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Home » Journals Home » Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT)

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT)

An International Journal

A premiere open-access and peer-reviewed frontier journal site, serving the needs of the Heat and Mass Transfer community.

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer has the same submission and acceptance process - including peer review - as traditional publishing, but the works are published online and are available globally to view and download. See the latest research or submit an article.

All papers published by in Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer are indexed in Web of Science, Compendex, Scopus, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google, Google Scholar and Open J-Gate.

The Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer is a peer- reviewed online journal that provides a central vehicle for the exchange of basic ideas in heat and mass transfer between researchers and engineers around the globe. It disseminates information of permanent interest in the area of heat and mass transfer. Theory and fundamental research in heat and mass transfer, numerical simulations and algorithms, experimental techniques and measurements as they applied to all kinds of applied and emerging problems are welcome.

Contributions to the journal consist of original research on heat and mass transfer in equipment, thermal systems, thermodynamic processes, nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, energy and power, security and related topics.

ARCHIVES | CURRENT VOLUME

Frontiers in Heat Pipes (FHP) has been merged into Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT) in 2017. The papers published in FHP between 2010 and 2016 (Vol. 1 – 7) can be accessed here.

Read Editorial Announcement about the merge.

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Scope

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer is a free-access and peer-reviewed online journal that provides a central vehicle for the exchange of basic ideas in heat and mass transfer between researchers and engineers around the globe. It disseminates information of permanent interest in the area of heat and mass transfer. Theory and fundamental research in heat and mass transfer, numerical simulations and algorithms, experimental techniques and measurements as applied to all kinds of current and emerging problems are welcome. Contributions to the journal consist of original research on heat and mass transfer in equipment, thermal systems, thermodynamic processes, nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, energy and power applications, as well as security and related topics.

Types of Articles

Thermal-Fluids Central accepts submissions of the following types of articles. All types articles submitted are subject to rigorous peer review.

Editorials Review Articles Research Papers Technical Briefs Discussions Closures Book Reviews Announcements Errata

Peer Review Process

Once the paper is submitted, it will be assigned to an editor who will screen the paper to make sure that it fits the scope of the journal. The editor will also assess the quality of the paper before assigning it to reviewers. If it is deemed that the paper does not fit into the scope of the journal or the quality of the paper is obviously below the standard of publication, the authors will be notified promptly, and the paper will not be sent to reviewers.

Once the paper passed the initial screen and assessment by the editor, it will be assigned to the reviewers who are active researchers in the subject of the paper. The single-blind review process is employed in that the identity of the reviewers is completely anonymous to the authors while the authors' identity is known to the reviewers. The reviewers are asked to comment on the quality of the paper based on its originality and quality of writing in three weeks. The reviewers who did not submit their reviews on time will be reminded, and additional reviewers may be sought if necessary.

Based on the comments received from the reviewers, the editor will make an initial decision to (a) accept the paper, (b) ask the authors to revise the paper, or (c) reject the paper. If the authors are asked to revise their paper, they will have two weeks to submit the revised paper and rebuttal. The final acceptance of the paper will be based on the assessment of the editor based on the revised paper and rebuttal.

Once the paper is accepted for publication, the authors will be asked to format the paper based on the template of the journal before the paper can be sent to the publisher for publication.

Copyright Policy

The articles that appear in all journals published by Global Digital Central are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution

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Founding Editor and Editor-in-Chief

Amir Faghri

University of Connecticut E-mail: [email protected]

Co-Editor-in-Chief

Yuwen Zhang University of Missouri E-mail: [email protected]

Editorial Board

Aliakbar Akbarzadeh, RMIT University, Australia Cristina H. Amon, University of Toronto, Canada Yutaka Asako, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Theodore L. Bergman, University of Kansas, USA Yiding Cao, Florida International University, USA Gang Chen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Li Chen, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China

Jacob N. Chung, University of Florida, USA

Vijay K. Dhir, University of California, Los Angeles, USA Ashley Emery, University of Washington, USA Mohammad Faghri, University of Rhode Island, USA Manfred Groll, University of Stuttgart, Germany Z.Y. Guo, Tsinghua University, China

