Jokowidodo-Jusuf Kalla Government Policy In Making The Indonesian Food Satisfaction
Arni Girsang
Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received: Sep 19, 2020 Revised: Oct 09, 2020 Accepted: Jan 21, 2021
Food sovereignty is a goal of a great nation. This is supported by the condition of Indonesia which provides all the requirements of the realization of food sovereignty. The availability of natural resources and human resources as a means of fulfilling food sovereignty. Government as an actor who has the authority to issue a policy that can realize the food sovereignty. This study try to analyze the Strategic Plan of the Government Ministry of Agriculture Jokowi-Jusuf Kalla 2015-1019. In his current government, Jokowi-JK gave trust to the Ministry of Agriculture as the implementer of the food sovereighty program. In reviewing this matter, researchers use the theory of Agrarian Politics, Public Policy Theory, the Concept of Food Politics, and Food Sovereignty. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. The result of the research concludes that the policy of Jokowi JK Government in Strategic Plan of agriculture ministry still have some points which are not in accordance with the concept of food sovereignty especially in the expansion of agricultural land by redistributing the land to the farmers. So it can not be said that Jokowi-JK policy is a manifestation of food sovereignty.
Keywords:
Politics;
Policy;
Agrarian Reform;
Food Sovereignty.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license.
Corresponding Author Arni Girsang,
Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara,
Street Dr. T. Mansur No. 9, Padang Bulan Campus, Medan, 20155, North Sumatra, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected]
1. INTRODUCTION
The availability of food in the community is an important part of the survival of the community. Food that is the source of life for all human beings is something that must be fulfilled (Solikin, 2014) (Wigati, 2011). Because with food humans are able to obtain energy or a fit body condition to be able to carry out various activities (Akmal & Puruhita, 2012). Conversely, if the food condition is not able to meet the needs of every human being, there will only be starvation and death. In view of the fact that since the end of the 20th century, the world food condition is in fact apprehensive (Sulistiyono, 2012). This can be seen from the high dominance of developed countries on food production which causes uneven
food production and increased hunger and malnutrition in developing and poor countries. Food shortages that cause hunger and very dangerous nutrition in developing countries will certainly not be able to spur the growth of food production, this is also in line with rapid population growth (Saragih, 2010) (Aminah, nd). It is the same as in Indonesia, the rapid population growth in Indonesia has made the amount of food demand even greater. Meanwhile, the national food production capacity is growing slowly and even stagnating due to challenges in the field of global climate change, competition in the use of land and water resources for agricultural and non-agricultural activities, and environmental degradation which reduces the capacity of national food production and agricultural labor (Brown, 2012)(Alexandratos, 1999). As a result, to meet the increased national food availability, Indonesia is forced to import. Dependence on imported food greatly affects efforts to achieve the stability of national food supply so that the food problem is no longer limited to food security but more towards food sovereignty (Sains et al., 2006).
In an effort to overcome hunger, the 1996 World Food Summit (WFS) issued various views and work plans that must be implemented by all member countries(Putranto, 2013). Among these programs are the issuance of resolution number 176 of 1996 which states that the UN FAO's birthday on October 16 is World Food Day, and the implementation of a concept of Food Security (Food Security) as an effort to overcome the famine that befalls the world (Lee, 2006). World Food Summit organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in November 1996 in Rome. The Rome Declaration in 2002 was carried out to attempt various statements of attitudes, agreements, joint commitments from heads of state and government in updating, affirming, and pursuing the achievement of the goals set out in the 1996 Rome Declaration in realizing food security and reducing poverty and hunger. State/government leaders have pledged political will and commitment to achieving food security and continued efforts to eradicate hunger in all member countries by halving the number of people suffering from food shortages by 2015 (H. Arifin et al., Nd). The political commitment in the 2002 Declaration emphasizes the importance of agricultural and rural development in reducing hunger and poverty. The declarators realized that agricultural and rural development had a key role in stabilizing food security, because 70 percent of the world's poor live in rural areas and rely on their livelihoods from the agricultural sector. Therefore, efforts to achieve the target of overcoming hunger and poverty must also be based on efforts to increase agricultural productivity and improve food production and distribution. There are at least three factors that cause the world's food problem to become more complicated, namely rapid population growth, failure of food production due to the impact of global climate change and land conversion, and the marginalization of agricultural investment policies. With regard to national agricultural development, particularly agricultural production, so far more attention has been paid to upstream processes, such as access to land resources, provision of various means of production, and production techniques (Locatelli et al., 2009). Indeed, the development of the upstream sector is very important and cannot be ignored. However, that alone will not be sufficient to answer the issue of food sovereignty and the prosperity of farmers. Land ownership in Indonesia is also very small. In fact, millions of farmers actually just become agricultural laborers without land ownership (Dahuri, 2003). From the very small average land ownership of 0.4 Ha, the increase in production alone will not have a real impact on the increase in income received by farmers, especially if the selling price received by farmers does not increase significantly (Shinta, 2001).
Formally the definition of food security and efforts to implement it is extended not only to the nation-state or national level, but to the household and individual levels(Susilo, 2010). In summary, in the 1996 WorldFood Summit it was stated that food security is a condition when all people, at all times, have economic and physical access to adequate and safe food and nutrition to meet their physical needs as well as their choice of the food they want to consume in order to lead an active and healthy life. Food is anything that comes from biological sources of agricultural, plantation, forestry, fishery, animal husbandry, water and water products, whether processed or unprocessed which is designated as food or beverage for human consumption, including food additives, food raw materials, and other materials used in the process of preparing, processing, and/or making food (Hariyadi, 2012)(Ariani,
2015). In the Law on Food Number 18 of 2012 that food is the most important basic human need and its fulfillment is part of the human rights guaranteed in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia as a basic component for realizing quality human resources (Ardana, 2012). The state is obliged to realize the availability, affordability and fulfillment of food consumption that is safe, high quality, and nutritionally balanced, both at the national and regional levels to evenly distributed individuals throughout the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia at all times by utilizing local resources, institutions and culture (Syakir, 2015)(Asroni, 2014).
Food sovereignty is the right of the nation state which independently determines the food policy which guarantees the right to food for the people and which gives the community the right to determine a food system that is in accordance with the potential of local resources (Safa'at, 2013) (Purwaningsih, 2008). Considering that Indonesia is a country with a large population and on the other hand has diverse natural and food resources, Indonesia is able to meet its food needs sovereignty and independently (PPPT Pangan & Selayar, 2012). To ensure the availability of food, government performance is required through real and competent policies to meet the food availability (B. Arifin, 2005) (Stamboel, 2013). So it is hoped that the performance of the government through various policies will be able to provide the rights of its citizens, namely having food availability up to each individual.
