡ ™‘”† big ȋ„‰Ȍǡ ™Š‹…Š …‘•‘ƒ– ̵‰̵ ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ•– ™‘”† ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘

…‘•‘ƒ–̵̵Ǥ™‘”‡•’‘†‡–•’”‘‘—…‡†•‘—†̵„‰̵‹–‘̵„̵™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•–

‘ˆ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ’”‘‘—…‡† ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ •‘—†Ǣ –Š‡ ™‘”† dig ȋ†‰Ȍ ™Š‹…Š …‘•‘ƒ–̵‰̵‹–Š‡Žƒ•–™‘”†ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡†‹–‘̵̵Ǥ‡”‡•’‘†‡–’”‘‘—…‡†

–Š‡•‘—†̵†‰̵‹–‘̵†̵™‹–Š–Š‡‘–Š‡”•’”‘‘—…‡†™‡ŽŽǢƒ†–Š‡™‘”†night ȋƒ–Ȍ ™Š‹…Š …‘•‘ƒ– ̵–̵ ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ•– ™‘”† ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘ ̵̵Ǥ Š”‡‡

”‡•’‘†‡–•’”‘‘—…‡†–Š‡•‘—†̵ƒ–̵‹–‘̵ƒ̵ǡƒ†–Š‡‹‡”‡•’‘†‡–•

’”‘‘—…‡†™‡ŽŽǤ

Š‹”†ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –™‘ ™‘”†• ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ …‘•‘ƒ– ˆ”‘

…‘•‘ƒ– ̵˜̵ ‹–‘ ̵ˆ̵Ǣ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –Š”‡‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ’”‘‘—…‡† –Š‡ ™‘”†vice ȋ˜ƒ•Ȍǡ ™Š‹…Š •‘—†‡† ̵˜ƒ•̵ ‹–‘ ̵ˆƒ•̵ ƒ† ‹‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ’”‘‘—…‡†

ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ •‘—†Ǥ ™‘ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ’”‘‘—…‡† –Š‡ ™‘”† never(’nevәr) which sounded ‘’nevәr’ into ‘’nefәr’ with the other 11 respondents pronounced

™‡ŽŽǤ

Fourth, the consonant ‘ʤ’ assimilated in the middle word into consonant

‘j’ in a word major (meIʤәr). Four respondents pronounced the sound

‘meIʤәr’ into ‘meIjәr’ƒ†‡‹‰Š–”‡•’‘†‡–•’”‘‘—…‡†ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•‘—†Ǥ Fifth, the consonant ‘θ’ assimilated in the first word into consonant ‘d’ in a

™‘”†this(θi:z). Five respondents pronounced the sound ‘θi:z’ into ‘di:z’ and

•‡˜‡”‡•’‘†‡–•’”‘‘—…‡†™‡ŽŽǤ

‹š–Šǡ–Š‡consonant 'z' is assimilated in the last word into consonant 'ʃ' in

ƒ™‘”†this(θi:z). One respondent pronounced the sound 'θi:z' into ''θi: ʃ' and ͳͳ”‡•’‘†‡–•’”‘‘—…‡†–Š‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•‘—†Ǥ

2.) Insertion

•‡”–‹‘ ‹• ‹† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘• •’‡‡…Š –Šƒ– „‡Ž‘‰• –‘ –Š‡

•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…– ‘ˆ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ •‡”–‹‘ ‘……—””‡† ™Š‡ ̵• •–—†‡–•

ȋ”‡•’‘†‡–•Ȍ‹•‡”–Ȁƒ††˜‘™‡Žǡ†‹’Š–Š‘‰ǡƒ†…‘•‘ƒ–‹•‹†‡–Š‡™‘”†Ǥ 2.1.) Vowel and diphthong

2.1.1.) Insertion of vowel

 –Š‹• •‡…–‹‘ǡ ‘Ž› ‘‡ ™‘”† ‹• ’”‘‘—…‡† „› ‘‡ ”‡•’‘†‡– ™Š‘

‹•‡”–‡†Ȁƒ††‡† „› ˜‘™‡Ž ‹•‹†‡ ƒ ™‘”†Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ™‘”†barn(bɑ:rn), which has vowel ‘ɑ:’ between consonant ‘b’ and ‘r’ was inserted/added the vowel ‘e’ became sound ‘berɜ:n’ and the other 11 respondents pronounced

ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•‘—†Ǥ

Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

‡…‘†ǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ …‘•‘ƒ–• ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘ …‘•‘ƒ– ̵̵Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡

–Š”‡‡™‘”†•’”‘‘—…‡†‹‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•‘—†‹–‘…‘•‘ƒ–̵̵Ǣ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣ

–Š‡ ™‘”†big ȋ„‰Ȍǡ ™Š‹…Š …‘•‘ƒ– ̵‰̵ ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ•– ™‘”† ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘

…‘•‘ƒ–̵̵Ǥ™‘”‡•’‘†‡–•’”‘‘—…‡†•‘—†̵„‰̵‹–‘̵„̵™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•–

‘ˆ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ’”‘‘—…‡† ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ •‘—†Ǣ –Š‡ ™‘”†dig ȋ†‰Ȍ ™Š‹…Š …‘•‘ƒ–̵‰̵‹–Š‡Žƒ•–™‘”†ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡†‹–‘̵̵Ǥ‡”‡•’‘†‡–’”‘‘—…‡†

–Š‡•‘—†̵†‰̵‹–‘̵†̵™‹–Š–Š‡‘–Š‡”•’”‘‘—…‡†™‡ŽŽǢƒ†–Š‡™‘”†night ȋƒ–Ȍ ™Š‹…Š …‘•‘ƒ– ̵–̵ ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ•– ™‘”† ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘ ̵̵Ǥ Š”‡‡

”‡•’‘†‡–•’”‘‘—…‡†–Š‡•‘—†̵ƒ–̵‹–‘̵ƒ̵ǡƒ†–Š‡‹‡”‡•’‘†‡–•

’”‘‘—…‡†™‡ŽŽǤ

Š‹”†ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –™‘ ™‘”†• ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ …‘•‘ƒ– ˆ”‘

…‘•‘ƒ– ̵˜̵ ‹–‘ ̵ˆ̵Ǣ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –Š”‡‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ’”‘‘—…‡† –Š‡ ™‘”†vice ȋ˜ƒ•Ȍǡ ™Š‹…Š •‘—†‡† ̵˜ƒ•̵ ‹–‘ ̵ˆƒ•̵ ƒ† ‹‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ’”‘‘—…‡†

ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ •‘—†Ǥ ™‘ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ’”‘‘—…‡† –Š‡ ™‘”†never(’nevәr) which sounded ‘’nevәr’ into ‘’nefәr’ with the other 11 respondents pronounced

™‡ŽŽǤ

Fourth, the consonant ‘ʤ’ assimilated in the middle word into consonant

‘j’ in a word major (meIʤәr). Four respondents pronounced the sound

‘meIʤәr’ into ‘meIjәr’ƒ†‡‹‰Š–”‡•’‘†‡–•’”‘‘—…‡†ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•‘—†Ǥ Fifth, the consonant ‘θ’ assimilated in the first word into consonant ‘d’ in a

™‘”†this(θi:z). Five respondents pronounced the sound ‘θi:z’ into ‘di:z’ and

•‡˜‡”‡•’‘†‡–•’”‘‘—…‡†™‡ŽŽǤ

‹š–Šǡ–Š‡consonant 'z' is assimilated in the last word into consonant 'ʃ' in

ƒ™‘”†this(θi:z). One respondent pronounced the sound 'θi:z' into ''θi: ʃ' and ͳͳ”‡•’‘†‡–•’”‘‘—…‡†–Š‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•‘—†Ǥ

2.) Insertion

•‡”–‹‘ ‹• ‹† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘• •’‡‡…Š –Šƒ– „‡Ž‘‰• –‘ –Š‡

•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…– ‘ˆ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ •‡”–‹‘ ‘……—””‡† ™Š‡ ̵• •–—†‡–•

ȋ”‡•’‘†‡–•Ȍ‹•‡”–Ȁƒ††˜‘™‡Žǡ†‹’Š–Š‘‰ǡƒ†…‘•‘ƒ–‹•‹†‡–Š‡™‘”†Ǥ 2.1.) Vowel and diphthong