Je-Chin Han, Texas A&M University, USA Ya-Ling He, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China John R. Howell, University of Texas at Austin, USA Yogesh Jaluria, Rutgers University, USA Massoud Kaviany, University of Michigan, USA Masahiro Kawaji, The City College of New York, USA Yasushi Koito, Kumamoto University, Japan Stéphane Launay, Université d'Aix-Marseille, France W.J. Minkowycz, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA Masataka Mochizuki, Fujikura Ltd., Japan

Patrick H. Oosthuizen, Queen’s University, Canada G.P. “Bud” Peterson, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Joel Plawsky, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Bengt Sundén, Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden Raymond Viskanta, Purdue University, USA Chao Xu, North China Electric Power University, China Jinliang Xu, North China Electric Power University, China Yimin Xuan, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China

T.S. Zhao, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong

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in heat and mass transfer, numerical simulations and algorithms, experimental techniques and measurements as applied to all kinds of current and emerging problems are welcome. Contributions to the journal consist of original research on heat and mass transfer in equipment, thermal systems, thermodynamic processes, nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, energy and power applications, as well as security and related topics.

Types of Articles

Thermal-Fluids Central accepts submissions of the following types of articles. All types articles submitted are subject to rigorous peer review.

Editorials Review Articles Research Papers Technical Briefs Discussions Closures Book Reviews Announcements Errata

Peer Review Process

Once the paper is submitted, it will be assigned to an editor who will screen the paper to make sure that it fits the scope of the journal. The editor will also assess the quality of the paper before assigning it to reviewers. If it is deemed that the paper does not fit into the scope of the journal or the quality of the paper is obviously below the standard of publication, the authors will be notified promptly, and the paper will not be sent to reviewers.

Once the paper passed the initial screen and assessment by the editor, it will be assigned to the reviewers who are active researchers in the subject of the paper. The single-blind review process is employed in that the identity of the reviewers is completely anonymous to the authors while the authors' identity is known to the reviewers. The reviewers are asked to comment on the quality of the paper based on its originality and quality of writing in three weeks. The reviewers who did not submit their reviews on time will be reminded, and additional reviewers may be sought if necessary.

Based on the comments received from the reviewers, the editor will make an initial decision to (a) accept the paper, (b) ask the authors to revise the paper, or (c) reject the paper. If the authors are asked to revise their paper, they will have two weeks to submit the revised paper and rebuttal. The final acceptance of the paper will be based on the assessment of the editor based on the revised paper and rebuttal.

Once the paper is accepted for publication, the authors will be asked to format the paper based on the template of the journal before the paper can be sent to the publisher for publication.

Copyright Policy

The articles that appear in all journals published by Global Digital Central are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. A brief summary of this license agreement is given below:

The authors of the article retain the copyright.

Global Digital Central is granted a license to publish the article as the original publisher in any medium.

Authors grant any third party the right to unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original authors, citation details, and publisher are identified.

The deed of the license may be found

at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/. The full legal code of the license is available

at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode.

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In submitting an article to any of the journals published by Global Digital Central authors agree that:

1. They are authorized by their co-authors to submit their work for publication to Global Digital Central.

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2. They warrant, on behalf of themselves and their co-authors, that:

a. the article is original, has not been published in any other journal, is not under consideration by any other journal and does not infringe any existing copyright or any other third party rights;

b. They have already obtained permission from the original copyright owners if they are using materials including figures and/or tables from other sources in their article to be published by Global Digital Central;

c. They are the sole author(s) of the article and have full authority to publish their work with Global Digital Central and they are not in breach of any other obligation. The article contains nothing that is unlawful or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract of commitment given to secrecy.

