JURNAL ILMIAH Judul Jurnal Ilmiah (Artikel) : Multivari

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LEMBAR

HASIL PENILAIAN SEJAWAT SEBIDANG ATAU PEER REVIEW KARYA ILMIAH : JURNAL ILMIAH

Judul Jurnal Ilmiah (Artikel) : Multivariate Statistical Analysis For The Assessment Of Groundwater Quality In Semarang Lowland Area

Jumlah Penulis : 5 orang (Thomas Triadi Putranto, TRN Amanah, Budi Warsito, Hartuti Purnaweni and Muhammad Helmi)

Status Pengusul : penulis ke-1 (Penulis Korespondensi)

Identitas Jurnal Ilmiah : a. Nama Jurnal : International Journal of GEOMATE b. Nomor ISSN : 2186-2982 (P), 2186-2990 (O)

c. Vol, No., Bln Thn : Vol.18, Issue 66, Feb, 2020, pp.124-131 d. Penerbit : GEOMATE International Society e. DOI artikel (jika ada) : https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.66.36760

f. Alamat web jurnal : https://geomatejournal.com/geomate/article/view/455 Alamat Artikel : https://geomatejournal.com/geomate/article/view/455/12

71

g. Terindex : Scopus, Q3

Kategori Publikasi Jurnal Ilmiah : √ Jurnal Ilmiah Internasional

(beripada kategori yang tepat) Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional Terakreditasi Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional Tidak Terakreditasi Hasil Penilaian Peer Review :

Komponen Yang Dinilai

Nilai Reviewer

Nilai Rata-rata Reviewer I Reviewer II

a. Kelengkapan unsur isi jurnal (10%) 3,00 4,00 3,50

b. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan (30%) 11,00 11,80 11,40

c. Kecukupan dan kemutahiran data/informasi dan metodologi (30%)

10,00 11,80 10,90

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan/jurnal (30%) 11,00 11,90 11,45

Total = (100%) 35,00 39,50 37,25

Nilai Pengusul = (60% x 37,25) = 22,35

Semarang, Reviewer 2

Prof. Dr. Ir. Lily Montarcih Limantara, M.Sc.

NIP. 196209171987012001 Unit Kerja : Teknik Pengairan FT Universitas Brawijaya

Reviewer 1

Prof. Dr. Ir. Sriyana, M.S.

NIP. 196006021986021001 Unit Kerja : Teknik Sipil FT Universitas Diponegoro

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LEMBAR

HASIL PENILAIAN SEJAWAT SEBIDANG ATAU PEER REVIEW KARYA ILMIAH : JURNAL ILMIAH

Judul Jurnal Ilmiah (Artikel) : Multivariate Statistical Analysis For The Assessment Of Groundwater Quality In Semarang Lowland Area

Jumlah Penulis : 5 orang (Thomas Triadi Putranto, TRN Amanah, Budi Warsito, Hartuti Purnaweni and Muhammad Helmi)

Status Pengusul : penulis ke-1 (Penulis Korespondensi)

Identitas Jurnal Ilmiah : a. Nama Jurnal : International Journal of GEOMATE b. Nomor ISSN : 2186-2982 (P), 2186-2990 (O)

c. Vol, No., Bln Thn : Vol.18, Issue 66, Feb, 2020, pp.124-131 d. Penerbit : GEOMATE International Society e. DOI artikel (jika ada) : https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.66.36760

f. Alamat web jurnal : https://geomatejournal.com/geomate/article/view/455 Alamat Artikel : https://geomatejournal.com/geomate/article/view/455/12

71

g. Terindex : Scopus, Q3

Kategori Publikasi Jurnal Ilmiah : √ Jurnal Ilmiah Internasional

(beripada kategori yang tepat) Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional Terakreditasi Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional Tidak Terakreditasi Hasil Penilaian Peer Review :

