Table S3. Risk of bias assessment findings for all studies included in the meta-analysis (lower total scores indicate higher risk of bias)
Study Prospective? Representative? Outcome measures?
Losses to follow-up?
Total
Altmaier et al. (1992) Yes Yes Yes Yes 4
Angst et al. (2006) Yes Yes Yes No 3
Angst et al. (2010) Yes Yes Yes Yes 4
Angst et al. (2013) Yes Yes Yes Yes 4
Angst et al. (2009) Yes Yes Yes No 3
Beekman et al. (1985) Yes Yes No No 2
Benz et al. (2019) Yes Yes Yes No 3
Björnsdóttir et al. (2016) Yes No Yes Yes 3
Boonstra et al. (2015) No Yes Yes Yes 3
Borys et al. (2015) Yes Yes Yes Yes 4
Brockow et al. (2007) Yes Yes Yes Yes 4
Buchner et al. (2007) Yes Yes Yes Yes 4
Buchner et al. (2006) Yes Yes Yes No 3
Cardosa et al. (2012) No Yes Yes Yes 3
Cassisi et al. (1989) No Yes No Yes 2
Cinciripini & Floreen (1982)
Yes Yes No No 2
Conway et al. (2019) Yes No Yes Yes 3
Cowburn et al. (2011) No Yes Yes No 2
Deardorff et al. (1991) Yes No No Yes 2
Dolce et al. (1986) Yes Yes No Yes 3
Farin (2015) Yes Yes Yes No 3
Gilpin et al. (2018) No Yes Yes Yes 3
Gough & Frost (1996) No Yes Yes No 2
Grahn et al. (1998) Yes Yes Yes Yes 4
Guildford et al. (2018) Yes Yes Yes Yes 4
Haiduk et al. (2017) Yes Yes Yes No 3
Hampel et al. (2009) Yes Yes Yes No 3
Hampel & Tlach (2015) Yes Yes Yes No 3
Jensen et al. (1995) Yes Yes No No 2
Jensen et al. (1997) Yes No No Yes 2
Johansson et al. (1998) Yes Yes No No 2
Keefe et al. (1981) No Yes No No 1
Keel et al. (1998) Yes Yes Yes No 3
Klemm et al. (2020) No Yes Yes Yes 3
Kool et al. (2005) Yes Yes Yes Yes 4
Linden et al. (2014) Yes Yes Yes Yes 4
Lipchik et al. (1993) Yes Yes Yes No 3
Mangels et al. (2011) Yes Yes Yes No 3
Mangels et al. (2009) Yes Yes Yes Yes 4
McCracken et al. (2015) Yes No Yes Yes 3
McCracken & Jones (2012)
No No Yes No 1
McCracken et al. (2007) Yes No Yes Yes 3
McCracken et al. (2005) Yes Yes Yes No 3
McCuish & Bearne (2014) Yes Yes Yes No 3
Mellin et al. (1993) No Yes No No 1
Meng et al. (2017) Yes Yes Yes No 3
Meng et al. (2011) Yes Yes Yes Yes 4
Michalsen et al. (2013) Yes Yes Yes Yes 4
Moore et al. (1986) Yes No Yes Yes 3
Moore et al. (1984) Yes Yes No Yes 3
Moradi et al. (2009) Yes Yes Yes No 3
Moradi et al. (2012) Yes Yes Yes No 3
Morley et al. (2008) No Yes Yes Yes 3
Murphy et al. (2016) No No Yes No 1
Musekamp et al. (2019) Yes Yes Yes No 3
Orr & Bratton (1992) No Yes Yes No 2
Peters & Large (1990) Yes Yes Yes Yes 4