Why publish in Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT)

The following is a list of the specific advantages and benefits Frontiers has over other thermal-fluids journals:

Premiere open-access and stringent peer and rapid review No cost to readers

Unlimited world-wide use and distribution No color constraints

FHMT peer reviewed journal issues and volumes are made permanently available electronically on a technical central website (Thermal-Fluids Central) that is used globally by the thermal- fluids community. This website also provides users with access to all relevant materials on heat and mass transfer,

thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, combustion, and multiphase systems. Best of all, access to the materials is provided free-of- charge, with few licensing and copyright restrictions The Thermal-Fluids Central website also provides the global community with instant, free access to e-books, journals, encyclopedia, e-resources, events, jobs, news, who is who, and forums (all without any advertisements). Thermal-fluids Central’s philosophy is to provide the thermal community free and easy access to and exchange of relevant information for maximum impact at a one-stop information resource center FHMT articles reach a wider audience faster than traditional distribution methods

Increased readership often means increased citations and research impact

The journal system features a powerful search engine for user convenience

Frontiers journals have access to over 8,000 comprehensive directories of who is who in global thermal-fluids community for review and marketing

Gives users the option of having automatic notification when new issues are published.

Indexing

All papers published by in Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer are indexed in Web of Science, Compendex, Scopus, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google, and Google Scholar. Global Digital Central is an active member of CrossRef, which is a citation linking network that spans millions of resources (including journals, books, conferences, dissertations, datasets, gray literature and other materials), spanning several centuries. This membership ensures the papers published in all Global Digital Central journals will be accessible to and cited by authors of other peer-reviewed journal papers published by thousands of publishers around the globe.

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COVERAGE 2010-2021

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Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer is a free-access and peer-reviewed online journal that provides a central vehicle for the exchange of basic ideas in heat and mass transfer between researchers and engineers around the globe. It disseminates information of permanent interest in the area of heat and mass transfer. Theory and fundamental research in heat and mass transfer, numerical simulations and algorithms, experimental techniques and measurements as applied to all kinds of current and emerging problems are welcome. Contributions to the journal consist of original research on heat and mass transfer in equipment, thermal systems, thermodynamic processes, nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, energy and power applications, as well as security and related topics.

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Cites per document Year Value Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2010 0.000 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2011 1.467 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2012 0.878 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2013 1.061 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2014 1.010 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2015 0.925 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2016 1.175 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2017 1.149 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2018 1.207

Ci / D (4 ) 2019 1 364

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Evolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. journal self- citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. External citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.

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2011 8 82

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Documents Year Value

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Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.

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Home » Journals Home » Archives » Vol. 17 (2021)

Vol. 17 (2021)

Table of Contents

THIN THERMAL MANAGEMENT MODULES USING FLATTENED HEAT PIPES AND PIEZOELECTRIC FANS FOR ELECTRONIC DEVICES

PDF

Jason Velardoâ , Randeep Singhâ , Mohammad Shahed Ahamedâ , Masataka Mochizuki^b , Abhijit Date^c , Aliakbar Akbarzadeh^c

a Fujikura Ltd., Germany b The Heat Pipes, Japan c RMIT University, Australia

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT) 17 - 1 (2021)

MHD CASSON FLUID FLOW ALONG INCLINED PLATE WITH HALL AND ALIGNED MAGNETIC EFFECTS

PDF

K. Kranthi Kumar^a , CH. Baby Rani^b , A.V. Papa Rao^c

a Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, India

b V. R. Sidhartha Engineering College, India c JNTU College of Engineering, India Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT) 17 - 2 (2021)

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF STEADY FLOW OF VORTEX FLOWMETER

PDF

Yan-Juan Zhao^a , Yu-Liang Zhang^b , Chen-Liang Zhang^b

a Quzhou College of Technology, China b Quzhou University, China

STEADY MHD FLOW OVER A YAWED CYLINDER WITH MASS TRANSFER

PDF

A. Sahaya Jenifer^a , P. Saikrishnan^a , J.

Rajakumar^b

a National Institute of Technology, India b Government College of Engineering, India Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT) 17 - 4 (2021)

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A PROTOTYPE PUMP AS TURBINE AT DIFFERENT WORKING CONDITIONS

PDF

Xiao Sunâ , Fan-Kang Zengâ , Jia-Bing Yangâ , Feng-Lin Zhouâ , Yu-Liang Zhang^b

a Hunan University of Technology, China b Quzhou University, China

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SOLAR WATER HEATER INTEGRATED WITH BUILT- IN THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE VIA POROUS MEDIA

