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The Effect of Leadership and Work Environment on Employee Work Productivity Improvement at Classic
Coffee Sumenep District
Nur Mohammad Firdaus
Departement of Management, Narotama University Surabaya Jl. Arief Rachman Hakim No. 51, Surabaya, Indonesia
[email protected]
Abstract
Humans are one of the main factors of production in the company. Good human resource management is the key to the company's success. In an effort to achieve company goals, it is necessary to increase employee productivity. The author conducted research on the Classic Coffee Cafe located in Sumenep Regency, where the author will examine the indicators of increasing employee productivity in terms of the leadership system and work environment at Classic Coffee. With the formulation of the problem: (1) Does the leadership variable partially have a significant effect on the work productivity of the employees of the Sumenep Classic Coffee Cafe? (2) Does the work environment variable partially have a significant effect on the work productivity of the Classic Coffee Sumenep Cafe employees? (3) Does the leadership and work environment variables have a significant effect on the work productivity of the Classic Coffee Sumenep Cafe employees ?. From the results of data testing involving 35 employees at the Classic Coffee cafe, consisting of 24 men and 11 women. The results of the validity test show that all data are valid because the total correlation of items has a significant value (2 tailed) less than 0.05, which means that all statement items can be said to be valid and can be used in research.
And the reliability test can show that each statement item used will be able to obtain consistent data, which means that if the statement is resubmitted, the answer is relatively the same as the previous answer. The results of the normality test are declared normal, it can be seen that the value of Asymp sig (2-tailed) is 0.792 > 0.05, this is in accordance with the provisions that have been set, it can be concluded that the data in the model is normally distributed and can be used in research. The results of the determination test of R and R2 obtained an R Square value of 0.793%. And found the influence between the Leadership Variables (X1) and Work Environment (X2) on work productivity (Y).
Keywords:
Leadership, Work Environment and Work Productivity
1. Introduction
A company in carrying out its activities, both companies engaged in industry, trade and services will try to achieve the goals that have been set previously. One thing that is important is that the success of various activities within the company in achieving its goals does not only depend on technological superiority, available operating funds, facilities or infrastructure owned, but also depends on aspects of human resources. With the development of business that is currently taking place so fast. Just following and adapting will only overwhelm business people.
Human resources are very important assets for the company. By having quality resources, the company is expected to have the opportunity to win the competition and achieve success. The success and progress of an organization or company can be influenced by the quality of its Human Resources. Human Resources (HR) has an important role in an organization or company, because HR acts as a manager of a system within a company.
Therefore, human resources should be managed properly so that they can be utilized according to the goals of the organization or company to be achieved. According to Sunyoto (2016) human resource management in general is to obtain the highest employee development, harmonious working relationships between employees and an effective blend of human resources or efficiency and cooperation goals so that it is expected to increase employee work productivity.
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High employee productivity will make it easier for the company to achieve company goals. The problems of a company are not only in terms of operations related to the products offered and the quality of services, besides that human resources (HR) is a problem that is often experienced by companies, one of which is the problem of employee productivity. According to Sutrisno (2017) argued that productivity is the comparison between the results achieved with the participation of the workforce per unit of time. The participation of the workforce here is the use of resources as well as effective and efficient. Employee productivity is one of the important factors to support the success of a business. If employees are not productive, of course the company's operational activities will be hampered. Therefore, increasing work productivity is important for every employee. High productivity will be very beneficial both for the institution in general and for employees in particular, especially for their welfare.
Work productivity can be seen from two dimensions, namely the individual dimension and the organizational dimension. The individual dimension sees productivity in relation to individual personality characteristics that appear in the form of mental attitudes and implies the desires and efforts of individuals who are always trying to improve the quality of their lives. Meanwhile, the organizational dimension sees productivity in terms of the technical relationship between inputs and outputs.
Leadership plays a dominant, crucial, and critical role in the overall effort to increase work productivity, both at the individual level, at the group level, and at the organizational level. Through his leadership style a leader can influence morale and job satisfaction by paying attention to and meeting the needs of his employees.
