PRACTICUM REPORT
SATUAN OPERASI TEKNIK LINGKUNGAN
COAGULATION FLOCULATION JAR TEST METHOD
Compiled by
Name : Raden Muhammad Razy Khandiyas NIM : 225100907111050
Group : ME5
Assistants :
Muhammad Zidan Ghifari Kana Nawafila Eiski Ishma Yusrina Nur Hanifah Michael Teudas Tertius Tsania Naila Firdausi Shafa Ariza Agmi Putri Raullyno Ghozali Ilham Mellysa Machfiro Zhafran Kamal Sultani Tjokorda Istri Mahagita Aura Dinar Ramadhani Ariya Ratana Teja Windy Trisnawati Dewi Sabina Fitri Enggal Alhamdra Andika S
WATER QUALITY AND WASTE MANAGEMENT LABORATORY DEPARTMENT OF BIOSYSTEM ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY
MALANG
2024
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Water sources are generally susceptible to a wide range of pollutants that can contaminate them. Industrial waste, for instance, is a common source of water pollution. The presence of pollutants from such waste can lead to various adverse effects, both directly and indirectly.
Disposing of waste into the environment without undergoing proper treatment processes can directly result in issues such as the pollution of shallow groundwater. Water treatment processes are crucial worldwide, ensuring that treated water meets specific standards for safe use in drinking, bathing, and washing. A vital aspect of water treatment is the removal of turbidity from the water.
The presence of water turbidity can be mitigated by introducing chemicals with specific properties such as alum. Alongside the addition of alum, also referred to as flocculants, thorough mixing is necessary until floccules form. These floccules gather small particles and colloids, ultimately settling together. Determining the appropriate dosage involves considering several parameters such as pH and the type of flocculant, typically assessed through jar tests. The jar test serves as a simplified model for the flocculation process. Wastewater treatment involves two primary processes: coagulation and flocculation. These wastewater treatment processes are generally straightforward and cost-effective. The outcomes obtained are aligned with the prescribed standards for both the process and the resultant form of wastewater treatment. The implementation of these processes and procedures aids in preventing environmental pollution caused by wastewater.
1.2 Objectives
a. Students are able to understand the principles of coagulation and flocculation.
b. Students are able to determine the method of determining the optimum concentration of coagulant using jar test.
c. Students are able to analyze the influence of coagulation-flocculation on turbidity, color, and pH in water samples.
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definition of Coagulation
Coagulation is a vital process in water treatment that involves transforming colloidal particles into larger flocs by adsorbing dissolved organic matter. This process enables the separation of impurities in water through solid-liquid filtration. There are three main stages in the coagulation process: floccule nucleus formation, colloid or particle destabilization, and particle size enlargement. Through these stages, colloidal particles react with the added coagulant, forming flocs that can then be easily filtered or settled (Husaini et al., 2018).
The fundamental principle of coagulation is based on the attractive forces between negative ions on one side and positive ions on the other. These negative ions are represented by particles consisting of organic substances such as colloidal particles, microorganisms, and bacteria. In the coagulation process, the positive ions from the added coagulant react with the negative ions from colloidal particles or other organic materials, leading to the formation of larger flocs and the precipitation of dissolved materials in water, thereby allowing impurity separation through solid- liquid filtration processes (Setywati et al., 2018).
2.2 Definition of Flocullation
Flocculation is a subsequent stage of the coagulation process, where microflocs formed from initial coagulation begin to aggregate colloidal particles into larger flocs. This process enables the formation of larger flocs that can be efficiently settled. The significance of flocculation in water treatment lies in its ability to assist in the sedimentation of dissolved particles in water through slow stirring, thus facilitating effective filtration and separation of undesired materials from the water (Setywati et al., 2018).
Flocculation involves the merging of floccule nuclei into larger flocs. This process occurs through agitation, which provides energy to facilitate collisions between suspended particles and colloids, forming clumps or flocs that can then be separated through sedimentation and filtration processes. With agitation, flocculation allows for the formation of larger flocs that can be efficiently filtered or settled from the water. On the contrary, adsorption is the absorption event on the surface of an adsorbent, where solid substances are adsorbed onto gases or liquids. Various types of adsorbents such as activated carbon and zeolite are commonly used to facilitate the adsorption process (Yuliastuti and Cahyono, 2017).