PDF

Hasan S. Majdi^a , Azher M. Abed^a , Laith J. Habeeb^b

a Al-Mustaqbal University College, Iraq b University of Technology – Iraq, Iraq Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT) 17 - 6 (2021)

CFD ANALYSIS OF FREE CONVECTION IN NON-DARCIAN POROUS MEDIUM AND COMPARISON WITH SIMILARITY APPROACH

PDF

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Elyazid Flilihi^a , Mohammed Sriti^b , Driss Achemlal^a , Mohamed El haroui^c a Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Morocco

b Moulay Ismail University, Morocco c cMoulay Ismail University, Morocco Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT) 17 - 7 (2021)

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE EFFECT OF TURBULENCE IN THE THERMAL- RADIATION FLOW FIELD

PDF

O.M. Oyewola^a , O.S. Ismail^b , J.O.

Bosomo^b

a Fiji National University, Fiji b University of Ibadan, Nigeria

WATER TRANSPORT IN CELLULAR CONNEXON OF HUMAN BODIES

PDF

Mian Wang^a , Yongbin Zhang^b a Changzhou College of Information Technology, China

b Changzhou University, China

TRANSVERSAL FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER OF TWO CYLINDERS WITH A FLAPPING REED BETWEEN THEM

PDF

Zhiyun Wang , Ziqing Wang , Mo Yang University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, China

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF NATURAL CONVECTION IN RECTANGULAR CAVITIES WITH DIFFERENT ASPECT RATIOS

PDF

Olanrewaju M. Oyewola^a , Samuel I.

Afolabi^b , Olawale S. Ismail^b a Fiji National University, Fiji b University of Ibadan, Nigeria

AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF LIQUID AIR JET PUMP

PDF

V. W. Bhatkar^a , Anirban Sur^b a Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Engineering, India

b Symbiosis Institute of Technology, India Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT) 17 - 12 (2021)

LITHIUM-ION BATTERY FIRE SUPPRESSION USING WATER MIST SYSTEMS

PDF

Matt Ghijiâ , Ian Burch^b , Grant Gamble^b , Vasily Novozhilovâ , Paul Josephâ , Khalid Moinuddinâ a Victoria University, Australia b Defence Science & Technology Group, Australia

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER IN CORRUGATED PARALLEL CHANNEL WITH SINUSOIDAL WAVE SURFACE

PDF

Jingquan Zhang , Kun Zhang Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT) 17 - 14 (2021)

DRYING PERFORMANCE OF JACKFRUIT DODOL USING RICE HUSK ENERGY ON HOUSEHOLD IN LOMBOK, INDONESIA

PDF

Ida Bagus Alit , I Gede Bawa Susana University of Mataram, Indonesia Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT) 17 - 15 (2021)

LOW-ORDER MODEL OF THE DYNAMICS AND START-UP OF A PULSATING HEAT PIPE

PDF Felix Schily , Wolfgang Polifke

Technical University of Munich, Germany

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RECENT ADVANCES OF SURFACE WETTABILITY EFFECT ON FLOW BOILING HEAT TRANSFER PERFORMANCE

PDF

Shuang Caoâ , Hui Yangâ , Luxing Zhaoâ , Tao Wangâ , Jian Xie^b a Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, China

b North China Electric Power University, China

UNSTEADY MHD ROTATING AND

CHEMICALLY REACTING FLUID FLOW OVER AN OSCILLATING VERTICAL SURFACE IN A DARCIAN POROUS REGIME

PDF

Mira Das^a , Utpal Jyoti Das^b a Rajiv Gandhi University, India b Gauhati University, India