Until now, efforts to increase agricultural production, especially food, have been carried out as an effort to uphold food sovereignty(Pangan, 2006). In 2005, the Ministry of Agriculture's Agricultural Research and Development Agency promoted agricultural management to increase national rice production in order to achieve rice food sovereignty in 2005, 2010 and 2025. The agricultural management strategies offered are: 1) Encouraging synergy between agribusiness subsystems, 2) Increasing farmers' access to resources, capital, technology, and markets, 3) Encouraging increased productivity through new innovations, 4) Providing business incentives, 5) Encouraging diversification of production, 6) Encouraging active participation of all stakeholders, 7) Empowering farmers and communities. With a policy that costs around 85.4 trillion, the government is optimistic that it will be able to increase rice productivity by 1.5 percent per year with a harvest index of 1.52. Increased production like this, hence the government is confident that Indonesia will achieve medium-term food sovereignty in 2010 and long-term by 2025.9 Rice security will remain a major issue in the national economy, given the strategic position of rice commodities in the dietary habits of the Indonesian people. Entering the 21st century, rice staple food security has good prospects after carefully examining the direction of development of domestic production capacity and the dynamics of demand for this commodity. The development of an efficient rice farming business system with high competitiveness and at the same time being able to increase farmers' income is absolutely necessary (Amanah & Farmayanti, 2014). Within the framework of national development, The main mandate of the agricultural sector is to provide adequate food for its population and support the development of other sectors. In the future, the mandate will become even more severe because the rate of demand for agricultural products continues to increase in line with the rate of population growth.
The 2015-2019 National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) includes the third phase of the 2005-2025 Long-Term National Development Plan (RPJPN) which has been stipulated by Law Number 17 of 2007 under the umbrella of the 1945 Constitution and Law No. 17 of 2007 concerning RPJP, RPJMN(Nasional, 2007). The RPJMN, which is a five-year agenda (2015-2019), is expected to be able to provide continuous improvement in welfare, its citizens have a personality and spirit of mutual cooperation, and the community has harmony among social groups. The President/Vice President, Joko Widodo and Muhammad Jusuf Kalla, using the Technocratic Design that has been prepared by Bappenas and is guided by the 2005-2025 RPJPN. The 2015-2019 RPJMN is a guideline to ensure the achievement of the President's vision and mission, the RPJMN as well as to maintain consistency in the direction of national development with the objectives in the 1945 Constitution and RPJPN 2005–
2025 (Nasional, 2007). Efforts towards long-term goals and essential goals in building, Indonesia's national development for the next five years needs to prioritize efforts to achieve food sovereignty. In terms of the realization of food sovereignty, the Ministry of Agriculture issued several policies that will
support the strengthening of national food. The issuance of Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 16/Permetan/HK.140/4/2015 concerning Guidelines for Strengthening Community Food Distribution Institutions by Amran Sulaiman is a form of policy to realize food price stabilization at the farm level and food security at the farm household level : a) developing business units (distribution or marketing business units or processing and managing food reserves; and b) developing storage facilities belonging to Gapoktan or Farmer Group Associations in order to increase the bargaining position of farmers, increase the added value of farmers' production and gain public access to food sources. To achieve the target of achieving food self-sufficiency, for example, in 2015 the Minister of Agriculture, Amran Sulaiman issued an agricultural development policy so that it was able to make fundamental changes. These policies include revising Presidential Regulation (Perpres) 172/2014 concerning tenders to Direct Appointment (PL), refocusing the 2015 budget of IDR 4.1T and 2016 of IDR 4.3T, assisting seeds not on exiting land, and forming a Special Effort program team (Oopsus). The Ministry of Agriculture has also made improvements to the food trade system, namely first, controlling the import recommendations for food commodities such as rice, chilies, shallots, corn and sugar. Second, realizing 400 thousand tons of corn exports, 5,834 tons of shallots, green beans as much as 60,000 tons and others. Third, the Ministry of Agriculture has also improved the food trading system by issuing a Government Purchase Price (HPP) policy for unhulled rice or rice, corn and soybeans, thus providing price guarantees for farmers. Fourth, shortening the supply rationale by building 38 units of Indonesian Farmer Stores (TTI) and in 2016 the target is 1,000 TTI. Fifth, has built synergy with the Ministry of Trade and Perum Bulog. Sixth, it succeeded in encouraging the absorption of farmers' rice by Bulog and seventh, the Ministry of Agriculture was aggressively conducting low-cost food market operations to stabilize food price fluctuations. corn and soybeans, thus providing price guarantees for farmers. Fourth, shortening the supply rationale by building 38 units of Indonesian Farmer Stores (TTI) and in 2016 the target is 1,000 TTI. Fifth, has built synergy with the Ministry of Trade and Perum Bulog. Sixth, it succeeded in encouraging the absorption of farmers' rice by Bulog and seventh, the Ministry of Agriculture was aggressively conducting low-cost food market operations to stabilize food price fluctuations. corn and soybeans, thus providing price guarantees for farmers. Fourth, shortening the supply rationale by building 38 units of Indonesian Farmer Stores (TTI) and in 2016 the target is 1,000 TTI. Fifth, has built synergy with the Ministry of Trade and Perum Bulog. Sixth, it succeeded in encouraging the absorption of farmers' rice by Bulog and seventh, the Ministry of Agriculture was aggressively conducting low-cost food market operations to stabilize food price fluctuations.
Seeing the condition of Indonesia which has enormous resource potential and is very important in agricultural development, it is not natural for Indonesia to experience a food crisis so that many Indonesian citizens are unable to access the necessities of a decent life. Indonesia has a fairly large availability of land, from the aspect of labor, the high number of people who are mostly in rural areas is a potential workforce to develop agriculture. However, not only because the availability of land and supporting resources will have made Indonesia sovereign over food(Latuconsina, 2014). In terms of realizing food sovereignty, there are still complex problems. From 2007-2013, the budget politics implemented by the government were not fully in favor of the agricultural sector. The agro sector budget is still very low when compared to other sectors. Ideally, a minimum of 10% of the Nebara Expenditure Budget (APBN) is needed to achieve agricultural sovereignty. The government launched a program aimed at self-sufficiency in food, but the government did not show its seriousness about the APBN. The increase in the APBN in the amount of rupiah has not been able to boost agricultural productivity if it is not managed properly. However, if managed properly, the agricultural sector will be able to boost Indonesia to become an advanced and competitive country.