2.1.1.) Insertion of vowel

 –Š‹• •‡…–‹‘ǡ ‘Ž› ‘‡ ™‘”† ‹• ’”‘‘—…‡† „› ‘‡ ”‡•’‘†‡– ™Š‘

‹•‡”–‡†Ȁƒ††‡† „› ˜‘™‡Ž ‹•‹†‡ ƒ ™‘”†Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ™‘”†barn(bɑ:rn), which has vowel ‘ɑ:’ between consonant ‘b’ and ‘r’ was inserted/added the vowel ‘e’ became sound ‘berɜ:n’ and the other 11 respondents pronounced

ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•‘—†Ǥ

2.1.2.) Insertion of diphthong

Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• †‹† ‘– ˆ‹† –Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–•̵ ™”‘‰ ’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘

ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡†‹’Š–Š‘‰̵•‹•‡”–‹‘‹–Š‹••‡…–‹‘Ǥ 2.2.) Consonant

2.2.1.) Insertion of consonant

Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘Ž› ‘‡ ™‘”† ’”‘‘—…‡† „› ‘‡ ”‡•’‘†‡– ™Š‘

‹•‡”–‡†Ȁƒ††‡†…‘•‘ƒ–‹ƒˆ‹”•–™‘”†‹–Š‹••‡…–‹‘ǤŠ‡™‘”†writeȋ”ƒ–Ȍǡ

™Š‹…ŠŠƒ• …‘•‘ƒ–‘r’ in a first word was, inserted/added by consonant ‘v’

before the consonant ‘r’ became sound ‘vraIt’ and the other 11 respondents

’”‘‘—…‡†ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•‘—†Ǥ 3.) Deletion

‡Ž‡–‹‘ ‹• ƒ ‹† ‘ˆ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘• •’‡‡…Š –Šƒ– „‡Ž‘‰• –‘ –Š‡

•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…– ‘ˆ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‡Ž‡–‹‘ ‘……—”• ™Š‡ ̵• •–—†‡–•

ȋ”‡•’‘†‡–•Ȍ†‡Ž‡–‡Ȁ‘‹–˜‘™‡Žǡ†‹’Š–Š‘‰ǡƒ†…‘•‘ƒ–‹•‹†‡–Š‡™‘”†Ǥ 3.1.) Vowel and diphthong

3.1.1.) Deletion of vowel and diphthong

– –Š‹• ’‘‹–ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ‘‡ ”‡•’‘†‡– ™Š‘ ’”‘‘—…‡† –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡

™‘”†• ‹ ƒ ‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ •‘—†Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ”‡•’‘†‡–•̵

”‡…‘”†‹‰ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•†‹†‘–‹’Ž‡‡–•’‡‡…Š…ƒŽŽ‡††‡Ž‡–‹‘‹˜‘™‡Ž

ƒ††‹’Š–Š‘‰Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡•ˆ‘—†„›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹

‘–Š‡”ƒ•’‡…–•‘”‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ•’‡‡…ŠǤ 3.2.) Consonant

3.2.1.) Deletion of consonant

––Š‹•’‘‹–ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™‘”†•’”‘‘—…‡†„›–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–

”‡•’‘†‡–•™Š‘†‡Ž‡–‡Ȁ‘‹–…‘•‘ƒ–•‹•‹†‡–Š‡™‘”†Ǣ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣˆ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡

™‘”†chair(ʧӕr) which consonant ‘ʧ’ and ‘r’ between vowel ‘ӕ’ became sound

‘ʧӕ’ with one respondent delete/omit the consonant ‘r’ in the last word and the

‘–Š‡” ͳͳ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ’”‘‘—…‡† ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ •‘—†Ǣ ƒ† •‡…‘†ǡ –Š‡ ™‘”†

never(’nevәr) which consonant ‘n’ and ‘v’ between vowel ‘e’, and consonant ‘r’

‹ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• ™‘”† ™ƒ• †‡Ž‡–‡†Ȁ‘‹––‡† „› ‘‡ ”‡•’‘†‡– „‡…ƒ‡ •‘—†

‘nevә’ with vowel ‘ә’ sounded in the last word. Besides, the rest respondents

’”‘‘—…‡†–Š‡™‘”†neverƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•‘—†Ǥ b. Suprasegmental aspect 1.) Stress

–”‡••‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ•—’”ƒ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ—‹–•Ǥ–”‡••”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘Š‘™

•‘‡‘‡‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡–‡•‹‘‹•‹†‡ƒ™‘”†‘”…ƒŽŽ‡†™‘”†•–”‡••Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ǡ™‘”†