2.3 Types of Coagulants and Flocculants
Aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) are two types of coagulant chemicals commonly used in water and wastewater treatment. Aluminum sulfate is an inorganic coagulant that functions by introducing aluminum ions into the solution, which then aid in forming larger flocs to settle suspended particles. Conversely, PAC is a polymeric form of aluminum chloride, characterized by lower acidity and better stability in water solutions. Both are effective in facilitating flocculation and particle sedimentation processes, as well as efficiently reducing water turbidity safely. The choice between aluminum sulfate and PAC should be based on the specific conditions of the application and the desired objectives of water or wastewater treatment (Mayasari and Hastarina, 2018).
Natural flocculants are a type of flocculating agent derived from natural sources such as plants, microorganisms, or minerals. For instance, chitosan, tannin, and alginate are some
examples of natural flocculants. Chitosan, a polymer derived from chitin found in shrimp shells and insects, possesses the ability to aid in the flocculation and sedimentation processes of particles in water and wastewater. Similarly, tannin, present in various plant species, also exhibits flocculating properties and can assist in the formation of larger flocs. Alginate, extracted from seaweed, is also utilized in certain water treatment applications to aid in flocculation and sedimentation processes. Natural flocculants offer environmentally friendly and sustainable solutions in water and wastewater treatment, playing a significant role in maintaining water quality and reducing pollution naturally and efficiently (Sugihartono, 2016).
2.4 Types of Coagulation and Flocculation Processes
In the coagulation and flocculation process, there are two stages involved. The first stage entails rapid agitation, where the mixture of coagulant and wastewater is evenly mixed to achieve uniform mixing conditions. The significance of this rapid agitation stage lies in the requirement for strong energy and short mixing time as the coagulation hydrolysis process occurs rapidly (Andriyansyah, 2020).
The slow mixing method comprises three stages: mechanical, hydrolysis, and pneumatic.
The mechanical stage is characterized by the level of turbulence dependent on motor power rather than flow rate. Meanwhile, in the hydrolysis stage, the water flow is slowed down initially to avoid turbulence, ensuring that the formed flocs do not break apart. In the pneumatic mixing method, air in the form of bubbles is used as the mixing force injected into the water (Anggarani, 2015).
2.5 Factors Affecting Coagulation and Flocculation Processes
The coagulation and flocculation process is influenced by several factors, including the type and dosage of coagulant used, solution pH, and mixing speed. Variations in these factors directly affect the effectiveness of the coagulation-flocculation process. Therefore, careful monitoring and appropriate dosage adjustments are essential to ensure optimal effectiveness of the process.
Thus, proper attention to these factors and appropriate adjustments can significantly enhance the outcomes of the coagulation and flocculation process (Martina et al., 2018).
In the flocculation process, agitation plays a crucial role. Slow agitation provides opportunities for particles to come into contact and form bonds, facilitating flocculation. Slow agitation must be conducted carefully to ensure that the formed flocs remain intact and do not easily break apart. Thus, slow agitation creates conditions conducive to the formation of strong and stable flocs (Andriyansyah, 2020).
In the flocculation process, as mentioned earlier, slow agitation plays a primary role.
Additionally, the value of G (velocity gradient) and detention time (td) are also significant factors in the coagulation and flocculation process. Velocity gradient refers to the difference in velocity between particles added to water over a certain distance. Meanwhile, in flocculation, if the mixing speed is too high, flocs can break apart. Detention time also influences the flocculation process as sufficient time is needed for the optimal formation of flocs. Therefore, adjusting the appropriate values of G and detention time can maximize the efficiency of the coagulation and flocculation process (Anggarani, 2015).
2.6 Function and Importance of Jar Test
The jar test is a laboratory experimentation method aimed at determining the optimal dosage of coagulants used in water treatment processes. Through the jar test, the appropriate dosage of coagulant can be determined, thus reducing the wastage of chemicals. Additionally, the jar test aids in optimizing the coagulation-flocculation process and water clarification by allowing precise adjustments to specific water conditions. Therefore, the jar test is not only useful for conserving coagulant usage but also enhances the overall efficiency of the water treatment process (Oktaviasari et al., 2016).
The jar test is a critical procedure for optimizing the use of chemicals in water treatment.
Data obtained from the jar test, including dosage and type of coagulant, chemical dosing method (whether it's applied above or below the water surface), the sequence of chemical addition, as well as information on the speed and duration of mixing, whether fast or slow, provide valuable insights. By considering these aspects, chemical usage can be tailored optimally to specific needs in the water treatment process. Therefore, the jar test not only provides information about the correct dosage of chemicals but also takes into account various other important factors that influence the effectiveness of the water treatment process (Andriyansyah, 2020).