Land ownership is also used for agricultural land, not as we expected, mainland Indonesia is more used for plantations or perennials and this will result in very quickly destroying soil nutrients.
Land conversion is also a big problem in agricultural development. Much of the land that was formerly rice fields has been turned intoMulti-storey buildings. The education level of agricultural Human Resources (HR) is getting lower, the means of agricultural production are inadequate and the interest
of rural people is decreasing in farming. Do not forget that land redistribution according to the mandate of UUPA No.5 of 1960 has not been fully implemented. Data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the number of farmers in Indonesia in 2015 was 37.75 million out of 128.3 million working people. The number of farmers also has problems with land ownership where according to data from the Consortium for Agrarian Reform (KPA) there are around 28 million landless farmers with so little land ownership, how could the Indonesian people be able to farm to meet Indonesia's food. This is a problem in realizing food sovereignty for Indonesia. Since the Soeharto government until the Jokowi-JK administration, no one has been able to realize food sovereignty as the intention of food sovereignty is regulated in law. Then President Jokowi put high hopes for the Ministry of Agriculture Amran Sulaiman to be able to realize this food sovereignty. The Ministry of Agriculture covers agriculture, plantation, fishery, livestock and food. Food sovereignty that will be implied in this study is how the coverage of the Ministry of Agriculture is fulfilled in the community to individuals. However, on this occasion, what will be discussed more deeply about food sovereignty is the scope of agriculture and food only. Especially rice and other food crops (maize, tubers and nuts) and horticulture (fruits and vegetables). This is because in Indonesia eating rice is closely related to the culture of eating and the image of social status. At this time, the general public still believes that eating staple food made from corn, tubers or sago is considered to be poor or poor people. Thus, if the price of rice increases in such a way that most people can no longer afford to buy rice and switch to consumption of maize and sweet potatoes, the increase in rice prices is considered to be impoverishing the people, and can even be considered to reduce the dignity of the nation. The authentic and empirical evidence that rice is still strategic as a staple food commodity is the persistent reaction of the public (represented by the mass media) over the abnormal increase in rice prices in Jakarta from the beginning of December 2001 to the first week of January 2002, which reached around 24 percent during the period two weeks. Due to this phenomenon, the government immediately implemented policies to carry out Pure Market Operations (OPM) to reduce sharp price increases. For this reason, researchers on this occasion examine how the role of rice or other food can be accessed in Indonesian society, so that the discussion in this research can be focused. The total population of Indonesia, which in 2020 is projected to reach 271.1 million people, requires a sufficiently large amount of food supply with better quality. The total national aggregate rice consumption will increase as a result of this increase in population. In the next five years (2015-2019), the amount of national rice consumption will still increase by an average of 0.35 percent per year. The amount of food demand other than rice, namely fresh fruits and vegetables will also increase.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
Departing from the description and explanation of the research objectives and the theoretical framework above, this research has a descriptive method (Bachri, 2010), where descriptive research is a method used to solve problems that exist today based on facts and data there is. This study provides a more detailed description of a symptom or phenomenon (Semiawan, 2010). This descriptive research method will later describe how the framework of the Ministry of Agriculture through its policies is able to realize food sovereignty. Explain what the ministry has made to achieve food sovereignty, especially in the food and agriculture sector. The basic purpose of this descriptive research is to make descriptions, pictures, or paintings systematically, factual and accurate regarding the facts, properties, and the relationship between the phenomena being investigated. This type of research does not question the relationship between existing variables, it is not intended to draw generalizations that explain the variables that cause a symptom or social reality, therefore in descriptive research it does not use or does not test hypotheses as is done in explanative research means no. intended to build and develop a theoretical vocabulary (Semiawan, 2010) (Mulyadi, 2012). Descriptive research method can be interpreted as a problem-solving procedure that is investigated by describing or describing the subject or object of research of a person, institution, society and others at the present time based on visible facts or as they are. Descriptive research analyzes and presents data and facts systematically so
that they can be understood and concluded (Mulyadi, 2012). The purpose of descriptive analysis research is to make a systematic, factual and accurate depiction of the facts and characteristics of a particular population or area. This study intends to reveal how the strategy of the ministry of agriculture is able to realize food sovereignty while at the same time answering the vision and mission of the Jokowi-Jusuf Kalla government. Kemudin will answer the problem of food which is one of the main problems in Indonesia which we know that food crises often occur. Ministry of Agriculture policies that are used as a basis or work reference are functioned to answer these problems. Then by using a public policy approach, the researcher will examine whether the policies issued by the Government, both the Ministry of Agriculture, are running properly and functioning as they should.
Besides that, this research also uses theories, data and concepts as a frame of reference from the results of the study in the literature to explain the results of the research, analyze and at the same time answer the problems under study. Therefore this type of research is qualitative research. The data that has been collected will be meaningless if it is not analyzed. The purpose of data analysis is to obtain the output of the results to be achieved from the research process. In this data analysis, the data that has been collected will be processed and then analyzed so that conclusions can be drawn as a result of the research. The data collected in this research will be analyzed descriptively qualitatively and are included in several sub-chapters of comparative descriptive analysis. This research tries to describe the policies of Jokowi JK's government through the Ministry of Agriculture's policies, which are able to realize food sovereignty in Indonesia. How can the framework, budgetary framework and strategy in carrying out the ministry's policies be implemented by the main executor of the ministry of agriculture.
Researchers will analyze by making the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 23/Permentan/OT.040/5/2016 concerning Job Description of Echelon IV Unit The Scope of the Food Security Agency is also a reference for legislation concerning food. Whether the policy is able to increase national agricultural production to meet community food or not. Will see also between agriculture regarding land ownership as a form of agricultural activities and land management so that it is able to produce. The method of analysis in this research is descriptive method.
Descriptive analysis method is a method in which the data obtained is compiled and then interpreted.
So that it provides information on actual problems based on data collected from research. 040/5/2016 concerning Job Description of Echelon IV Unit The scope of the Food Security Agency is also a reference for legislation concerning food. Whether the policy is able to increase national agricultural production to meet community food or not. Will see also between agriculture regarding land ownership as a form of agricultural activities and land management so that it is able to produce. The method of analysis in this research is descriptive method.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Terms of Reference for Activities (TOR) of Ministry of Agriculture Policy in Realizing Food Sovereignty.
a. Policy on Increasing Self-Sufficiency in Rice, Corn and Soybeans and Increasing Production of Meat and Sugar.