•–”‡••‹•…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†‹–‘ˆ‘—”’ƒ”–•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡†‹˜‹†‡†„›–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Surotun Siqoyah, Nur Latifah

Š‡•‡ƒ”‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’ƒ”–•™Š‹…Š™‘”†•–”‡••Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽŽ‘…ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ

•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ǡ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣ

1.1.) Stress on the first syllable 1.1.1.) Two syllable words

 –Š‹• •‡…–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹•’Žƒ…‡† ™‘”† •–”‡•• ‘……—””‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰

™‘”†•ǣ

‹”•–ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –Š”‡‡ ™‘”†• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”†•husbandǡdozenǡ ƒ†stupid

‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†„›’—–‘™‘”†•–”‡••‹–Š‡•‡…‘†•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ǡ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣʹ

”‡•’‘†‡–•‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†™‘”†•–”‡••ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†ȏhɅz│bәnd] into [hɅz│bәndȐǡ–™‘”‡•’‘†‡–•‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†™‘”†•–”‡••ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†

ȏdɅ│zәn] into [dɅ│zәnȐǡƒ†‘‡”‡•’‘†‡–‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†™‘”†•–”‡••

ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†ȏstʃu: │pId] into [stʃu: │’‹ǣ†] and the vowel ‘I’ became longer to vowel ‘i:’.

‡…‘†ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘‡™‘”†ˆ”‘ƒ™‘”†splendid‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†„›

’—– ‘ •–”‡•• ƒ›™Š‡”‡Ǥ ‘‡ ”‡•’‘†‡– ’”‘‘—…‡† ȏ•’Ž‡│††Ȑ ‹–‘

ȏ•’Ž‡††Ȑ ™‹–Š —•–”‡••‡† •›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ ™‘”†Ǥ  …‘–”ƒ•–ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•– ’”‘‘—…‡†

ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡™‘”†•–”‡••Ǥ 1.1.2.) Three syllable words

 –Š‹• •‡…–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹•’Žƒ…‡† ™‘”† •–”‡•• ‘……—””‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰

™‘”†•ǣ

‹”•–ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”™‘”†•ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†literatureǡcharacterǡindustryǡ

ƒ† atmosphere ‹•’Žƒ…‡ ’”‘‘—…‡† „› ’—– ™‘”† •–”‡•• ‘ –Š‡ •‡…‘†

•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǣ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣʹ”‡•’‘†‡–•‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†™‘”†•–”‡••ˆ”‘–Š‡

™‘”†ȏŽ│trә│ʧә(r)] into [lI│trә│ʧә(r)], one respondent misplace pronounced

–Š‡ ™‘”† •–”‡•• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”† ȏkӕ│”│ktәr] into [kӕ│”│ktәr], three

”‡•’‘†‡–• ’”‘‘—…‡† ‹•’Žƒ…‡ ’”‘‘—…‡† ™‘”† •–”‡•• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”†

ȏ│dәs│–”‹ǣȐ ‹–‘ ȏ│dәs│–”‹ǣȐǡ ƒ† –™‘ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ‹•’Žƒ…‡ ’”‘‘—…‡†

™‘”†•–”‡••ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†ȏӕt│mәs│fIәr] into [ӕt│mәs│fIәr].

‡…‘†ǡ ‘‡ ™‘”† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”†advertise• ‹•’Žƒ…‹‰ ’”‘‘—…‡† „›

’—––‹‰ •–”‡•• ‘ –Š‡ –Š‹”† •›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–

‹•’Žƒ…‡ ’”‘‘—…‡† ™‘”† •–”‡•• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”† ȏӕd│vәr│–ƒœȐ ‹–‘

[ӕd│vәr│–ƒœȐ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‘–Š‡””‡•’‘†‡–•’—––Š‡™‘”†•–”‡••‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡

•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

1.1.3.) Four syllable words

 –Š‹• •‡…–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹•’Žƒ…‡† ™‘”† •–”‡•• ‘……—””‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰

™‘”†•ǣ

‹”•–ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”™‘”†•ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†literatureǡcharacterǡindustryǡ

ƒ† atmosphere ‹•’Žƒ…‡ ’”‘‘—…‡† „› ’—– ™‘”† •–”‡•• ‘ –Š‡ •‡…‘†

Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

Š‡•‡ƒ”‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’ƒ”–•™Š‹…Š™‘”†•–”‡••Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽŽ‘…ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ

•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ǡ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣ

1.1.) Stress on the first syllable 1.1.1.) Two syllable words

 –Š‹• •‡…–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹•’Žƒ…‡† ™‘”† •–”‡•• ‘……—””‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰

™‘”†•ǣ

‹”•–ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –Š”‡‡ ™‘”†• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”†•husbandǡdozenǡ ƒ†stupid

‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†„›’—–‘™‘”†•–”‡••‹–Š‡•‡…‘†•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ǡ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣʹ

”‡•’‘†‡–•‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†™‘”†•–”‡••ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†ȏhɅz│bәnd] into [hɅz│bәndȐǡ–™‘”‡•’‘†‡–•‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†™‘”†•–”‡••ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†

ȏdɅ│zәn] into [dɅ│zәnȐǡƒ†‘‡”‡•’‘†‡–‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†™‘”†•–”‡••

ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†ȏstʃu: │pId] into [stʃu: │’‹ǣ†] and the vowel ‘I’ became longer to vowel ‘i:’.

‡…‘†ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘‡™‘”†ˆ”‘ƒ™‘”†splendid‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†„›

’—– ‘ •–”‡•• ƒ›™Š‡”‡Ǥ ‘‡ ”‡•’‘†‡– ’”‘‘—…‡† ȏ•’Ž‡│††Ȑ ‹–‘

ȏ•’Ž‡††Ȑ ™‹–Š —•–”‡••‡† •›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ ™‘”†Ǥ  …‘–”ƒ•–ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•– ’”‘‘—…‡†

ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡™‘”†•–”‡••Ǥ 1.1.2.) Three syllable words

 –Š‹• •‡…–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹•’Žƒ…‡† ™‘”† •–”‡•• ‘……—””‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰

™‘”†•ǣ

‹”•–ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”™‘”†•ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†literatureǡcharacterǡindustryǡ

ƒ†atmosphere ‹•’Žƒ…‡ ’”‘‘—…‡† „› ’—– ™‘”† •–”‡•• ‘ –Š‡ •‡…‘†

•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǣ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣʹ”‡•’‘†‡–•‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†™‘”†•–”‡••ˆ”‘–Š‡

™‘”†ȏŽ│trә│ʧә(r)] into [lI│trә│ʧә(r)], one respondent misplace pronounced

–Š‡ ™‘”† •–”‡•• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”† ȏkӕ│”│ktәr] into [kӕ│”│ktәr], three

”‡•’‘†‡–• ’”‘‘—…‡† ‹•’Žƒ…‡ ’”‘‘—…‡† ™‘”† •–”‡•• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”†

ȏ│dәs│–”‹ǣȐ ‹–‘ ȏ│dәs│–”‹ǣȐǡ ƒ† –™‘ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ‹•’Žƒ…‡ ’”‘‘—…‡†

™‘”†•–”‡••ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†ȏӕt│mәs│fIәr] into [ӕt│mәs│fIәr].

‡…‘†ǡ ‘‡ ™‘”† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”†advertise• ‹•’Žƒ…‹‰ ’”‘‘—…‡† „›

’—––‹‰ •–”‡•• ‘ –Š‡ –Š‹”† •›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–

‹•’Žƒ…‡ ’”‘‘—…‡† ™‘”† •–”‡•• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”† ȏӕd│vәr│–ƒœȐ ‹–‘

[ӕd│vәr│–ƒœȐ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‘–Š‡””‡•’‘†‡–•’—––Š‡™‘”†•–”‡••‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡

•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

1.1.3.) Four syllable words

 –Š‹• •‡…–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹•’Žƒ…‡† ™‘”† •–”‡•• ‘……—””‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰

™‘”†•ǣ

‹”•–ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”™‘”†•ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†literatureǡcharacterǡindustryǡ

ƒ†atmosphere ‹•’Žƒ…‡ ’”‘‘—…‡† „› ’—– ™‘”† •–”‡•• ‘ –Š‡ •‡…‘†

•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǣ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣʹ”‡•’‘†‡–•‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†™‘”†•–”‡••ˆ”‘–Š‡

™‘”†ȏŽ│trә│ʧә(r)] into [lI│trә│ʧә(r)], one respondent misplace pronounced

–Š‡ ™‘”† •–”‡•• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”† ȏkӕ│”│ktәr] into [kӕ│”│ktәr], three

”‡•’‘†‡–• ’”‘‘—…‡† ‹•’Žƒ…‡ ’”‘‘—…‡† ™‘”† •–”‡•• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”†

ȏ│dәs│–”‹ǣȐ ‹–‘ ȏ│dәs│–”‹ǣȐǡ ƒ† –™‘ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ‹•’Žƒ…‡ ’”‘‘—…‡†

™‘”†•–”‡••ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†ȏӕt│mәs│fIәr] into [ӕt│mәs│fIәr].