NATURAL CONVECTON IN SINUSOIDAL–

CORRUGTED ENCLOSURE UTITIING SILVER/WATER NANOLUID WITH DIFFERENT SHAPES OF CONCENTRIC INNER CYLINDERS

PDF

Emad D. Aboudâ , Qusay Rasheed Al- Amirâ , Hameed K. Hamzahâ , Ammar Abdulkadhim^b , Mustafa M. Gabir^b , Salwan Obaid Waheed Khafajiâ , Farooq H. Aliâ

a University of Babylon, Iraq b Al-Mustaqbal University College, Iraq Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT) 17 - 19 (2021)

NUMERICAL THERMAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT IN LAMINAR- TURBULENT TRANSITION FLOW THROUGH ABSORBER PIPE OF PARABOLIC SOLAR TROUGH COLLECTOR SYSTEM

PDF

Marwa M. Ibrahim^a , Mohamed Mahran Kasem^b

a National Research Centre, Egypt b Cairo University, Egypt

SIMULATION AND INVESTIGATION OF NANO-REFRIGERANT FLUID

CHARACTERISTICS WITH THE TWO-PHASE FLOW IN MICROCHANNEL

PDF

Ahmed Hassan Saleem , Omar Mahmood Jumaah , Ahmed Mustaffa Saleem

Northern Technical University, Iraq Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT) 17 - 21 (2021)

NUMERICALLY INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF FEED WATER PREHEATING TANK DESIGN ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL

PDF

Zahraa A. Faisal , Hassanain Ghani Hameed , Dhafer Manea H. Al- Shamkhee

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Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT), 17, 15 (2021) DOI: 10.5098/hmt.17.15

Global Digital Central ISSN: 2151-8629

1

DRYING PERFORMANCE OF JACKFRUIT DODOL USING RICE HUSK ENERGY ON HOUSEHOLD IN LOMBOK, INDONESIA

Ida Bagus Alit, I Gede Bawa Susana

^*

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram, Jl. Majapahit No. 62 Mataram-Nusa Tenggara Barat 83125 Indonesia

A

BSTRACT

Rice husk is a cheap fuel source and it is abundantly available in Indonesia. The heat exchanger mechanism was used in other to, the dried material was not contaminated by the combustion gases. The drying system consists of three components which include the furnace, heat exchanger pipe, and drying chamber. The heat exchanger pipe connects the furnace with the drying chamber and transfers the heat generated from rice husk burning to the drying chamber. The drying chamber was the section for drying the jackfruit dodol. It consists of 4 shelves and is equipped with an exhaust fan. The results showed capable that the dryer decreases moisture faster than conventional methods. The moisture content of jackfruit dodol reduced from 29%

to 23.7% within 600 minutes and the average drying chamber efficiency was 25.3%.

Keywords: dryers, rice husks, heat exchangers, jackfruit dodol

1. INTRODUCTION

Lombok is an Indonesian island located between Bali and Sumbawa.

This is a tourism area with a small industrial centre for processing plantation products, especially the Jackfruit dodol, which is a traditional regional cake popular in the community. The fruit is processed into dodol to increase the sales value as well as extends its shelf life. Furthermore, the drying process is needed to preserve jackfruit dodol. The drying process is a method to preserve food ingredients to reduce spoilage and damage. Generally, this is carried out by placing the product directly under the sun or by using a dryer, in a drying room. However, both natural and artificial drying processes involve synchronous heat and mass exchange between the surrounding air and the granules. Furthermore, this process tends to reduce the moisture to a minimum level thereby ensuring its safety before consumption and storage (Delgado-Plaza et al., 2020).

This also needs to be supported by adequate facilities. However, in most developing countries inappropriate storage and drying facilities tend to cause post-harvest losses to the agricultural sector (Nguimdo and Noumegnie, 2020). Therefore post-harvest handling is an important step adopted to maintain the quality of materials during storage (Buchori et al., 2013).

Several studies have been widely carried out on drying processes and ways of handling post-harvest losses. An instance is a gas-to-gas heat exchanger dryer designed using solid biomass to dry 2.5 kg of palm fiber (Yunus et al., 2011). The other drying process is anchovy using a heat exchanger with coconut coir fuel to produce an average temperature of 41.30^oC. This heat exchanger consists of pipes that are aligned and placed separately from the furnace (Susana, 2018). The biomass energy is often used in the dryer with the natural convection method and produces hot air at a temperature of 50^oC (Bhuyan et al., 2016).