2.7 Coagulation and Flocculation Test Method with Jar Tests
The jar test employs containers such as jars or bottles to assess the turbidity levels of water samples and determine the optimal dosage of chemicals in laboratory testing. The chemical dosing process must be conducted with the correct dosage to reduce pollutant levels in the water.
The fundamental principle of the jar test in the coagulation and flocculation process involves rapid mixing of chemicals for 1 minute at a speed of 100 rpm to dissolve them, followed by slow mixing for 15 minutes at a speed of 40-60 rpm to form flocs, and finally, sedimentation for 15 minutes (Anggarani, 2015).
The jar test method is utilized to examine and determine the efficacy of a coagulant.
Furthermore, this method is employed to ascertain the optimal operational conditions or dosage in water treatment and purification processes. In essence, this method gathers measured parameters recorded during the jar test, including the pH of the wastewater, total suspended solids, and turbidity, as well as the dosage of coagulant added to a specific volume of wastewater.
This is done to understand the actual coagulant requirements in wastewater treatment. This method simulates the coagulation and flocculation processes to remove suspended solids and organic substances that can degrade water quality, such as turbidity, odor, and unpleasant taste (Husaini et al., 2018).
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
3.1 Figures of Tools and Materials with Function 3.1.1 Coagulation Process
No. Tools and materials Function Figures 1. Alum solution reagent
10 g/L
As a coagulant
Figure 3. 1 Alum solution reagent 10 g/L
Source: Personal Documentation, 2024 2. Beaker glass As a river water
container
Figure 3. 2 Beaker glass Source: Personal Documentation, 2024 3. Injection To insert the water
to be observed
Figure 3. 3 Injection Source: Personal Documentation, 2024
4. Jar test Tools to coagulation process
Figure 3. 4 Jar test Source: Personal Documentation, 2024
5. River water As a sample
Figure 3. 5 River water Source: Personal Documentation, 2024
3.1.2 Floculation Process
No. Tools and materials Function Figures 1. Alum solution reagent
10 g/L
As a coagulant
Figure 3. 6 Alum solution reagent 10 g/L
Source: Personal Documentation, 2024 2. Beaker glass As a river water
container
Figure 3. 7 Beaker glass Source: Personal Documentation, 2024
3. Injection To insert the water to be observed
Figure 3. 8 Injection Source: Personal Documentation, 2024 4. Jar test Tools to coagulation-
flocculation process
Figure 3. 9 Jar test Source: Personal Documentation, 2024
5. River water As a sample
Figure 3. 10 River water Source: Personal Documentation, 2024
3.1.3 Turbidity Test
No. Tools and materials Function Figures
1. Cuvette As a sampe water
container that will be inserted to turbidimeter
Figure 3. 11 Cuvette
Source: Personal Documentation, 2024 2. Injection To insert the water
sample to cuvette
Figure 3. 12 Injection Source: Personal Documentation, 2024 3. Sample water that has
passed through flocculation and
coagulation
As a treatment material
Figure 3. 13 Sample water that has passed
through flocculation and coagulation Source: Personal Documentation, 2024 4. Standard solution Used to calibrate the
turbidimeter
Figure 3. 14 Standard solution
Source: Personal Documentation, 2024 5. Turbidimeter Tools to measure
the water turbidity
Figure 3. 15 Turbidimeter Source: Personal Documentation, 2024
3.1.4 pH Test
No. Tools and materials Function Figures
1. Aquades To sterilize the
probe
Figure 3. 16 Aquades Source: Personal Documentation, 2024 2. Beaker glass As a river water
container
Figure 3. 17 Beaker glass
Source: Personal Documentation, 2024
3. pH meter Tools to measure
the water pH
Figure 3. 18 pH meter Source: Personal Documentation, 2024
4. Tissue To clean up the
probe after distilled by aquades
Figure 3. 19 Tissue Source: Personal Documentation, 2024
Be prepared
Prepared at 4 liters and stir it, then analyse the pH, turbidity, and color of the