Since the Jokowi – JK administration, the first thing programmed according to this cabinet is what is contained in the 2015 RKP, namely continuing reforms to accelerate equitable economic development. Then in the 2016 RKP we find that accelerating infrastructure development is to strengthen the foundations of quality development. This is shown by the dimensions of leading sector development, one of which is food sovereignty. Previously, the government did not focus on food sovereignty, very different conditions were found in the 2016 Ministry of Agriculture Work Plan document, particularly the 2015–2019 Food Sovereignty Policy matrix (Nawacita). The word food sovereignty has often been used. The various programs that will be carried out by the government are the expansion of 1 million ha of new rice fields, the expansion of dry land agriculture 1 million ha outside Java repair / development of irrigation for 3 million ha of paddy fields, control of land conversion, restoration of fertility of land with polluted water, 1,000 Seed Independent Villages,
construction of warehouses with post-harvest processing facilities in each production center, Agricultural Banks and MSMEs, increasing farmers' capacity, controlling imports food, 9 million ha of agrarian reform, 1,000 Organic Farming Villages, the construction of 100 Techno Parks and 34 Science Parks, as well as the use of ex-mining land. This program will have a very good impact on Indonesian agriculture if this can be realized. However, not all of these programs have a positive impact on Indonesian agriculture. Because there are still many practices of exploiting ex-mining land whose soil fertility is no longer productive and used as land for agriculture, as the promise of Jokowi-JK's agrarian reform. There are also several studies that were found from the results of the work program of the minister of agriculture, namely several notes related to the performance of the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, namely (1) the mobilization and intensification of production in progress, such as and the application of the green revolution with the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides; (2) Farmers regardless of whether peasants are cultivators or farm laborers are treated as laborers under the 'supervision' of the TNI as if the main problem of food is the farmer's lack of discipline; (3) the chemical production increase program has deviated from the concept of food sovereignty which was promoted by La Via Campesina and was mandated by Jokowi at the National Secretariat Meeting of Farmers in early September 2014, while on the one hand there is a program of 1,000 organic or agroecological villages; (4) The mobilization of corporations as investors using the contract farming model to increase food production also deviates from the concept of food sovereignty. This can be seen from the PIS-Agro programs.
(6) CPO production for bio fuel violates the principle of food sovereignty and even triggers climate change; (7) Finally that the production policy forgets the policy on the means of production, so that the Ministry of Agriculture prefers to provide agricultural tools and machinery as well as agricultural inputs rather than cultivating land to farmers as promised by President Jokowi. Related to the PaJaLe Production Enhancement Program (Rice, Corn and Soybean), the seeds used use hybrid seeds and agricultural corporation production. . In an effort to increase corn production, for example, the government through Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Bank BRI) collaborates with the trans-national corporation Monsanto and Cargill to provide credit and convenience to farmers. In fact, this scheme has proven to make farmers not independent and will suffer from acute dependence. It has been three years since a partnership scheme like this has shaken sustainable agriculture with the concept of agroecology. Small farmers are often neglected by the central and regional governments for their farming conditions. Whereas the basic idea of food sovereignty is to promote the welfare of small farmers who have been marginalized so far. The food sovereignty approach respects local culture, so that farmers can grow their own varieties, in their own way, and cook with their own tastes because they uphold the principle of food diversification in accordance with existing local cultures. Food sovereignty fully supports family-based agricultural patterns, where they grow themselves and eat themselves from their land (land to mouth). so that farmers can grow their own varieties that they like, in their own way, and cook with their own tastes because they uphold the principle of food diversification according to the existing local culture. Food sovereignty fully supports family-based agricultural patterns, where they grow themselves and eat themselves from their land (land to mouth). so that farmers can grow their own varieties that they like, in their own way, and cook with their own tastes because they uphold the principle of food diversification according to the existing local culture. Food sovereignty fully supports family-based agricultural patterns, where they grow themselves and eat themselves from their land (land to mouth).
Then, in practice, farmers are turned into laborers to increase production, so that the company's raw materials are always available. Moreover, this cooperation orientation is intended for foreign markets, not national markets. Indonesian farmers are encouraged to export, even though national food needs are very difficult to define. PIS Agro uses quasi
sustainable agriculture because it still uses seeds and fertilizers from the company. Based on that, the greed and the destruction of the life order by the corporation have made the agroecological spirit require a big struggle. The political will of the Government for sustainable agricultural progress has not been seen in 2015. In essence, pro-people will be measured in the years to come. For the time being, the production from that agriculture could be easily achieved, but this will have an impact for the next few years or decades to come. Soil fertility is in line with the concept of food sovereignty which is expected, namely one of which is sustainable agriculture, of course this will be hampered. Seeing the study presented by SPI on Indonesian agriculture, it further confirms that the method used in the case of Indonesian agriculture is now on the wrong track. The way PISAgro cooperates with international companies and cooperates with banks to make it easier for farmers to obtain agricultural business financing loans at interest rates is of course not in accordance with expectations and the concept of food sovereignty. Food sovereignty strongly advocates against cooperating with international corporations. Because this will not independent the farmer. Because the concept of food sovereignty is the center of a movement that systematically challenges the corporate-controlled food regime. Besides, the character of this transnational company is kind, of course they want multiple profits. Likewise, according to the theory and concept of food sovereignty, the use of seeds is better if we use local seeds. The local seeds in question are seeds that farmers grow themselves from the seeds they harvest. This means that the seeds are the result of processing the farmer. It is not precisely what has happened so far, that most of the national food cultivation uses imported seeds. According to SPI members who had been involved in a discussion of the Agrarian Politics subject, that their test results on the imported seed will need after 5 regenerations then the results will be like before. That is, after the harvest of 5 generations the seeds will produce seeds that are as good as they were first used. This means that if we compare it to local seeds that we have been using from the beginning, we have planted our seeds, and then the seeds are used as seeds again, it will be very visible that the difference is much better local seeds. In the future, these imported seeds will be highly dependent on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Then again, Monsanto and Dupoint and several transnational companies were here to save the supply of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. They create seeds, fertilizers, plant viruses, and an antidote to the virus. This large corporation will get multiple profits. Meanwhile, Indonesian agriculture, which participates in the government system, will eventually suffer losses without realizing it will just go with the flow.
b. Policies to Strengthen Systems and Institutions of Seeding / Nurseries, Farmers, Technology, Extension, Quarantine and Food Security.