If the needs of employees have been met, then employees will work as much as possible towards increasing work productivity. Reliable leadership is needed by organizations or companies to achieve goals. Because leadership style is a process in influencing the activities of a person or group in an effort to achieve goals. The smarter the leader performs his role, of course, the faster the goals of the organization are achieved. A leader must be able to apply the right leadership style so that members of the organization feel comfortable at work so that organizational goals can be achieved effectively and efficiently.
Leadership with a new approach is needed to deal with very fast changes, both internally and outside the institution. Thus, it takes leadership that is transformative, namely leadership that is able to develop innovative movements, empower staff and organizations into a change of way of thinking, develop vision and understanding of organizational goals and bring about unrelenting change by processing work activities by utilizing talents, expertise. , the ability of ideas and experience so that every employee feels involved in completing the work.
Increased productivity is also inseparable from work environment factors. The work environment is a state around the workplace both physically and non-physically that can give a pleasant impression, secure and feel at home at work and so on. The work environment has an impact on the work productivity of employees in carrying out and completing the assigned work tasks. Because the work environment is one of the things that can motivate employees to work very well. According to Sutrisno (2016) the work environment is the overall work facilities and infrastructure around employees who are doing work that can affect the implementation of the work. Unsafe and healthy work environment such as poor ventilation, poor lighting, excessive noise and others affect work productivity and health.
To manage and control various sub-systems within the organization in order to remain consistent with the company's goals to be achieved by Kafe Classic Coffee Sumenep, a leader is needed who can increase employee productivity. Rapid changes in the environment and technology to bring up the company's needs.
Based on the description above, the researcher considers it necessary to conduct further research on the influence of the variables of leadership, work environment and employee productivity. Therefore, researchers are interested in conducting research with the title "The Influence of Leadership and Work Environment on Improvement of Employee Productivity at Classic Coffee, Sumenep Regency"
1.1 Problem Formulation
Based on the research background described above, the formulation of the problem in this study are:
1) Does the leadership variable partially have a significant effect on the work productivity of the Classic Coffee Sumenep Cafe employees?
2) Does the work environment variable partially have a significant effect on the work productivity of the Classic Coffee Sumenep Cafe employees?
3) Does the leadership and work environment variables simultaneously have a significant effect on the work productivity of the employees of the Classic Coffee Sumenep Cafe?
1.2 Research Objectives
Based on the formulation of the problem above, the objectives in this study are:
1) To find out the partial influence of leadership on the work productivity of the employees of the Classic Coffee Cafe Sumenep
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2) To find out the partial effect of the work environment on the work productivity of the Classic Coffee Cafe Sumenep's employees
3) To determine the influence of leadership and work environment simultaneously on the work productivity of the employees of the Cafe Classic Coffee Sumenep
2. Theoritical Review
2.1 Work ProductivityProductivity is getting the results you want with less time and effort. When you're trying to figure out how to be productive, what you're really looking for is a way to achieve your goals while making time for the things that matter. A real example is, we all have 24 hours a day; productivity is being able to maximize that time. In other words , work smarter, not harder. According to Kussrianto in Sutrisno (2017) argues that productivity is the comparison between the results achieved with the participation of the workforce per unit of time. The participation of the workforce here is the use of resources as well as effective and efficient. In essence, the meaning of productivity is how someone can produce more output with less or limited time. The more output produced, the higher our productivity level will be . According to Sinungan in Busro (2018) work productivity is the ability of a person or group of people to produce goods and services within a certain time that has been determined or in accordance with the plan.
2.2 Leadership
According to the literal meaning, pimpin means guiding. To lead means to guide or lead. A leader is a person who leads or someone who uses authority and directs his subordinates to do their work to achieve certain goals of the organization. Like management, leadership has been defined in different ways by different people.
Leadership or leadership belongs to the group of applied sciences or applied science from the social sciences because the principles and formulations are useful in improving human welfare. Another opinion also says that according to Robbins, Stephen P (2016) that a leader is someone who can influence others and has managerial authority. Leadership is the process of leading a group to achieve its goals. Leadership is what leaders do.
According to Taryaman (2016) in general it can be said that "Leadership is a science and an art to influence other people or groups of individuals to work together, not bring each other down in order to achieve organizational goals". According to Kartono (2014) leadership "is the traits, habits, temperament, character and personality that distinguish a leader in interacting with other people. other " .