water sample as initial data
Make it with concentration of 5 by mixing 5 g of alum powder into 100
ml of distilled water
Measure and put it in into each beaker glass
Apply it with a dose of 5 mL, 7 mL, 9 mL, 10 mL, and 12 mL
Place it on top of the jar test and stir at 100 rpm for 1 minute, then
sedimentation for 10 mintute 3.2 Working Procedure
3.2.1 Coagulation Process
Plate and material
Water sample
Coagulant
1000 mL of water sample
5% concentration coagulant
Beaker glass containing the water sample and coagulant solution
Test the pH, turbidity, and observe visibility of each sample above
Be prepared
Prepared at 4 liters and stir it, then analyse the pH, turbidity, and color of the
water sample as initial data
Make it with concentration of 5 by mixing 5 g of alum powder into 100
ml of distilled water
Measure and put it in into each beaker glass
Apply it with a dose of 5 mL, 7 mL, 9 mL, 10 mL, and 12 mL
Place it on top of the jar test and stir at 100 rpm for 1 minute, then
sedimentation for 10 mintute 3.2.2 Floculation Process
Plate and material
Water sample
Coagulant
1000 mL of water sample
5% concentration coagulant
Beaker glass containing the water sample and coagulant solution
Test the pH, turbidity, and observe visibility of each sample above
Press simultaneously
Release the on/off button, then the mode button
Point the arrow at Call
Press
Calibrate by entering a 0.1 standard solution by holding the cuvette at the top and making sure the arrow on the cuvette
is aligned with the arrow on the turbidimeter and closed
Press, and wait 1 minute until the value 0.1 appears. Wait until the value 20 appears. Repeat for standard solutions
of 20, 200 and 800 NTU
Enter into provided cuvette
Press and wait 1 minute, then repeat 3 times for each sample 3.2.3 Turbidity Test
On/Off button and the Mode button
Button
Exclamation point button
Mode button
Turbidimeter
Read button
Sample aqueous solution
Rad button
Record result in NTU units
Prepared
Take 50 mL and put it in the beaker glass
Dip the probe into the beaker glass and write down the grades 3.2.4 pH Test
Tools and materials
Water sample
pH meter
Repeat 3 times
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Practicum Result Data
4.1.1 Observation of Visibility, Turbidity, and Coagulation pH
Before Treatment After Treatment
pH Turbidity (NTU) Dosage pH Turbidity (NTU)
6,9 361
Coagulation5 mL 5,78 15,7
7 mL 5,13 22,4
9 mL 4,69 25,3
10 mL 3,25 26,4
12 mL 3,55 18,7
4.1.2 Observation of Visibility, Turbidity, and pH of Coagulation-Flocculation
Before Treatment After Treatment
pH
6,9
Turbidity (NTU)
361
Coagulation Floculation
5 mL 5,82 23,5
7 mL 5,37 14,7
9 mL 4,18 17,9
10 mL 4,06 4,2
12 mL 3,43 6,91s
4.1.3 Physical Circumstances of Sample Water
Before Treatment After Treatment
Sample Condition Documentation Dosage Sample
Condition Documentation
Air tampak berwarna keruh
kecoklatan dan terlihat partikel- partikel koloid berwarna coklat yang tersuspensi di
dalam air
Coagulation 5 mL
Air berwarna
jernih tetapi nampak air yang masih kecoklatan
di dasar gelas
beaker karenaterdapat beberapa
partikel tersuspensi yang
belum
mengendap.
7 mL
Air berwarna jernih tetapi nampak keruh dan
terdapat air yang masih kecoklatan
di dasar gelas beaker karena terdapat beberapa
partikel tersuspensi yang
belum mengendap.
9 mL
Air berwarna jernih tetapi sedikit keruh dan terdapat air yang masih kecoklatan
di dasar gelas
beaker karenaterdapat beberapa
partikel tersuspensi yang
belum mengendap.
10 mL
Air nampak jernih dan sedit keruh.
Terdapat endapan kecoklatan di
dasar gelas
beaker.12 mL
Air nampak jernih dan sedit keruh.
Terdapat endapan kecoklatan di
dasar gelas
beaker.Floculation Coagulation 5 mL
Air nampak jernih
dan terdapat air yang masih sedikit
kecoklatan di dasar gelas beaker
karena terbentuknya
endapan.
7 mL
Air nampak keruh keputihan dan sedikit kecoklatan
di bagian dasar karena adanya partikel yang
mengendap.
9 mL
Air nampak keruh keputihan dan terdapat bagian air yang kecoklatan di bagian dasar gelas
beaker.