The government institution that handles plant seedlings is the Directorate of Seeding at the Directorate General of Food Crop Production Development based on the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture Number 96 / Kpts / OT.210 / 2/1994 and renewed by the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture Number 01 / Kpts / OT.210 / 2001. The Directorate of Seeding is tasked with implementing policy formulation, standardization and technical guidance as well as evaluation in the field of food crop seeds. In carrying out its duties, the Directorate of Seedlings carries out the function of preparing the formulation of the food plant seed policy which includes: a. preparing standard formulations, norms, criteria and procedures for food plant seeding; b. technical guidance for food plant seeding; c. evaluation of the implementation of food plant seeding activities; d. the implementation of administrative and household affairs of the Directorate. Seeds or seeds are one of the elements of farming facilities that require continuous agricultural innovation. For this reason, it is necessary to encourage the use of superior seeds / seeds with high yield potential, adaptive to climate change and environmentally friendly, effective in the use of inputs, including those of genetic engineering with protocols to ensure their safety, by facilitating access for farmers.
Encouraging the development of a national seed industry based on a national agricultural
innovation system, including encouraging and fostering breeding farmers to become independent seed producers. An example is the breeding of seeds which are the result of the farmers' own crops and then processed themselves. Then the results of the captive breeding were carried out to see its success and legalize it to the government that was obliged to use local seeds to be much more recommended than imported seeds. Here the government also has to work even harder to encourage and review the performance of Indonesian farmers. The government is also obliged to facilitate the needs of these farmers, for example subsidizing organic fertilizers and so on, which are what farmers need to create seeds that are in accordance with the concept of sustainable agriculture for Indonesian food sovereignty.
Improvement of farmer protection systems and institutions is also very important.
Natural uncertainty, for example, is one of the risks in the agricultural sector as a result of natural disasters, extreme climate change, pest attacks that make farmers face crop failure.
Law Number 19/2013 exists as a form of policy that can be provided to protect the interests of farmers, such as providing agricultural production facilities that are on time, on quality, and at affordable prices for farmers, as well as subsidizing production facilities; the determination of the farming area based on the condition and potential of natural resources, human resources, and man-made resources. Agricultural Insurance Facilitation to protect farmers from crop failure losses due to natural disasters, outbreaks of infectious animal diseases, climate change and / or other types of risk determined by the minister; and Providing assistance for compensation for crop failure due to extraordinary events in accordance with the financial capacity of the state. Agricultural insurance is one of the financing schemes to protect farmers from risks due to the phenomenon of climate change. The survey results in the field show that most of the people who work as farmers generally experience large losses as a result of decreased income and losses due to the disaster experienced. Agricultural insurance allows providing assistance through the payment of agricultural insurance claims, where this financing can be used by the community to compensate for the losses they experience.
As an effort to protect living natural resources, especially domestic animals and plants and to support accelerated exports of agricultural products, it is necessary to strengthen the quarantine system by perfecting and improving the quality of operations in the field. Efforts to protect agricultural products as a manifestation of the Four Success Targets of the Ministry of Agriculture, namely self-sufficiency and sustainable self-sufficiency specifically for rice, corn and beef are shown from the ability to prevent quarantine animal pests and diseases (HPHK) and quarantine plant pests (OPTK). Then issued the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture No.42/Permentan/OT.140/6/2012 concerning Plant Quarantine Measures for the Importation of Fresh Fruits and Fresh Fruit Vegetables into the Territory of the Republic of Indonesia dated June 13, 2012; and Minister of Agriculture Regulation No.43/Permentan /OT.140/6/2012 concerning Plant Quarantine Measures for the Importation of Fresh Vegetable Bulbs into the Territory of the Republic of Indonesia dated June 13, 2012 into a law covering Indonesian food quarantine as well as the Agricultural Quarantine Agency. Because the law on food also mandates the improvement of the quality of food consumption and public nutrition.
Sustainable agricultural development is a must to meet food needs. In line with improving the welfare of farmers, in particular, to further increase the role of the agricultural sector, qualified, reliable and managerial, entrepreneurial human resources are needed so that agricultural development actors are able to build businesses from upstream to downstream to realize the goals of sustainable agricultural development. For this reason, the government is obliged to hold special counseling. Law Number 16 of 2006 concerning Agricultural, Fisheries and Forestry Extension Systems defines agricultural extension as a
learning process for key actors and business actors so that extension can run according to their respective duties and functions.
The extension agency and Agricultural Human Resources Development as one of the national level extension institutions in the context of the Ministry of Agriculture organization and this will support increased production in various agricultural sub-sectors, has a major role in increasing the capacity of key players and business actors for agricultural development through extension, education and training activities. agriculture, as well as standardization and certification of agricultural human resources. The Agency for the Extension and Empowerment of Agricultural Human Resources or referred to (BPPSDMP) in its Strategic Plan then packages 6 strategies to support the achievement of these sustainable agricultural development targets. 1) strengthening extension agencies as the center for program coordination and implementation of activities in the sub-districts, 2) strengthening the extension system through the internet network, 3) enhancing the competence of agricultural human resources through standardization and certification of the agricultural profession, 4) increasing the facilitation of training centers through excellent and international standard services 5) returning the interest of the younger generation in agriculture through educational opportunities for children of farmers with aspirations and 6) implementing good governance (governance). the good one ). Indonesian Agricultural Technology itself is growing rapidly. From the upstream production process to the downstream processing. Many technological applications are used in the modern agricultural industry in Indonesia in order to pursue high yields with lower production costs. Various technological innovations have been produced by the Ministry of Agriculture. Through the Agricultural Technology Research Center in the regions that produce location-specific agricultural technology, to encourage efficient agricultural systems and businesses by optimally utilizing agricultural resources.
These technologies include water resource management such as water harvesting technology, efficient water utilization technology through drip irrigation, village-level irrigation networks (JIDES) and farm-level irrigation networks (JITUT).
c. Agricultural Area Development Policy.
In the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 56 / Permentan / Rc.040 / 11/2016 concerning Guidelines for the Development of Agricultural Areas, agricultural areas are a combination of agricultural centers that meet the minimum limits of economies of scale and development management in the region and are functionally related in terms of potential sources. natural resources, socio-cultural conditions and the existence of supporting infrastructure. Agricultural center is a part of an agricultural area that has certain characteristics in which there is a production activity of a particular type of superior agricultural commodity product supported by infrastructure and production facilities in a physical functional unit of land, geography, agro-climate, infrastructure and institutional as well as human resources. The development of agricultural areas is intended to ensure national food security, development and supply of bio-industrial raw materials, as well as the provision of biofuels through an increase in agricultural production in a sustainable, competitive manner and capable of equitable welfare for all business actors involved in it. Potential agro-ecosystem, infrastructure, independent socio-economic institutions and spatial planning provisions. Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 56 / Permentan / Rc.040 / 11/2016 concerning Guidelines for the Development of Agricultural Areas is also a guideline in developing agricultural areas towards Indonesian Food Sovereignty in accordance with the 2016 RKP. central and regional needs to be improved to develop the agricultural area. Then between the central government and local governments will prepare an action plan to increase the work unit. The work unit then coordinates with the Director General who carries out functions in the field of food crops. This is conveyed in article 5 and article 6.
d. Policy for the Development of Infrastructure and Facilities and Agro-Industry in Rural Areas as a Foundation for Sustainable Bio-Industry Development.