Komponen Yang Dinilai

Nilai Maksimal Jurnal Ilmiah

Nilai Akhir Yang Diperoleh Internasional

Nasional Terakreditasi

Nasional Tidak Terakreditasi

a. Kelengkapan unsur isi jurnal (10%) 4,00 4,00

b. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan (30%)

12,00 11,80

c. Kecukupan dan kemutahiran data/informasi dan metodologi (30%)

12,00 11,80

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan/jurnal (30%)

12,00 11,90

Total = (100%) 40,00 39,50

Nilai Pengusul = (60% x 39,50) = 23,70 Catatan Penilaian artikel oleh Reviewer :

1. Kesesuaian dan kelengkapan unsur isi jurnal:

Jurnal yang diusulkan dengan judul“Multivariate Statistical Analysis For The Assessment of Groundwater Quality In Semarang Lowland Area”tersusun dengan baik sesuai Guide for Author dari International Journal of GEOMATE.

Jurnal ini memfokuskan kepada geoteknik, konstruksi dan lingkungan. Dengan demikian paper yang dipublikasikan sudah sesuai dengan topik Jurnal.

2. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan:

Paper yang diterbikan memiliki lingkungan lingkungan khusus kualitas airtanah di daerah dataran Kota Semarang Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah menilai kualitas air tanah menggunakan analisis statistik multivariat menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dan Hierarchical Component Analysis (HCA) untuk mengevaluasi kualitas sampel air tanah dari sumur gali.

3. Kecukupan dan kemutakhiran data/informasi dan metodologi:

Data yang dianlisis kimia cukup banyak dan metode yang diterapkan untuk multiparameter sudah sesuai menggunakan analisis multivariate disertasi analisis geospasial melalui peta-peta yang sangat jelas disajikan.

4. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan:

Kelengkapan isi jurnal sangat baik, gambar dan tabel terbaca sangat jelas dan baik dengan indeks similarity 10%.

Kualitas Jurnal terindeks SCOPUS Q3, SJR (0,36) dan dikelola oleh Mie University Japan.

Malang, 6 Juni 2022 Reviewer 2

Prof. Dr. Ir. Lily Montarcih Limantara, M.Sc.

NIP. 196209171987012001 Unit Kerja : Teknik Pengairan FT Universitas Brawijaya

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Multivariate statistical analysis for the assessment of groundwater quality in semarang lowland area

Putranto, Thomas Triadi ; Amanah, TRN ; Warsito, Budi ; Purnaweni, Hartuti ; Helmi, Muhammad Save all to author list

a, b b b b b, c

Geological Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Indonesia Graduate Program of Environmental Studies, Diponegoro University, Indonesia

Oceanography Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Diponegoro University, Indonesia

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Groundwater is the primary water resources for the human activities in Semarang lowland area.

Serious threats against sustainable development concerning groundwater are inevitable. Therefore, it is essential to assess groundwater quality. The primary objective of the research is assessing groundwater quality using the multivariate statistical analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and

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6/14/22, 11:03 AM GEOMATE Journal

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6/14/22, 11:03 AM Editorial Team | GEOMATE Journal

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Associate Editor-in-Chief

Associate Prof. Dr. John Victor Smith, RMIT University, Australia

Prof. Dr. Fumio Tatsuoka, Tokyo University of Science, Japan

Prof. Dr. Sai Vanapalli, University of Ottawa, Canada

Prof. Dr. Ian Je erson, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom

Prof. Dr. Mounir Bouassida, National School of Engineering of Tunis

Prof. Dr. Bujang B.K. Huat, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

Prof. Dr. Nemy Banthia, University of British Columbia, Canada

Prof. Dr. Toshinori Sakai, Mie University, Japan

Prof. Dr. Valeriy Perminov, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russia

Prof. Dr. Jing-Cai Jiang, University of Tokushima, Japan

Prof. Dr. Lilia Robles Austriaco, Angles University Foundation, Philippines

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ibn Ibrahimy, International Islamic University, Malaysia