Preliminary research compared forced convectional solar dryer with natural convection, in a designed collector area of 2 m² to dry chillies and

* Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

grapes (Sushrut et al., 2015). This forced convectional solar dryer was discovered to be better in terms of drying speed and quality. Furthermore, another experimental study was carried out on solar dryers, equipped with sun tracking to dry apple slices over a temperature range of 62^oC and 45^oC (Das and Akpinar, 2020). The disadvantage of this process is its weather-dependent, thereby being unable to maintain continuous drying. The utilization of renewable energy such as biomass and the application of heat exchangers aforementioned is used to solve conventional agricultural and post-harvest problems. This is because conventional agriculture is dependent on weather and climate.

Furthermore, the heat exchanger uses the hot air from the burning biomass in the furnace for the drying process. This device is used to transmit heat between two fluids separated by a wall and at different temperatures (Incropera et al., 2006). Biomass, which is an organic characteristic, derived from living organisms namely plants, animals, and agricultural wastes is an effective substitute for fossil energy.

Concerning biomass resources, Indonesia has great potential for this type of renewable energy, particularly rice husk as a rice waste product.

Additionally, rice serves as a food source for most people with the expectation of fulfilling energy sources, carried out in rural areas through the energy conversion process such as gasification and pyrolysis. The gasification technological constitutes of 30% energy conversion used to produce 49.5 MWh of electrical energy (Pujotomo, 2017). Some of the location in Indonesia with the potential of biomass energy is West Nusa Tenggara and Lombok Island produce 533,150.80 and 269,420.20 tons of rice husks, respectively. It is estimated to produce sufficient energy to support a power capacity of 60 to 65 MW (RUED Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat, 2019; KPMG, 2019). Rice husk has a high heating value which is equivalent to half of the coal, namely 12.3 MJ/kg (Awulu et al., 2018). Its composition includes bulk density of relatively 90 to 150 kg/m³, lignin (25% to 30%), cellulose (50%), silica (15% to 20%), and moisture (10% to 15%) (Burhenne et al., 2013; Singh, 2018). It is also a byproduct of relatively 20% of rice weight and is properly used as an energy source.

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer

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Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT), 17, 15 (2021) DOI: 10.5098/hmt.17.15

Global Digital Central ISSN: 2151-8629

2 This is due to the high composition of cellulose which tends to produce stable combustion. Biomass is used as fuel in the energy conversion process to dry rice husks at a net calorific value of 12 to 16 MJ kg (International Finance Corporation, 2017). Furthermore, it is usually used in rural households for cooking and offering warmth to livestock.

Biomass is also considered waste pollution in the environment therefore, increased logistics factors and properties are needed to make rice husks a renewable energy source (Mofijur et al., 2019). The decline in the use of firewood as fuel due to rice husks decreases deforestation and maintains sustainability (Ahiduzzaman and Sadrul Islam, 2016).

Meanwhile, the utilization of rice husks in a heat exchanger furnace offers an optimal drying process.

The furnace converts the stored energy in the rice husks to thermal energy. The addition of a heat exchanger in the furnace increases the air temperature in the drying chamber (Susana et al., 2019). This study utilized black steel pipe as a heat exchanger and rice husks as fuel. In the no-load condition, the average temperature in the drying chamber was approximately 72.79^oC. Meanwhile, rice husk has a combustion efficiency of 99.2% and exhibits low emissions, as well as fire stabilization (Chokphoemphun et al., 2019). This is based on the results of the test carried out on a rectangular fluidized bed combustor. It also has LHV and HHV values of 13.3 kcal/kg and 14.8 MJ/kg, which were obtained based on the measurements carried out on a downdraft furnace for drying rice (Hung et al., 2018). Furthermore, a direct test was carried out using rice husks and firewood to boil two litres of water. The result showed that the time needed to boil 1 kg of rice husk in water is 15 minutes. However, the same quality of rice husk was also boiled for 21 minutes using 1.2 kg of firewood (Yahaya and Ibrahim, 2012). Heat exchange dryers using rice husk energy are particularly suitable for household-scale drying processes and in developing rural areas. In the Philippines, the furnaces fueled by rice husks and heat exchangers with triangular tubing are used in agricultural engineering standards (Philippine National Standard, 2015). Meanwhile, those with perforated walls and the addition of heat exchanger pipes arranged in parallel optimally transfers heat into the drying chamber (Susana et al., 2019).