In achieving the development of facilities and infrastructure, it is further emphasized in the Strategic Plan of the Directorate General of Infrastructure and Facilities 2015-2019 of the Ministry of Agriculture. The availability of facilities and infrastructure can increase people's access to resources so as to increase productivity and efficiency and ultimately increase economic growth. The policy of the Directorate General of Agricultural Infrastructure and Facilities, is in order to support the development of a sustainable agriculture-bio-industry that produces a variety of healthy foods and high value added products based on local resources to improve food security and farmers' welfare. For this reason, it is necessary to increase supervision of land conversion or misuse of agricultural land. Law No. 41 of 2009 concerning the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land explains that land conversion is a threat to the achievement of food security and sovereignty which has serious implications for food production, the physical environment, and the welfare of agricultural and rural communities whose lives depend on their land. Policies related to the implementation of laws. No. 41 of 2009, besides being directed at preventing the conversion of fertile land to non-agricultural land, it is also directed at development programs through integrated efforts to create new potential agricultural lands. Agricultural Development with the Bio-Industry Paradigm is a challenge for Indonesia to make biotechnology agriculture a solution for Indonesia's agricultural development in the future. In fact, biotechnology has long been a mainstay in the development of the world of agriculture. Biological natural processes are methods that have been used by our ancestors in producing food for a long time, for example the use of yeast and various food preservation techniques. Drastic changes occurred during the Green Revolution era, where technology and chemical products were the main inputs to boost world food production, which at that time was plagued by hunger. Then, as the decades passed, we realized how much chemical fertilizers and pesticides were poisoning our soil, water, air and food products. Finally, natural agriculture has returned to its attention, where the production of seeds, fertilizers and medicines relies on what already exists and is provided by nature. Biological natural processes are methods that have been used by our ancestors in producing food for a long time, for example the use of yeast and various food preservation techniques. Drastic changes occurred during the Green Revolution era, where technology and chemical products were the main inputs to boost world food production, which at that time was plagued by hunger. Then, as the decades passed, we realized how much chemical fertilizers and pesticides were poisoning our soil, water, air and food products. Finally, natural agriculture has returned to its attention, where the production of seeds, fertilizers and medicines relies on what already exists and is provided by nature.
Biological natural processes are methods that have been used by our ancestors in producing food for a long time, for example the use of yeast and various food preservation techniques.
Drastic changes occurred during the Green Revolution era, where technology and chemical products were the main inputs to boost world food production, which at that time was plagued by hunger. Then, as the decades passed, we realized how much chemical fertilizers and pesticides were poisoning our soil, water, air and food products. Finally, natural agriculture has returned to its attention, where the production of seeds, fertilizers and medicines relies on what already exists and is provided by nature. Drastic changes occurred during the Green Revolution era, where technology and chemical products were the main inputs to boost world food production, which at that time was plagued by hunger. Then, as the decades passed, we realized how much chemical fertilizers and pesticides were poisoning our soil, water, air and food products. Finally, natural agriculture has returned to its attention, where the production of seeds, fertilizers and medicines relies on what already exists and is provided by nature. Drastic changes occurred during the Green Revolution era, where
technology and chemical products were the main inputs to boost world food production, which at that time was plagued by hunger. Then, as the decades passed, we realized how much chemical fertilizers and pesticides were poisoning our soil, water, air and food products.
Finally, natural agriculture has returned to its attention, where the production of seeds, fertilizers and medicines relies on what already exists and is provided by nature.
e. Strategic Commodity Focus Policy.
Since the days of the kingdom, rice cultivation as a staple food has become a priority to be developed. Entering the era of independence, the direction and policy of agricultural development also focused on food self-sufficiency in several main commodities such as rice, corn and soybeans. Until in the Old Order Era, the government was determined to achieve food self-sufficiency, especially rice. The determination to self-sufficiency in food, especially rice, which was inherited from the Old Order, was continued by the government during the New Order era in a more serious and planned manner. Until the Jokowi-JK administration as outlined in Nawacita was then packaged by the Ministry of Agriculture in its Strategic Plan.
The most important thing is the fulfillment of food for the state to individuals, which is reflected in the availability of sufficient food, both in quantity and quality, safe, diverse, nutritious, equitable and affordable, as well as not contradicting the religion, belief and culture of the community, in order to live a healthy, active and productive life in a sustainable manner. So rice is still the main commodity in achieving food sovereignty in the Ministry of Agriculture. However, food availability which is sufficiently abundant is a prerequisite for the development of independent and sovereign food security. In producing a variety of food, the country must still be able to ensure the fulfillment of sufficient food needs at the individual level by utilizing human, social, economic and local wisdom potentials in a dignified manner.
Then the ability of the state and nation to be able to meet the diverse needs of food sourced from within the country through the utilization of domestic resources and local wisdom optimally is adjusted to the Law No. 18 of 2012 concerning food. Because the term food sovereignty here is more to emphasize that as an independent and sovereign country, Indonesia has the freedom to independently determine strategies, policies and programs, as well as a food system according to its potential, cannot be regulated, dictated by, or intervened by other countries. Local food development will restore local food culture so that it will automatically be able to overcome food problems at the local level and at the same time become a source of economic growth for the community and region. Because the term food sovereignty here is more to emphasize that as an independent and sovereign country, Indonesia has the freedom to independently determine strategies, policies and programs, as well as a food system according to its potential, cannot be regulated, dictated by, or intervened by other countries. Local food development will restore local food culture so that it will automatically be able to overcome food problems at the local level and at the same time become a source of economic growth for the community and region. Because the term food sovereignty here is more to emphasize that as an independent and sovereign country, Indonesia has the freedom to independently determine strategies, policies and programs, as well as a food system according to its potential, cannot be regulated, dictated by, or intervened by other countries. Local food development will restore local food culture so that it will automatically be able to overcome food problems at the local level and at the same time become a source of economic growth for the community and region.
f. Policy of Good Governance and Bureaucratic Reform.