10 mL
Air nampak jernih dan terbentuk sedikit endapan
kecoklatan di dasar gelas
beaker.
12 mL
Air nampak jernih dan memiliki kekeruhan yang
realtif kecil.
Terdapat sedikit
endapan di dasar
gelas beaker.
4.2 Graphic Analysis
Figure 4.1 Relationship between alum dosage with turbidity (coagulations) Source: Data Processed, 2024
Figure 4.2 Relationship between alum dosage with turbidity (coagulations-flocculation) Source: Data Processed, 2024
The graph depicts a subtle difference in the relationship between the amount of aluminium sulfate used and the level of turbidity when employing coagulation versus coagulation-flocculation methods. Each method produces distinct sets of data. In the coagulation method, the most effective aluminium sulfate dosage for water clarification is 5 mL, as evidenced by the lowest turbidity value recorded at 15.7 NTU, compared to other dosages. Conversely, in the coagulation- flocculation process, the optimal alum dosage is 10 mL, as indicated by the lowest turbidity value of 4.2 NTU among the dosage variations. These results clarify that for coagulation-flocculation treatment, an aluminium sulfate dosage of 10 mL is the most effective in achieving water clarity, demonstrating the intricate dynamics involved in water treatment procedures.
4.3 Coagulant Optimum Point in Practicum
Based on the observations, it was found that the optimal dosage of the coagulant in the coagulation process occurred at a dosage of 5 mL. This is because the addition of 5 mL dosage resulted in a pH close to 6 and the lowest turbidity level. Adding a dosage of 5 mL makes it the optimal coagulant dosage, resulting in a pH of 5.78 and a turbidity level of 15,7 NTU. Meanwhile, in the coagulation-flocculation process, the optimal dosage occurred with the addition of aluminium sulfate at 10 mL. This dosage is considered optimal because it produces a pH value of 4,06 and a turbidity level of 4,2 NTU. These results are consistent with the literature reviewed (Prasetya and Saptomo, 2017).
In the coagulation process, the use of chemicals involves finding the optimal point where the mixture of these substances achieves maximum effectiveness. Determining the optimal dosage of the coagulant involves a combination of the lowest dosage with the highest efficiency in reducing turbidity. Test results indicate that the optimal dosage of aluminium sulfate is 5 mL in the coagulation process and 10 mL in the coagulation-flocculation process. This underscores the importance of determining the correct dosage to achieve optimal results in water treatment processes. By adjusting the coagulant dosage according to specific needs, the efficiency of controlling water turbidity can be significantly enhanced (Mayasari and Hastarina, 2018).
4.4 Effect of Coagulation (Rapid Mixing) in Reducing Turbidity in Practicum
The coagulation process is essential for removing suspensions or colloids in wastewater.
Colloidal particles range in size from 1 nm to 0.1 mm. In the coagulation process, high speed (rpm) is required to promote flocculation growth. The higher the stirring speed, the faster the flocculation occurs. During the flocculation process, stirring is done at a slow speed to prevent the formed flocs from breaking apart. In this experiment, coagulation (rapid stirring) was conducted at 100 rpm. However, according to several sources, the optimal stirring speed for coagulant is 200 rpm, with the lowest turbidity value recorded at 0.06 NTU (Rohana et al., 2023).
The coagulation-flocculation process is a common technique in river water treatment that involves a combination of physical and chemical techniques such as coagulation and filtration.
Various factors such as coagulant concentration, mixing, settling time, and type of coagulant play a crucial role in the coagulation process. While many people consider chemical factors to be the most influential in reducing turbidity, physical factors, especially mixing, also significantly contribute to reducing turbidity during the flocculation and coagulation processes. Rapid mixing facilitates the dispersion of coagulants in water; therefore, careful handling during the coagulation process is essential to ensure even distribution of coagulants. With the right combination of factors, an ideal mixing condition can be achieved to optimize the effectiveness of the coagulation- flocculation process (Harahap et al., 2023).
4.5 Effect of Flocculation (Slow Mixing) in Reducing Turbidity in Practicum
Flocculation involves stirring at low speed, which leads to the aggregation of small particles (through coagulation) into larger flocs, facilitating settling. Colloidal particles, dispersed in raw water, are the main cause of turbidity. Coagulants, synthetic chemical compounds used in drinking water and wastewater treatment, assist in the coagulation process. Coagulants are generally divided into inorganic and natural polymers (Lolo et al., 2020).