Indicators of leadership according to (Kartono, 2013) including:
1) Analytical ability 2) Communication skills 3) Courage
4) Hearing ability 5) Firmness 2.3 Work Environment
In general, the work environment is the physical, social, and psychological life in the company that affects employee performance and productivity. Some experts describe the work environment as everything that is around employees and that affects them in working and carrying out their duties. There are also experts who argue that the work environment is the entire tool and tool faced by employees, including the environment, work methods, and work arrangements as an individual or group. According to Sutrisno (2016),Sugiyono (2010) The work environment is the overall work facilities and infrastructure around employees who are doing work that can affect the implementation of the work. The work environment is the overall tools and materials encountered, the surrounding environment in which a person works, his work methods, and work arrangements both as individuals and as groups.
The scope of the work environment varies, but in general it can be grouped into physical and non- physical or psychological conditions. To be clear, let's look at the following 7 indicators of a conducive work environment:
1) Air and lighting 2) Voice
3) Cleanliness 4) Security
5) Working relationship among employees and leaders 6) Responsibilities and work structure
7) Smooth communication and teamwork
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3. Method
3.1 Research approach
The research to be conducted is a quantitative research type. According to Kasiran, quantitative research methods are the efforts of a researcher to find knowledge by providing data in the form of numbers. The figures obtained are used to analyze information, in simple terms quantitative research is scientific research that is systematically arranged on the parts and to find causality of relationships. Quantitative research is generally carried out on a certain representative population or sample. The research process is deductive in nature, where to answer the problem formulation, concepts or theories are used so that hypotheses can be formulated. The hypothesis is then tested through field data collection. To collect data used research instruments. The collected data is then analyzed quantitatively using the SPSS application so that it can be concluded that the formulated hypothesis is proven or not.
The design of the influence of Leadership , and the Work Environment have an influence on Work Productivity, can be described as in the picture below:
H1
H2
H3
Figure 1.
3.2 Population and Sample a. Population
According to Sugiyono (2015) Population can be interpreted as a generalization area consisting of objects or subjects that have certain qualities and characteristics determined by researchers to be studied and then conclusions will be drawn. In this study the population that will be used is all employees of Classic Coffee Sumenep, totaling 35 employees.
b. Sample
The sample is part of the amount of data and characteristics possessed by the population in the form of assumptions or perceptions from customers through questionnaires in the form of several closed questions (Sugiyono, 2012). The sampling technique used is the saturated sample technique, which is a sampling technique where all members of the population are used as samples. The number of samples used in this study were 35 employees.
3.3 Data Collection Techniques Questionnaire / questionnaire
Questionnaires or can also be called questionnaires or self-administered questionnaires are data collection techniques by sending a list of questions or statements to respondents to fill out. This study uses a questionnaire / questionnaire data collection technique, which will be distributed via google form.
3.4 Data Analysis Techniques a. Validity test
According to Rumengan (2013) validity shows the extent to which the measurement tool measures what is to be measured. If the researcher will measure what will be measured using a questionnaire, the questionnaire that will be compiled must measure what he wants to measure.(Sugiyono, 2018) states that the validity test is an equation of data reported by researchers with data obtained directly that occurs in research subjects. Validity test is used to measure whether or not a questionnaire is valid. A questionnaire is said to be valid if the statement on the questionnaire is able to reveal what the questionnaire will measure. Test the validity of each question if r count > r table at a significant level (α
LEADERSHIP (X1)
WORK PRODUCTIVITY
(Y) WORK ENVIRONMENT
(X2)
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= 0.05 ) then the instrument is considered invalid and if r count < r table then the instrument is considered invalid.
b. Reliability Test
According to Sugiyono (2018) the reliability test is the degree of consistency and stability of the data or findings. Unreliable data cannot be processed further because it will produce biased conclusions. A measuring instrument that is considered reliable if the measurement shows consistent results from time to time.