The test results showed that it took 58 minutes to reduce the moisture content of 4 kg of corn from 19% to 12%.

The drying performance of jackfruit dodol using rice husk in Lombok is still carried out traditionally, by drying in the sun. However, according to an evaluation result based on the physical parameters, such as porosity, volume, pore size distribution, and texture, this process deteriorates the product quality by damaging its structure (Link et al., 2017). Therefore, based on the sensitivity of certain products, such as vegetables and fruits, the sun-drying process tends to impair its sensory and nutritional properties (Ochoa-Martinez et al., 2012). Furthermore, the high production of rice husks in Lombok Island serves as an energy source for drying food in rural households, which is optimally carried out using a dryer. This is performed to enhance the standard of living in these communities.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

This research was carried out based on the dryer design and the optimal temperature test from previous studies (Alit et al., 2020). The optimal temperature is obtained using a 1-inch diameter heat-transmitting pipe made of stainless steel material. An 800 mm x 500 mm x 500 mm furnace, with an iron plate material of 400 mm feet is placed separately from the drying chamber. The furnace wall consists of 468 holes at a distance of 1 cm and 5 cm respectively. The design of the Jackfruit dodol dryer is as shown in Fig. 1. The arrangement of the drying chamber comprises 4 shelves made of aluminum. The drying chamber is isolated using a 3 mm thick rubber material. Furthermore, it has a dimension of 600 mm x 536 mm x 536 mm and the leg height is 400 mm. 400 mm is the support height of the drying chamber, which is the distance between the floor and the bottom of the drying chamber.

1. Furnace; 2. Drying chamber; 3. Drying shelves; 4. Exhaust fan; 5. Heat exchanger pipe; 6. Chimney

Fig. 1 Rice husk dryer design

The dried product is 6 kg of jackfruit dodol. Also, 1.5 kg of this product was evenly distributed on each shelf. The initial moisture content of jackfruit dodol was set at 29%. The drying chamber is equipped with a fan, located in the exhaust pipe or chimney. The air velocity constant is 2 m/s. The air velocity measurement of 2 m/s is carried out on the exhaust fan which is placed in the chimney of the drying chamber. The performance of the dryer is based on the drying temperature and moisture content of jackfruit dodol. Therefore, this study was carried out using measuring instruments, such as data loggers, type K thermocouples, digital scales, anemometers, and moisture meters. The energy source is in the form of rice husks which transfers heat to the drying chamber through environmental air flowing in the pipes through combustion, as shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Testing of jackfruit dodol samples on rice husk biomass dryer The drying performance of jackfruit dodol was carried out for 600 minutes while the moisture content was measured every 60 minutes. The data measured includes ambient, entry, inner and outer temperatures in the drying room, as well as the initial, and dry mass of jackfruit dodol.

The initial mass, mt (kg) and dry mass, mk (kg) is used to calculate the moisture content, Ka (%) (Henderson, 1976; Hamdani et al., 2018), as in Eq. (1). The heating procedure was carried out for 3 hours at a temperature of relatively 105 to 110^oC to obtain the dry mass of dodol, mk.

𝐾𝐾_𝑎𝑎= ^𝑚𝑚^𝑡𝑡_𝑚𝑚^−𝑚𝑚^𝑘𝑘

𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥100% (1)

The mass of evaporated water, mw (kg) is influenced by the initial mass (mt) of the jackfruit dodol, and the mass after drying (mp).

Therefore, Eq. (2) is used to obtain the mass of evaporated water lost due to the drying process.

𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤= 𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡− 𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝 (2)

400 mm