Slow stirring during the flocculation process enhances the interaction between colloidal particles, facilitating the formation of microflocs which then aggregate into larger flocs. These larger flocs help accelerate the sedimentation process and reduce water turbidity. When the flocs reach their maximum size, they settle, resulting in two layers in the wastewater sample: a top layer containing water and a bottom layer consisting of floc sediment. The greater the amount of sediment, the lower the turbidity value of the water. Therefore, slow stirring during the flocculation process aims to increase the size of flocs and expedite sedimentation, ultimately reducing water turbidity. The stirring speed applied in this experiment, particularly during the flocculation process at 50 rpm, although slightly slower than the speed recommended in the literature, which is 60 rpm, remains effective due to the stirring duration of 10 minutes (Angraini et al., 2016).
4.6 Effect of pH on the Coagulation-Flocculation Process
There are several factors that affect the coagulation-flocculation process, one of which is acidity level or pH. It is important to note that coagulants will function optimally if the pH of the sample water is within the required range. If the pH of the sample water is not optimal, either too high or too low beyond the specified limits, the coagulation-flocculation process will not proceed with the expected efficiency. Therefore, additional treatment steps are needed for water samples with pH levels outside the established standards (Angraini et al., 2016).
The higher the dosage of coagulant used, the lower the pH of the water sample. This finding is consistent with the results of the experiment, which indicate that the higher the dosage of alum used for coagulation, the lower the pH of the water. The decrease in pH in this experiment also remains stable. The presence of electrolyte concentration has a significant impact on particle stability. During the coagulation process, the thickness of the double electric layer decreases and the repulsive force between components increases. As a result, particles can come closer together and form flocs more efficiently when the electrolyte concentration is high (Herawati et al., 2017).
According to the literature, the influence of pH on the coagulation-flocculation process is consistent. pH plays a crucial role in the coagulation-flocculation process, especially when the coagulant used contains proteins. The protein content in the coagulant can affect the pH solution charge to be positive or negative. Therefore, overall, pH is considered a significant factor that must be taken into account as a parameter in the water treatment process (Nasriyanti, 2020).
4.7 Important Factors in the Jar Test Method
The jar test method involves important variables or parameters that can be determined through experiments. The jar test is a common standard technique used to test the coagulation process, where the obtained information includes the optimal dosage of coagulant addition, settling time, and the amount of formed sediment. The jar test consists of six stirring rods, each stirring one-liter capacity glass. One glass is used as a control, while the other five glasses can operate under varying conditions, with a glass capacity of 500 ml. Various treatments are conducted using three main treatments that use aluminum sulfate and poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) coagulants in solid and liquid forms (Mayasari et al., 2019).
Several key factors in the jar test method include agitation and the dosage of alum provided to the sample. The stirring duration in the jar test method will affect the amount of microflocs deposited during the process, while the addition of alum dosage to the sample will also influence the amount of microflocs settled in the jar test. The jar test method allows for the adjustment of key parameters during the experiment, which can optimize the performance of the coagulation- flocculation and filtration processes (Oktaviasari et al., 2016).
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusions
The extensive analysis conducted reveals complex dynamics governing water treatment procedures, particularly in coagulation-flocculation treatments, elucidating the intricate interaction of various factors. The subtle differences observed in the relationship between alum dosage and turbidity levels across different treatment methods emphasize the importance of customized approaches to optimize water treatment. Notably, while the coagulation treatment demonstrates optimal clarity at a 5 mL aluminium sulfate dosage, the coagulation-flocculation method yields superior outcomes with a 10 mL aluminium sulfate dosage, highlighting the crucial need for precise dosage control. Additionally, the importance of pH management emerges as a critical factor, with a neutral pH exhibiting optimal turbidity reduction. The findings from the experiment underscore the delicate balance of factors in water treatment processes, emphasizing the necessity for careful monitoring and adjustments tailored to the specific characteristics of each water source. Through a comprehensive assessment of factors such as coagulant dosage, type, pH regulation, and methodological parameters within the jar test method.
5.2 Suggestion
Before conducting the laboratory session, it is expected that the participants comprehend the content of the upcoming experiment. This is aimed at ensuring that during the laboratory session, participants can observe attentively and will also facilitate their understanding of each step of the experiment. Throughout the laboratory session, participants are encouraged to pay attention to every instruction provided by the laboratory assistant.
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ATTACHMENT
ADDITIONAL ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT OF ACCEPTED DATA RESULTS