Prof. Dr. Shamsul I. Chowdhury, Roosevelt University, USA

Prof. Dr. Isabel Pinto, University of Coimbra, Portugal

Prof. Dr. Mark Jaksa, University of Adelaide, Australia

Prof. Dr. Kaneco Satoshi, Mie University, Japan

Prof. Dr. Junichiro Takeuchi, Kyoto University, Japan

Prof. Dr. Ranjith Pathegama

Gamage, Monash University, Australia

Prof. Dr. Kingshuk Roy, Nihon University, Japan

Prof. Dr. Md. Shahin Hossain, Islamic University of Technology, Bangladesh

Prof. Dr. Pedro Arrua, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Argentina

Prof. Dr. Miguel A. Pando, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA

Prof. Dr. Suksun Prof. Dr. Musharraf Zaman, University Prof. Dr. Ra qul Tarefder, University of New Editor-in-Chief

Prof. Dr. Zakaria Hossain, Mie University, Japan Executive Editor-in-Chief

E/Prof. Dr. Takamitsu Kajisa, Mie University, Japan

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6/14/22, 11:02 AM Vol. 18 No. 66 (2020): February 2020 | GEOMATE Journal

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Home / Archives / Vol. 18 No. 66 (2020): February 2020

Vol. 18 No. 66 (2020): February 2020

Published: 2021-11-16

Articles Articles

TIME-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR OF PILED RAFT FOUNDATIONS ON SATURATED CLAY: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS

GROUND SURVEY BASED ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE WAVE VELOCITY AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIBILITY

UNDRAINED CYCLIC SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF CLAY UNDER DRASTICALLY CHANGED LOADING RATE

EFFECTS OF MINERAL AND CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES ON THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

Lua Hoang, Tatsunori Matsumoto

 1-8



Abstract View : 27 PDF downloads: 20

Kasuyuki Kawai, Ryosuke Hamada, Koji Nakashima

 9-15



Imran Khan, Kentaro Nakai, Toshihiro Noda

 16-23

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Nolan C. Concha, Melito A. Baccay

 24-29

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EVALUATION OF COMMONLY USED AGGREGATES FOR SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN BANGLADESH

QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF WATER POLLUTANT LOAD FROM KINOKAWA RIVER BASIN BY HIGH-FREQUENCY WATER QUALITY OBSERVATION

TRIHALOMETHANE AND HALOACETIC ACID FORMATION POTENTIAL OF TROPICAL PEAT WATER: EFFECT OF TIDAL AND SEASONAL VARIATIONS

A SIMPLE METHOD FOR STRENGTHENING THE BRICK MASONRY INFILLED IN THE REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURE

MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN SEMARANG LOWLAND AREA

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Md Jahidul Islam, Md Rabiul Alam, Mohammed Russedul Islam, Muhammad Hasanuzzaman

 98-104

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Hiroto Tanouchi, Akihisa Imoto, Kouichi Ishiura, Nobuyuki Egusa

 105-110

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Muammar Qada , Suprihanto Notodarmojo, Yuniati Zevi, Yusuf Eka Maulana

 111-117

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 118-123

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STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK AND PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY OLIGOCENE SOURCE ROCKS, NORTHERN SONG HONG BASIN

GEOMECHANIC PROPERTIES AND PROVENANCE ANALYSIS OF QUARTZ SANDSTONE FROM THE WARUKIN FORMATION

EFFECT OF LOADING STAGE ON PEAT COMPRESSION AND DEFLECTION OF BAMBOO GRID WITH CONCRETE PILE

PEDESTRIAN SIMULATION OF METRO RAIL TRANSIT (MRT) LINE 7 STATION 1-NORTH AVENUE STATION, QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES

Thomas Triadi Putranto, TRN Amanah, Budi Warsito, Hartuti Purnaweni, Muhammad Helmi

 124-131

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Anh Ngoc Le, Dat Tien Nguyen, Tuan Van Pham, Ngan Thi Bui, Hoa Minh Nguyen, Muoi Duy Nguyen, Hiep Huu Hoang