Good governance is an order of management that is characterized by the application of certain principles, including: openness, accountability, effectiveness and efficiency, rule of law, justice, and participation. The implementation of good governance consistently and sustainably has a very important role in the achievement of national development targets and can solve various problems faced effectively and efficiently. In an effort to achieve the development target of administering governance and implementing bureaucratic reform, the
policy direction that will be taken is to consolidate the implementation that has been carried out in the previous period. The strengthening of better governance is carried out through performance breakthroughs in an integrated manner, full of integrity, accountability, obeying the law that is authoritative, and transparent. For this reason, efforts are needed, including:
(1) improving governance that is clean and free from KKN: (2) improving the quality of public services, through a policy of public information disclosure where the government must provide the widest possible access to information to the public which is supported by the efficiency of government structures in central and regional, adequate capacity of government officials; (3) capacity building and accountability for bureaucratic performance (proper organization, clear management, clear procedures, orderly regulations); (4) encouraging the implementation of a performance accountability system through the realization of the obligations of a government agency to account for the success and failure of the organization's mission in achieving the goals and objectives that have been set through a periodic accountability system; (5) optimizing the level of efficiency, effectiveness and work productivity of employees; (6) professional competency management of human resources; (7) structuring performance monitoring and accountability; (8) reforming the institutional, management and management systems of the central and regional governments so that they are more effective, efficient and responsive and are oriented towards improving the performance of human resources for apparatus; (9) complete, accurate and reliable data presentation as a basis for decision making at all levels of the bureaucracy, and (10) the use of information and communication technology in the context of work efficiency and optimization of public services. Public service can be viewed as a process of organizational performance (bureaucracy). The main causes of failure in carrying out this public service orientation are: a strong commitment to a narrow-nuanced political culture; lack of trained and skilled manpower, lack of financial resources to carry out tasks and responsibilities; there is an attitude of reluctance to delegate; and the lack of technological infrastructure and physical infrastructure to support the implementation of public service tasks. As well, that the failure of public services is due to the apparatus (bureaucracy) not being aware of the changes and shifts that occur in the culture of the people from hierarchical culture, individual culture, fatalist culture, and egalitarian culture. In agriculture and food security, public services in agriculture; agricultural development and resilience must be able to prosper the people, not make them more dependent on government efforts. In the context of abundance of natural resources, both agriculture and food security, it must be based on the utilization of natural abundance, so that natural resources can be utilized optimally. On the other hand, agricultural development and the realization of food security should also be able to attract the attention of other communities. For this reason, community alliances or associations that have a concern and willingness to develop agriculture and realize food security are given ample space to be able to participate. In general, development in the field of agriculture and food security must be able to reduce the number of poor people (generally also food insecure), which is shown by the increasing size of the business it manages. Ideally, the food policy that needs to be considered by the bureaucracy as a development actor is to start with agrarian reform, particularly the distribution of land for farmers to achieve economies of scale. These efforts have been made, although not as expected, in the non-food sub-sector, such as the unfair management rights of land belonging to plantations. For the food sub-sector, especially rice, it is relatively difficult to implement because like it or not, you have to print new fields which cost a lot of money. However, that does not mean it cannot because it depends on the political will of the government. Furthermore, land certification is an integral part of agrarian reform to ensure clarity of land tenure status. So the bureaucracy that is expected in this nation are those who are committed and willing to work hard. Not just wanting to get an award, but this condition will save the country. Land certification is an integral part of
agrarian reform to ensure clarity of land tenure status. So the bureaucracy that is expected in this nation are those who are committed and willing to work hard. Not just wanting to get an award, but this condition will save the country. Land certification is an integral part of agrarian reform to ensure clarity of land tenure status. So the bureaucracy that is expected in this nation are those who are committed and willing to work hard. Not just wanting to get an award, but this condition will save the country.
3.2. The Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture's policy of Operational Activities Plan (ROK) in Realizing Food Sovereignty.
a. Operational Steps to Increase Production of Rice, Corn and Soybeans.
In the context of achieving the target of achieving food security as part of national food sovereignty, operational steps were made to increase the production of rice, corn and soybeans. The self-sufficiency target of the three commodities is important in order to meet national needs by prioritizing domestic production and independence in determining national policies in the food sector. Technically irrigated rice fields need to be secured in stages, supported by conversion control and expansion of 1 million ha of new rice fields outside Java. Lands that can be used for paddy fields are abandoned land, marginal land, land in the transmigration area, plantation land with an intercropping system, and former mining land. Therefore, required land selection in locations that allow for the establishment of new rice fields using a technical irrigation system. This means that the prospective rice field locations must have water sources that are very adequate to irrigate rice fields which can be hundreds to thousands of hectares per area of rice fields. The problem that must also receive serious attention is for the status of these lands to become “clear” so that there are no more failures as experienced by the previous government with the Rice Estate program in Papua and the Food Estate in East Kalimantan.
To increase food production, Indonesia needs to: (1) make optimal use of the sources of production growth by applying efficient technology, without neglecting local wisdom and environmental sustainability; (2) make use of the diversity of biological resources and agroecosystems by zoning commodities and various local foods; (3) utilizing local resources in-situ to reduce the use of external resources; (4) to consolidate the management of farming for small farmers in a corporation under association; (5) building mutually beneficial partnerships between small-scale farmers and agricultural industrial companies; (6) realizing the perpetual agricultural land program of 15 million ha accompanied by agrarian reform; and (7) implementing a soft loan policy with simple administration. Law Number 41 of 2009 explains that one of the obligations of the State is to guarantee food independence, resilience and sovereignty because the right to food is considered a human right of citizens. To carry out these obligations, the state needs to carry out agrarian reforms as a whole and comprehensively considering that currently in Indonesia there have been disparities in control, ownership, use and utilization of natural resources, especially land. Khudori in Agrarian Reform to Realize Food Sovereignty explains that agrarian reform will bring Indonesia food sovereignty. In order to have food sovereignty, first of all farmers as the main actors must be sovereign. Farmers will be sovereign if they own the land, instead of acting as laborers or tenants. Therefore, to guarantee the upholding of food sovereignty, Smallholder control access to important production resources (land, water, seeds, technology, and finance) must be guaranteed through agrarian reform. Irrigation (including reservoirs as a source of water) is the most important part of agricultural infrastructure. The availability of a good irrigation network, in terms of not only quantity but also quality, can significantly increase the volume of production and quality of agricultural commodities, especially food crops. A good irrigation network will encourage an increase in the cropping index (IP). In addition to the radical distribution of land to the community according to the mandate of the LoGA, it is also important to pay attention to the knowledge of the main actors of these farmers. Studies show that smallholder agricultural entrepreneurs are still dominated by
those with low education (primary school or less) and tend to be increasingly dominated by the elderly. Low education is not conducive to strengthening food security because it has a negative impact on resource management (eg forest conservation), productivity (eg technical efficiency of rice, maize, soybean farming) and food utilization. Other than that,Low education is also not conducive to labor mobility in the process of economic transformation.