c. Normality Test
The normality test is used to determine whether the data has been evenly distributed, so that the data from the research results can be said to represent the entire existing population (Priyatno, 2014) d. Multicollinearity Test
The multicollinearity test is to see whether or not there is a high correlation between the independent variables in a multiple linear regression model. The relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable becomes disturbed, if there is a high correlation between the independent variables (Teri Sutopo, 2017)
e. Heteroscedasticity Test
Hetoscedasticity test aims to test whether in the regression model there is an inequality of variance from the residual of one observation to another observation. If the residual observation to other observations remains, it is called homoscedasticity and if it is different it is called heteroscedasticity (Zulfikar, 2012)
f. Partial Effect Significance Test (T Test)
The t-test is known as the partial test, which is to test how the influence of each independent variable individually on the dependent variable. This test can be done by comparing t count with t table or by looking at the significance column in each t count. The t-test process is identical to the f-test (see SPSS calculation in (Coefficient Regression Full Model/Enter).
Simultaneous Significant Test (F Test) making basis :
1) If the value of sig < 0.05 , or F count > from F table, then there is an effect of variable X simultaneously on variable Y.
2) If the value of sig > 0.05 , or F count < from F table, then there is no effect of variable X simultaneously on variable Y
g. Coefficient of determination (R 2 )
The correlation coefficient test is used to determine the relationship between two or more independent variables by looking at the R value, if it is close to one, the relationship between the independent variables can be stated to be closely related (Priyatno, 2014)
h. Multiple Linear Regression
Multiple linear regression analysis is used to measure whether or not there is a relationship between leadership style and work environment on work productivity. The multiple linear regression formula in this study is:
Where:
Y : Work Productivity a : Constant
1β2 : Regression Coefficient X1 : Leadership style X2 : Work Environment e : Standard error
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4. Results and Discussion
1.Test validity
Table 1.
Variable Indicator Sign
(0.05) Information
Leadership (KP) KP 1 0.000 Valid
KP 2 0.000 Valid
KP 3 0.000 Valid
KP 4 0.000 Valid
KP 5 0.000 Valid
Work Environment (LK) LK 1 0.000 Valid
LK 2 0.000 Valid
LK 3 0.002 Valid
LK 4 0.000 Valid
LK 5 0.000 Valid
LK 6 0.000 Valid
LK 7 0.000 Valid
LK 8 0.000 Valid
LK 9 0.000 Valid
Work productivity PK 1 0.000 Valid
PK 2 0.000 Valid
PK 3 0.000 Valid
PK 4 0.000 Valid
PK 5 0.000 Valid
PK 6 0.000 Valid
Based on the table above, it can be seen that all statement items for each indicator of all variables consisting of leadership, work environment and work productivity, totaling 20 items, have a significant value (2 tailed) less than 0.05, which means that all statement items can be said to be valid. and can be used in research.
2. Reliability Test
Table 2.
No Variable Cronbach's Alpha Information
1. Perceived ease of use 0, 895 Reliable
2. Perceived usefulness 0, 878 Reliable
3. Customer loyalty 0, 916 Reliable
The reliability test data in the table above shows that all the variables in this study have a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient (α) which is greater than 0.5 so that it can be said that all the measurement concepts of each variable from the questionnaire are reliable.
3. Normality Test
Table 3.
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Unstandardized
Residual
Standardized Residual
N 35 35
Normal Parameters a,b Mean 0E-7 0E-7
Std. Deviation ,31923440 ,97014250 Most Extreme Differences
Absolute ,110 ,110
Positive ,076 ,076
Negative -,110 -,110
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z ,650 ,650
asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,792 ,792
a. Test distribution is Normal.
b. Calculated from data.
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Based on the table above, it can be seen that the value of Asymp sig (2-tailed) is 0.792 > 0.05, this is in accordance with the provisions that have been set, it can be concluded that the data in the model is normally distributed and can be used in research.
4. Multicollinearity Test
Table 4.
Variable Tolerance VIF Information
Leadership ( KP ) 0.4 0 9 2, 443 Multicollinearity Free Work Environment (LK) 0.4 09 2, 443 Multicollinearity Free
Based on the table above, it can be seen that all independent variables used as research models have a tolerance value greater than 0.10 and a Variance Influance Factor (VIF) less than 10. This is in accordance with the provisions that have been set, so the regression equation is not found. correlation between independent variables or can also be called free from multicollinearity, so that the variables can be used in research.