 132-139

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Supandi, Hill Gendoet Hartono

 140-149

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Aazokhi Waruwu, Rika Deni Susanti, Debby Endriani, Syahpril Hutagaol

 150-155

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Romnick P. De Los Reyes, Marloe B. Sundo, Marish S. Madlangbayan

 156-162

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MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN SEMARANG LOWLAND AREA

*Thomas Triadi Putranto^1,2, TRN Amanah², Budi Warsito², Hartuti Purnaweni² and Muhammad Helmi^2,3

1Geological Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Indonesia

2Graduate Program of Environmental Studies, Diponegoro University, Indonesia

3Oceanography Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Diponegoro University, Indonesia

*Corresponding Author, Received: 13 Nov. 2019, Revised: 07 Dec. 2019, Accepted: 14 Jan. 2020 ABSTRACT: Groundwater is the primary water resources for the human activities in Semarang lowland area.

Serious threats against sustainable development concerning groundwater are inevitable. Therefore, it is essential to assess groundwater quality. The primary objective of the research is assessing groundwater quality using the multivariate statistical analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Component Analysis (HCA) to evaluate 30 groundwater samples which are collected from dug wells. The results show the concentration of pH, Fe³⁺, Cl^-, Mn²⁺, SO42-, NO2-, exceeding the Indonesian water drinking standard. Cluster and factorial analysis showed three primary factors in groundwater. Factor 1 explained that 63.5% from total variant with EC, CaCO3, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Cl^- and TDS show a potential contamination source from seawater intrusion. Factor 2 explained that 13.5% from total variant with pH and NO3- show a potential contamination source from household waste. Factor 3 explained that 10.4% from total variant with Fe³⁺ is assumed to be contaminants from rocks around Semarang.

Keywords: Groundwater, Multivariate, PCA, HCA, Semarang

1. INTRODUCTION

Human activities play a dominant role in transforming the biosphere and influencing the function of the Earth system [1,2]. The act of fulfilling water necessities can trigger the rising pressure towards the environment and causing a trade of water necessity and environmental sustainability. As stated in the first sentence of World Water Development Report 2015, “water is the core of sustainable development”[3]. A serious threat against sustainability in relation to water.

About 1.4 billion people live in waterbeds where the usage level of water exceeds its replenishment. [4].

In developing countries, close to 90% of waste is disposed of without prior treatment [5]. There is an increase of nitrogen in global rivers due to the combination of fertilizers deployment with the rise of water waste [6]. Globally, 1.8 billion people have consumed water contaminated with waste [7].

Water quality control is becoming paramount [8]. Groundwater quality is equally important as the quantity due to its versatility for various needs [9,10]. Hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater system usually is based on the availability of information regarding groundwater chemical contents [11]. This research is in the Semarang lowland area in the Central Java Province, Indonesia. Semarang, as one of the coastal cities on the northern shores of Java Island, has fastly grown especially in industries and commercial sector [12].

The use of land on shorelines and lowlands are dominated by residences, pools, and trade and service areas [13]. Groundwater contamination due

to industrial, household, and agricultural waste has caused the decline of groundwater quality [14]. This research is focused on groundwater abstraction from the unconfined aquifer. The objective of this research is evaluating groundwater quality using the multivariate statistical analysis, which are Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Component Analysis (HCA) as well as deploying spatial analysis method. Several researchers have analyzed various statistical methods to determine the quality of groundwater [15,16,17,18]. Multivariate statistical analysis is applied in this research to assess the quality of groundwater and to identify the most dominant chemical parameter affecting the decline of groundwater quality.