Low education is mainly due to difficulties in accessing higher schools and low levels of family income. Aging farmers can have a bad or good impact on farmer productivity. The phenomenon of farmer aging needs to be examined if it is caused by the reluctance of young farmers to work in agriculture which indicates a problem with farmer regeneration.
b. Operational Steps to Strengthen Farmers' Systems and Institutions as well as Expansion of Seeds.
Seeds have an important meaning in the development of agribusiness and food security.
Superior variety seeds play a role not only as an important component and technology introduction, but also determine the potential yield that can be achieved, the quality of the product to be produced, and the efficiency of production costs. The National Seed System was initiated in 1971 with the establishment of a seed institution, especially for food crops.
(rice) which includes policy and regulatory agencies by the National Seed Center (BBN), the variety-producing institution by the Rice Research Institute (LP3 Sukamandi Branch), the seed industry institute by PT. Sang Hyang Sri (SHS), and the quality assurance and supervisory agency by the Center for Seed Supervision and Certification (BPSB) through Presidential Decree No.27 / 1971. The National Seed Agency is domiciled under and is responsible to the Minister of Agriculture. Currently the National Seed System is part of the Implementation of the National Seed General Strategy. The National Seed System consists of:
(1) R & D sub-system, which is related to the creation of genetic resources and the breeding or creation of new high yielding varieties (VUB); (2) Seed Production and Distribution Sub System; (3) Quality Control Sub System; and (4) Information System Sub. Currently in Indonesia there are 13 rice breeding administrators, consisting of two public institutions, namely the Center for Rice Research (ICRR) and the National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN) and 11 private institutions. These institutions have produced superior rice varieties which are then released by the Minister of Agriculture to meet the marketing requirements.
c. Increase in Land Availability and Utilization.
In today's modern era, developments such as shopping centers, star hotels and other luxury buildings require land as the main medium for development. The need for land continues to increase in line with population growth and economic development. However, competition for land use for the benefit of various economic sectors is getting tighter, and tends to lead to land conversion that is increasingly rampant and less controlled. The rapid conversion of productive agricultural land for non-agricultural uses has resulted in the limited land resources to be developed for agricultural activities, so that the average tenure of agricultural land is narrow and unable to achieve economical business scale. This situation will threaten the availability of agricultural land to meet national food sufficiency. Meanwhile, in fact, the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land is irreversible, in the sense that agricultural land that has changed its function for non-agricultural purposes is unlikely to be returned to agricultural land. The rapid conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land can affect various aspects of life, including: (a) decreased food production which threatens food security, (b) loss of farmers' livelihoods and can lead to unemployment, and (c) loss of investment in agricultural infrastructure (irrigation). ) which costs a fortune. To make it easier to obtain land from redistribution sources, then Government Regulation Number 11 of 2010 concerning Control and Utilization of Abandoned Land was issued. which provides an opportunity for the determination of abandoned land if the land is not used in accordance with the condition or nature and purpose of the right. Apart from the existing
laws and regulations, basically since the beginning the MPR has shown a strong desire to encourage the government to implement the land reform program. It is evident from the inclusion of the phrase "restructuring the use, control and ownership of land so that it is truly in accordance with the principles of fairness and equality", including making the transmigration program a part of land reform efforts in every State Policy Guidelines (GBHN).
In fact, the 1988 GBHN specifically contains the phrase "it is necessary to prevent excessive individual land ownership, and the division of land becomes very small so that it does not become a source of proper living. However, if we look at the policies made by the Government relating to land, namely the enactment of Law Number 25 of 2007 concerning Investment. In Chapter X, Article 21 and Article 22, which states that for investment, the Right to Use Business is valid for 95 years, the Right to Use Building is valid for 80 years and the Right to Use is valid for a period of 70 years, which is not in accordance with the article that regulates the period of the Right to Cultivate. Building Use and Use Rights in UUPA.
d. Operational Steps for Food Diversification.
Food diversification is one of the efforts to achieve national food security. Food diversification is not only intended to increase public awareness and cultivate a food consumption pattern that is diverse, nutritionally balanced and safe and in accordance with local potential and wisdom, but also to meet people's food needs and availability. The effort to build a local food system in such a position is a reasonable choice rationality because it can save the food reserve system at the community level. The development of a local food reserve system is considered to be able to guarantee the fulfillment of sufficient food for all villagers at all times. This local food reserve system is important, especially to anticipate if there is a scarcity of rice in the market or a soaring price of rice so that it is not affordable for the people's purchasing power.
The local food reserve system can be implemented by building a food barn in the form of a food bank institution and cultivating food reserve plants so that it can overcome the food security of people in rural areas. The Kehati Foundation, which is active in preserving the diversity of food plants, introduces the public besides rice as the largest consumption in the world, there are still sago, taro and sweet potato in Papua and Maluku, tubers in Papua and Java. In addition, there are also local sources of nuts and fruits and vegetables. This is done to increase local food and reduce dependence on rice. The food sovereignty that Indonesia aspires to be achieved by utilizing biodiversity in agricultural management. Biodiversity is also a solution to hunger and poverty. Monoculture farming will actually trigger the destruction of nature and in the long run will create hunger. Because monoculture farming does not pay attention to the potential of biodiversity. Data from the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture's food security agency, Indonesia's potential food sources are around 77 types of carbohydrate sources, 26 types of nuts, 389 types of fruit sources, 228 types of vegetables, 40 types of fruit minimum, and 110 types of spices. This potential should be managed by paying attention to aspects of biodiversity, both in terms of seeds and planting systems, so that the ideals of sovereignty. food can be achieved. Starting from the biodiversity approach, Indonesia also does not become dependent on just one type of food source. To increase food diversity in accordance with regional characteristics Presidential Regulation No. 22/2009 concerning the Policy for the Acceleration of Diversification of Food Consumption Based on Local Resources, which is followed up by Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture No.
43/2009 concerning Movement to Accelerate Diversification of Food Consumption Based on Local Resources This regulation is now a reference to encourage efforts to diversify food consumption quickly through the basis of local wisdom and integrated cooperation between the Government, Regional Governments and the community. According to the draft P2KP implementation guidelines released by the Ministry of Agriculture, the P2KP program mechanism is implemented through various activities, namely:
e. Operational Steps for the Development of Infrastructure and Facilities, and Agro- Industry in Rural Areas as a Foundation for Sustainable Bio-Industry Development.