5. Heteroscedasticity Test
Figure 2.
In the picture above, it can be seen that the distribution of points does not form a certain pattern and the points are above or below the zero point of the Y axis, so it can be concluded that in this study there was no heteroscedasticity problem in the regression model or there was no heteroscedasticity.
6. Partial Effect Significance Test (T Test)
Table 5.
Model Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
Beta 1
(Constant) , 223 , 825
KP , 614 4,889 ,00 0
LK ,3 28 2,610 0.0 14
1) Hypothesis testing 1:
Based on the results from the table above, it shows that the leadership variable has a significance value of 0.000. If the value of sig < 0.05 then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. The conclusion of the t test states that the leadership variable has a significant effect on employee work productivity.
2) Hypothesis testing 2:
Based on the results from the table above, it shows that the work environment variable has a significance value of 0.014. If the value of sig < 0.05 then H0 is rejected and H2 is accepted. The conclusion from the t test states that the work environment variable has a significant effect on employee work productivity.
60 7. Simultaneous Significant Test (F Test)
Table 6.
ANOVA a
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 13.313 2 6,657 61.476 ,000 b
Residual 3,465 32 ,108
Total 16,778 34
a. Dependent Variable: PK b. Predictors: (Constant), LK, KP
From the ANOVA table above, the results of simultaneous hypothesis testing are obtained with a calculated F value of 61,476 with a significant level of 0.000. A significant value of F > from 0.05 means that there is a simultaneous significant influence between leadership and work environment on employee productivity.
8. Coefficient of determination (R 2 )
Table 7.
Model R R Square
, 891 a , 793
The table above shows the R 2 (R Square) value of 0.793 or 79.3%, this shows that the leadership and work environment variables simultaneously can affect employee work productivity by 79.3% while the remaining 20.7% is explained by the following factors: other factors not included in this research model.
9. Multiple Linear Regression
Table 8.
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) , 087 , 390
KP , 631 ,1 29 , 614
LK , 364 ,1 39 , 328
PK = 0.087 + 0.631KP + 0.364LK + e
From the above regression equation can be described as follows:
1) The constant (a) is the intercept of the regression line with PK if KP and LK = 0, which indicates that the magnitude of the independent variable used in the research model is constant. The value of constant (a) is 0.087, indicating that if the independent variable consisting of leadership and work environment = 0, then employee productivity is 0.087.
2) The leadership regression coefficient (b 1 ) = 0.631 indicates a positive direction of the relationship between the leadership variable and employee productivity. This shows that the better the leadership at Classic Coffee, the better the employee's work productivity.
3) The work environment regression coefficient (b 2 ) = 0.364 indicates the direction of a positive relationship between work environment variables and employee productivity. This shows that the more feasible the work environment at Classic Coffee, the more productivity of employees will increase.
5. Analysis and discussion of research results
From the results of data testing involving 35 employees at the Classic Coffee cafe, consisting of 24 men and 11 women. The results of the validity test show that all data are valid because the total correlation of items has a significant value (2 tailed) less than 0.05, which means that all statement items can be said to be valid and can be used in research. And the reliability test can show that each statement item used will be able to obtain consistent data, which means that if the statement is resubmitted, the answer is relatively the same as the previous answer. The results of the normality test are declared normal, it can be seen that the value of Asymp sig (2-tailed) is 0.792 > 0.05, this is in accordance with the provisions that have been set, it can be concluded that the data in the model is normally distributed and can be used in research. The results of the determination
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test of R and R2 obtained an R Square value of 0.793%. And found a positive and significant influence between Leadership Variables (X1) and Work Environment (X2) on work productivity (Y).
6. Conclusion
Based on data analysis and discussion of leadership and work environment variables that affect employee productivity at Classic Coffee, Sumenep Regency, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1) Leadership and work environment simultaneously have a positive effect on employee productivity at Classic Coffee Sumenep.
2) Leadership and Work Environment partially have a positive effect on the work productivity of Classic Coffee Sumenep employees.
3) The results of the analysis of the T test and F test showed significant values below 0.05 respectively, so it can be concluded that the independent variables, consisting of leadership and work environment, have a significant influence on the work productivity of Classic Coffee employees, Sumenep Regency.
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