2. METHODS

The hydrogeological field campaign was conducted in months as the lowest precipitation rate. It was in July 2017 by collecting 30 groundwater samples from dug wells (Figure 1). Groundwater samples were tested through 16 parameters: EC, pH, CaCO3, Mg²⁺, Fe³⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Cl^-, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, NH4+, HCO3-, SO42-, NO2-, NO3- and TDS. EC and pH were tested in the

field using WtW Conductivity portable meter ProfiLine Cond 3110

and WtW pH portable meter ProfiLine 3110. The chemical parameters were analysed in the hydrogeochemistry laboratory of the Indonesian Geological Agency in Bandung.

The research area has a volcanic product such as breccia in Damar Formation in the south and Alluvium consist of unconsolidated material such as sand to clay

International Journal of GEOMATE, Feb., 2020, Vol.18, Issue 66, pp.124-131 ISSN: 2186-2982 (P), 2186-2990 (O), Japan, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.66.36760 Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment

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GROUND SURVEY BASED ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE WAVE VELOCITY AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIBILITY

*Kasuyuki Kawai¹, Ryosuke Hamada² and Koji Nakashima³

1,3 Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kindai University, Japan; ² Toyo Construction Co., Ltd., Japan

*Corresponding Author, Received: 12 June 2019, Revised: 19 Nov. 2019, Accepted: 07 Jan. 2020 ABSTRACT: Geophysical exploration, which can explore the distribution of material properties underground, has, for less than the last half a century, been applied for prospecting groundwater and bedrock. Though simulation techniques have improved with greater sophistication of the constitutive model for soil material, comprehension of current soil conditions is important for accurately predicting the behavior of earth structures. Therefore, the importance of geophysical exploration is growing. Soil parameters are indirectly identified from physical parameters, such as wave velocity, electric conductivity and so on. In geophysical exploration, calibrating physical parameters with necessary soil parameters is required for individual soil material and has thus prevented the application of geophysical exploration at the site level. In this study, surface wave and electric prospecting were conducted at a site first investigated circumstantially by borings and other soundings. Then, the applicability of surface wave and electric prospecting were validated through their comparison. Next, geophysical explorations were conducted on a large-size embankment. Consequently, the applicable scope of this type of exploration was demonstrated, proving its applicability for geotechnical engineering sites.

Keywords: Geophysical Exploration, Surface Wave Velocity, Electrical Resistibility, Embankment

1. INTRODUCTION

Recently, a constitutive model for soil has improved, and numerical computing techniques have become more sophisticated (e.g. Sugiyama et al., 2016, Noda et al. 2016 and Oka et al., 2019).

Therewith, numerical simulation has become more reliable in geotechnical engineering and has been used for designing and maintaining earth structures.

When we conduct numerical simulation, the initial condition is needed. In the case of an existing earth structure, the current condition within the earth structure is the initial condition for simulation.

Therefore, ground surveys, such as borings and soundings, are important. However, these ground surveys cannot be conducted at a fine scale due to economic constraints. Geophysical exploration is effective for knowing material properties of the ground through non-destructive inspection to develop in-depth cross-sectional information. On the other

hand, in geophysical exploration, necessary soil parameters, such as the N-value and soil moisture, have to be converted from elastic wave velocity and electric resistibility. These material properties are influenced by other soil parameters. Consequently, geophysical exploration is only used as a supplement.

In this study, surface wave and electric prospecting were conducted in ground first surveyed by borings and various soundings for calibration.

Based on the calibration, geophysical exploration techniques were applied to a large-size embankment.

2. GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION 2.1 Surface wave prospecting

When the ground is hit by a hammer, the surface wave, called a Rayleigh wave, is transmitted along the ground surface. A Rayleigh wave has more vertical vibration and 0.9 to 0.95 times velocity of a

International Journal of GEOMATE, Feb., 2020, Vol.18, Issue 66, pp. 9-15 ISSN: 2186-2982 (P), 2186-2990 (O), Japan, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.66.5594 Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment

Data Logger

Accelerometer

Fig.1 Surface wave prospecting Photo 1 Surface wave prospecting

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24

EFFECTS OF MINERAL AND CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES ON THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SELF COMPACTING