‡…‘†ǡ ‘‡ ™‘”† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”† advertise ‹•’Žƒ…‡ ’”‘‘—…‡† „›

’—––‹‰ •–”‡•• ‘ –Š‡ –Š‹”† •›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‘‡ ”‡•’‘†‡– ‹•’Žƒ…‡

’”‘‘—…‡† ™‘”† •–”‡•• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”† ȏӕd│vәr│taIz] into [ӕd│vәr│–ƒœȐ

™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‘–Š‡””‡•’‘†‡–•’—––Š‡™‘”†•–”‡••‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǥ 1.2.) Stress on the second syllable

1.2.1.) Two syllable words

–Š‹•’ƒ”–ǡ–Š‡‹•’Žƒ…‡†™‘”†•–”‡••‘……—””‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™‘”†•ǣ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‹˜‡™‘”†•ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†narrateǡballonǡbeginǡdrawerǡ

ƒ†rupee‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†„›’—–•–”‡••‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǣ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣͳ respondent misplace pronounced word stress from the word [nә│”‡–Ȑ ‹–‘

ȏnә│reIt], three respondents misplace pronounced word stress from the word [bә│Ž—ǣȐ ‹–‘ ȏbә│lu:n], two respondents misplac‡ ’”‘‘—…‡† ™‘”† •–”‡••

from the word [bI│‰Ȑ ‹–‘ ȏ„│gIn], six respondents misplace pronounced word stress from the word [drɔ:│ә(r)Ȑ ‹–‘ ȏdrɔ:│ә(r)], and one respondent misplace pronounced word stress from the word [ru:│’‹ǣȐ‹–‘ȏ”—ǣ│pi:].

‡…‘†ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡™‘”†•ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†ballonǡdrawerǡƒ†rupee

‹•’Žƒ…‡ ’”‘‘—…‡† „› ’—– ƒŽŽ •–”‡••‡†‹ ƒ ™‘”†ǡ –Š‘•‡ ƒ”‡ǣ ͳ ”‡•’‘†‡–

misplace pronounced word stress from the word [bә│Ž—ǣȐ‹–‘ȏbә│Ž—ǣȐǡ‘‡

”‡•’‘†‡–‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†™‘”†•–”‡••ˆrom the word [drɔ:│ә(r)Ȑ‹–‘

ȏdrɔ:│ә(r)], and one respondent misplace pronounced from the word [ru:│’‹ǣȐ

‹–‘ȏ”—ǣ│’‹ǣȐǤ

Š‹”†ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘™‘”†•ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†narrateƒ†begin–‘‹•’Žƒ…‡

’”‘‘—…‡†„›’—–—•–”‡••‡†•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡™‘”†Ǣ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣͳ”‡•’‘†‡–‹•’Žƒ…‡ pronounced word stress from the word [nә│”‡–] into [nәreIt], and one respondent misplace pronounced word stress from word [bI│‰Ȑ‹–‘ȏ„‰ȐǤ

1.2.2.) Three syllable words

–Š‹•’ƒ”–ǡ–Š‡‹•’Žƒ…‡†™‘”†•–”‡••‘……—””‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™‘”†•ǣ ‹”•–ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ˆ‹˜‡ ™‘”†• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”†appendixǡefficientǡdevelopǡ salivaǡ ƒ†antenna ‹•’Žƒ…‡ ’”‘‘—…‡† „› ’—– ™‘”† •–”‡•• ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–

•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ǡ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣʹ”‡•’‘†‡–•‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†™‘”†•–”‡••ˆ”‘–Š‡

word [ә│’‡│dIks] into [ә│pen│dIks], tŠ”‡‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ‹•’Žƒ…‡ pronounced word stress from the word [I│ˆ│ʃәnt] into [│fI│ʃәnt], ten

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Surotun Siqoyah, Nur Latifah

respondents misplace pronounced word stress from the word [dI│˜‡│lәp] into ȏ†│ve│lәp], three respondents misplace pronounced word stress from the word [sә│Žƒ│vә] into [sә│laI│vә], and five respondents misplace pronounced word stress from the word [ӕn│–‡│nә] into [ӕn│te│nә].

‡…‘†ǡ‘Ž›‘‡™‘”†ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†‹•’Žƒ…‡†„›’—––‹‰™‘”†•–”‡••

‘ –Š‡ –Š‹”†•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘‡ ”‡•’‘†‡– ‹•’Žƒ…‡ ’”‘‘—…‡† ™‘”†•–”‡•• ˆ”‘

the word [dI│˜‡│lәp] into [dI│ve│lәpȐ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ”‡•’‘†‡–•

’”‘‘—…‡†–Š‡™‘”†•–”‡••‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

Š‹”†ǡ‘‡™‘”†ˆ”‘™‘”†antenna‹•‹•’Žƒ…‡’”‘‘—…‡†„›’—––‹‰

•–”‡••‘–Š‡•‡…‘†ƒ†–Š‹”†•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡•ǤŠ”‡‡”‡•’‘†‡–•ƒ††‡†™‘”†•–”‡••

in third syllable and misplace pronounced word stress from word [ӕn│–‡│nә]

into [ӕn│tenәȐǤ

1.2.3.) Four syllable words

–Š‹•’ƒ”–ǡ–Š‡‹•’Žƒ…‡†™‘”†•–”‡••‘……—””‡†„›’—–•–”‡••‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–

•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ˆ‹˜‡ ™‘”†• ˆ”‘ ™‘”†participantǡridiculousǡresponsibleǡ appreciateǡ ƒ† rhinoceros ‹•’”‘‘—…‡†ǡ –Š‘•‡ ƒ”‡ǣ ˆ‹˜‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–•

pronounced word stress from [pɑ:r│–│sI│pәnt] into [pɑ:r│tI│sI│pәnt], one respondent pronounced word stress from [rI│†│kjʊ│lәs] into [”│dI│kjʊ│lәs],

–Š”‡‡ ”‡•’‘ndents pronounced word stress from [rIs│pɒn│sә│bәl] into ȏ”•│pɒn│sә│bәl], one respondent pronounced word stress from [ә│’”‹ǣ

│ʃI│et] into [ә│pri:│ʃI│et], and four respondents pronounced word stress from [raI│nɒ│sә│rәs] into [”ƒ│nɒ│sә│rәs].

1.3.) Stress on the third syllable 1.3.1.) Three syllable words

––Š‹•’‘‹–ǡ–Š‡‹•’Žƒ…‡†™‘”†•–”‡••‘……—””‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™‘”†•ǣ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡™‘”†•ˆ”‘™‘”†cigaretteǡengineerǡƒ†correspond

‹•’”‘‘—…‡† „› ’—––‹‰ •–”‡•• ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‘•‡ ƒ”‡Ǣ ˆ‘—”

respondents pronounced word stress from [sI│gә│”‡–Ȑ ‹–‘ ȏ•│gә│ret], two respondents pronounced word stress from [en│ʤI│nIәrȐ ‹–‘ ȏ‡│ʤI│nIәr], and one respondent pronounced word stress from [kɒ│rIs│pɒndȐ ‹–‘

ȏkɒ│rIs│pɒnd].

‡…‘†ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘™‘”†•ˆ”‘™‘”†engineerƒ†correspond‹•’Žƒ…‡

’”‘‘—…‡†„›’—–•–”‡••‘–Š‡•‡…‘†•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡Ǣ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣ–Š”‡‡”‡•’‘†‡–•

pronounced word stress from [en│ʤI│nIәr] into [en│ʤI│nIәr], and three respondents pronounced word stress from [kɒ│rIs│pɒnd] into [kɒ│”•│pɒnd].

Š‹”†ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘Ž›‘‡™‘”†ˆ”‘™‘”†guarantee’”‘‘—…‡†„›‘‡

”‡•’‘†‡–ƒ†’—–ƒŽŽ•–”‡••‡†‹ƒ™‘”†ǤŠ‡”‡•’‘†‡–’”‘‘—…‡†ˆ”‘