CONCRETE

* Nolan C. Concha¹ and Melito A. Baccay²

1Faculty, FEU-Institute of Technology, Philippines; ²Faculty, Technological University of the Philippines, Philippines

*Corresponding Author, Received:24 June 2019, Revised: 27 Nov. 2019, Accepted: 30 Dec. 2019 ABSTRACT: One of the most significant innovations on the workability of concrete that was achieved in recent years is self-compacting concrete (SCC). This desirable performance can be attained through the addition of admixtures to enhance its properties. In this study, superplasticizers were blended with fly ash and air entraining admixtures and were tested for Slump Flow, V-Funnel, L-Box, U-Box, and Screen Stability tests based on the European Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete (EFNARC) specifications and guidelines for SSC. Based on the results of the study, Fly ash with spherical smooth texture enhances the lubrication between the concrete particles while the air-entrainer provides microscopic bubbles acting as ball bearings between aggregates. The best result was obtained in the specimens containing 5.0%

superplasticizers due to its dispersibility effect and reduced flow resistance. In general, the air entraining agent blended with 3.7% superplasticizer exhibited the best performance in all workability test conducted.

Keywords: Viscosity; Yield stress; Self-compacting concrete; Rheology; Dispersibility

1. INTRODUCTION

The introduction of chemical and mineral admixtures in the fundamental components of self- compacting concrete (SCC) has been used to enhance further the desirable properties of the freshly mixed concrete. SCC is a special concrete mixture exhibiting superior material homogeneity and workability requiring less to no form of external compaction [1]. Even without the aid of a compactor, a concrete would be able to pass through corners of forms through its own mass. Such condition is essential in developing designs of SCC mixture. However, there is a limited number of studies as to this area of concrete technology and thus require further research to completely describe the behaviour of SCC [2]. In the preparation of SCC, the material proportions of the mix are an essential component [3-6]. The compactness of concrete attributed by well distributed aggregates imparts strength to the concrete. The efficiency of the concrete in flowability is affected much by tuning the coarse aggregates spacing that depends on sizes and volume of cement in the mixture.

The rheological performance of SCC is much affected by the proportioning of the material components in the preparation of the mixture [7].

All normal concrete fine aggregates including crushed or rounded either siliceous or calcareous fine aggregates can be used in SCC. In order to develop a self compacting concrete of desirable quality, the moisture content of sand must be carefully checked and must be regarded into

account. The volume of sand less than 0.125 mm must be taken as powder and is essential for the consistency of SCC. The small quantity of accumulated powders, resulting from the binders and the used of fine aggregates, must be achieved to avoid segregation with a recommended value of 500-600 kg/m3 [8]. Almost every type of coarse aggregates is appropriate for the production SCC, where the angular coarse aggregates develop the mechanical interlocking performance of the particles resulting to better strength, whilst rounded aggregates enhanced the flowability attributed by the lesser build-up of frictional stresses. The average largest aggregate size is normally 16-20 mm but particle sizes of 40 mm and up have been utilized in SCC. Well-graded aggregates are of vital importance in the production of SCC, while gap graded aggregates may exhibit more internal resistance and provide flow reduction. The volume content of the coarse aggregates usually varies between 50 to 60% of the total volume of solids in concrete [9]. When the amount of coarse aggregates in concrete go beyond the recommended limit (50- 60%), the chance between aggregate particle contact or collision develop quickly and may result in higher susceptibility to blockage when the concrete move through gaps between rebars [10].

Mineral admixtures were incorporated as well in the SCC mix to further enhance the desirable properties of concrete. Rice husk ash can improve the resistance to segregation and plastic viscosity of the mixture [11]. The concrete also exhibited chloride ion resistance and drying shrinkage with the

International Journal of GEOMATE, Feb., 2020, Vol.18, Issue 66, pp. 24-29 ISSN: 2186-2982 (P), 2186-2990 (O), Japan, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.66.9138 Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment