PRACTICUM REPORT
SATUAN OPERASI TEKNIK LINGKUNGAN
OXYGEN DEMAND ANALYSIS IN AERATION
Compiled by
Name : Raden Muhammad Razy Khandiyas NIM : 225100907111050
Group : ME5
Assistants :
Muhammad Zidan Ghifari Kana Nawafila Eiski Ishma Yusrina Nur Hanifah Michael Teudas Tertius Tsania Naila Firdausi Shafa Ariza Agmi Putri Raullyno Ghozali Ilham Mellysa Machfiro Zhafran Kamal Sultani Tjokorda Istri Mahagita Aura Dinar Ramadhani Ariya Ratana Teja Windy Trisnawati Dewi Sabina Fitri Enggal Alhamdra Andika S
WATER QUALITY AND WASTE MANAGEMENT LABORATORY DEPARTMENT OF BIOSYSTEM ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY
MALANG
2024
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background
Water is the primary element for all forms of life, and maintaining its quality is crucial.
Currently, industries are growing rapidly, yet waste management is often neglected, resulting in waste being disposed of without considering environmental standards. This practice of large- scale waste disposal has the potential to cause environmental damage, reduce the ability of water bodies to recover, and disrupt ecosystem balance.
Water quality can be assessed through various parameters such as turbidity levels, pH, alkalinity, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), DO (Dissolved Oxygen), and others. DO, or dissolved oxygen levels, represent the amount of oxygen dissolved in water that can be utilized by microorganisms to break down organic matter and facilitate chemical decomposition processes. Higher DO levels indicate better water quality. Thus, aeration systems are crucial in water treatment. Aeration is the process by which water comes into contact with air, either naturally or through mechanical designs, to enhance the dissolved oxygen content in water.
1.2 Objectives
a. Students are able to recognize and calculate oxygen demand in the aeration process according to the characteristics of the treated water.
b. Students are able to analyze dissolved oxygen levels with the wrinkle method.
c. Students are able to know the effect of aeration contact time on dissolved oxygen concentration, as well as the effect of aeration contact time on saturated gas concentration in liquid (Ln Cs-C).
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Definition and Function of Aeration
The definition of aeration varies across literature. Generally, aeration is understood as gas transfer, particularly in the context of adding oxygen to water. It's also defined as the oxygen transfer process, a form of gas transfer specifically focused on oxygen addition to water. Aeration methods are physically conducted to transfer oxygen into the water (Luthfiani, 2015).
The primary function of aeration is to dissolve oxygen into water to increase its dissolved oxygen levels, remove dissolved gases from water, and assist in water mixing. Aeration can be used to reduce dissolved gas content, oxidize iron and manganese in water, and lower ammonia concentrations through the nitrification process. Aeration processes are particularly crucial in wastewater treatment employing biological processes with aerobic bacteria. Aerobic bacteria require free oxygen for their metabolism, and with sufficient oxygen available during the biological process, bacteria can function optimally. This aids in reducing the concentration of organic substances in wastewater (Yuniarti et al., 2019).
2.2 Definition of Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen, present in seawater, serves as a source of oxygen for microorganisms and macroorganisms to oxidize both inorganic and organic materials. The level of dissolved oxygen is a crucial parameter. The amount of oxygen required by microorganisms heavily depends on the type and quantity of organic matter in the water. Consequently, the influx of organic waste from domestic, industrial, mining, or agricultural activities can reduce the O2 levels in seawater.
Decreases in DO levels can also be caused by oil slicks on the sea surface, elevated water temperatures, suspended solid particles, and plankton respiration processes during the night (Tahir, 2016).
2.3 Factors Affecting Dissolved Oxygen Concentration in Liquids
The availability of oxygen in water is influenced by various factors such as partial gas pressure, temperature, salinity, and the oxidation levels of elements in the water. Increases in temperature and salinity generally enhance the solubility of oxygen in water. However, decomposition and respiration of aquatic organisms, which produce free CO2, can reduce oxygen solubility. Oxygen in water is also linked to other parameters such as carbon dioxide, temperature, pH, alkalinity, and other factors. Dissolved oxygen in water requires an energy source such as carbon from dead algae or oxygen from the air (Rosariawari, 2018).
Several factors influencing DO levels include temperature, salinity, biological activity, currents, and mixing processes, which can alter the influence of biological activity through water mass movement and diffusion processes. A rise in seawater temperature leads to a decrease in DO levels. Oxygen levels in water increase with decreasing temperature and decrease with increasing salinity. In surface layers, oxygen levels are higher due to diffusion between water and free air as well as photosynthesis. However, with increasing depth, DO levels decrease because photosynthetic activity decreases and existing oxygen is used for respiration and oxidation of organic and inorganic matter (Tahir, 2016).
2.4 Explanation of the Winkler Method of Dissolved Oxygen Analysis
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels can be determined using two methods: titration method with the Winkler method and electrochemical method using a DO meter device. The titration method with the Winkler method is commonly employed to measure dissolved oxygen levels. The principle of the Winkler method involves iodometric titration principles (Sutisna, 2018).
In the analysis of dissolved oxygen in water, two commonly used methods are employed: the titration method using the Winkler method and the electrochemical method. The Winkler titration method involves iodometric titration principles. In this method, the sample to be analyzed is
treated with MnCl2 and NaOH-KI solution to form a precipitate of MnO2-. By adding H2SO4 or HCl, this precipitate will dissolve again, releasing iodine molecules (I2) equivalent to the amount of dissolved oxygen. The liberated iodine can then be titrated using a standard solution with the aid of starch solution as an indicator (Mardhiya, 2017).
2.5 Understanding Oxygen Transfer and Influencing Factors
Aeration enhances the transfer of oxygen from the gas phase to microbes. With high aeration rates, the water flow increases significantly, leading to a higher oxygen supply due to the formation of small bubbles. Aeration rate significantly influences the efficiency of oxygen transfer during fermentation. Environmental factors such as temperature and aeration, along with mechanical factors like stirring, also affect the degradation rate (Prasetiyo and Fidiastuti, 2015).
The commonly used Winkler titration method for measuring dissolved oxygen levels is based on the principle that oxygen in the sample will oxidize MnSO4 added to an alkaline solution, resulting in the formation of MnO2 precipitate. The addition of sulfuric acid and potassium iodide then leads to the release of iodine equivalent to the amount of dissolved oxygen. The released iodine can then be analyzed through iodometric titration method using a standard thiosulfate solution and starch indicator. The advantages of the Winkler method in measuring dissolved oxygen lie in its practicality, accuracy, and higher precision compared to the use of a DO meter (Septiawan et al., 2014).
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Tools and Materials with Function
3.1 Alat dan Bahan beserta Fungsi
No Alat Dan Bahan Fungsi
1. Aerator Diffuser Untuk memperkenalkan udara ke dalam air dengan cara yang efisien untuk meningkatkan oksigenasi air.
2. Gelas Beaker Untuk mencampurkan larutan dan melakukan reaksi kimia.
3. Botol Winkler Untuk mengambil sampel air dan melakukan analisis oksigen terlarut menggunakan metode Winkler.
4. Pipet Ukur Untuk mengukur volume larutan dengan presisi yang tinggi.
5. Gelas Ukur Untuk mengukur volume larutan dengan presisi yang lebih rendah daripada pipet ukur.
6. Erlenmeyer Wadah reaksi dan pencampuran larutan.
7. Buret Untuk mengukur volume larutan dengan presisi yang sangat tinggi dalam proses titrasi.
8. Statif Untuk menyangga alat atau wadah reaksi dengan stabil agar tidak jatuh.
9. Air Keran Media pengujian dalam analisis oksigen terlarut.
10. Mnso4 50% 10 Ml Digunakan sebagai salah satu reagen dalam metode Winkler untuk menangkap oksigen terlarut.
11. Larutan Naoh (2 Gr) + KI (3,6 Gr) dilarutkan
hingga 10 Ml
Digunakan sebagai reagen dalam metode Winkler untuk mengoksidasi MnSO4 dan melepaskan iodin.
12. H2SO4 4N 50ml Untuk menstabilkan pH larutan selama analisis oksigen terlarut.
13. Na2S2O3 0,01 N Digunakan sebagai larutan standar untuk titrasi iodometri dalam metode Winkler.
14. Indikator Amilum Digunakan sebagai indikator titrasi iodometri dalam metode Winkler untuk menunjukkan titik akhir reaksi.
3.2 Figures of Tools and Materials
No Alat dan Bahan Gambar
1. Aerator Diffuser
Gambar 3.1 Aerator Diffuser Sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi, 2024.
2. Gelas Beaker
Gambar 3.2 Gelas Beaker
Sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi, 2024.
3. Botol Winkler
Gambar 3.3 Botol Winkler Sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi, 2024.
4. Pipet Ukur
Gambar 3.4 Pipet Ukur Sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi, 2024.
5. Gelas Ukur
Gambar 3.5 Gelas Ukur Sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi, 2024.
6. Erlenmeyer
Gambar 3.6 Erlenmeyer Sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi, 2024.
7. Buret
Gambar 3.7 Buret
Sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi, 2024.
8. Statif
Gambar 3.8 Statif
Sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi, 2024.
9. Air Keran
Gambar 3.9 Air Keran
Sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi, 2024.
10. MnSO4 50% 10 Ml
Gambar 3.10 MnSO4
Sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi, 2024.
11. Larutan Naoh (2 Gr) + KI (3,6 Gr) dilarutkan
hingga 10 Ml
Gambar 3.11 NaOH+KI Sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi, 2024.
12. H2SO4 4N 50ml
Gambar 3.12 H2SO4 4N 50ml Sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi, 2024.
13. Na2S2O3 0,01 N
14. Indikator Amilum
Gambar 3.14 Indikator Amilum Sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi, 2024.
3.3 Working Procedure
Siapkan sampel air keran 10 L
Ukur suhu sampel
Aerasi selama 40 menit
Ambil sampel sebanyak 250 mL 0, 10, 20, 30, dan 40 menit
Tambahkan MnSO4, Berikan 1 ml setiap 1 botol winkler
Gunakan Larutan NaOH + KI, tambahkan 1 ml ke setiap botol winkler
Diamkan selama 5 menit, tambahkan 2 ml H2SO4 ke setiap botol winkler
Tutup rapat, homogenisasi sebanyak 13 kali lalu tunggu sampel hingga mengendap
Ambil 25 ml sampel dan masukkan kedalam erlenmeyer
Tambahkan indikator amilum sampai warna sampel berubah menjadi warna biru
Lanjutkan dengan melakukan titrasi menggunakan Na2S2O3 sebagai titran
Lakukan titrasi hingga warna sampel berubah menjadi bening, catat hasil akhir volume titran yang tersisa
Buatlah tabel pengamatan perubahan konsentrasi oksigen (C) terhadap waktu (t), analisis hasil pengamatan
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Practicum Result Data
Tabel 4.1 Data Hasil Praktikum
Waktu (menit) Suhu (oC) mL titran
0 24 1,2
10 25 0,7
20 25 1,5
30 26 0,6
40 26 1,9
Diketahui
1. Volume Air = 10 L 2. Volume Sampel = 25 mL 3. Volume Botol Winkler = 250 mL 4. Volume Pereaksi = 1,5 mL 5. N Na2S2O3 = 0,01 6. P = 707,5 7. P = 23,8
8. KLA(T) = 0,0002 9. CS20 = 9,17 4.2 Calculation Result Data
4.2 Tabel Data Hasil Perhitungan
A. Perhitungan Konsentrasi Oksigen F pereaksi = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑙 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑙𝑒𝑟
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑙 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑙𝑒𝑟−𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑠𝑖
= 250
250−1,5 = 1,006 C(mg/L) = 𝑚𝐿 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑁 𝑥 8000 𝑥 𝐹
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙
C(0) = 3,86304 C(10) = 2,25344 C(20) = 4,829 C(30) = 1,93152 C(40) = 6,11648 Waktu
(menit)
Suhu (oC)
mL Titran
C (mgO2/L)
Cs-C (mgO2/L)
Ln Cs-C (mgO2/L)
Kla OC
0 24 1,2 3,86304 4,0609 1,4014 0,018843 1,7279
10 25 0,7 2,25344 5,527 1,7097 0,01873 1,7176
20 25 1,5 4,829 2,951 1,0821 0,01873 1,7176
30 26 0,6 1,93152 5,7054 1,7414 0,01862 1,7074
40 26 1,9 6,11648 1,52052 0,41905 0,0862 1,7074
B. Konsentrasi Jenuh Oksigen Cs = CS760
𝑃−𝑝 760−𝑝
Cs(0) = 8,53 x 707,5−23,8
760−23,8 = 7,924 Cs(10) = 8,375 x 707,5−23,8
760−23,8 = 7,780 Cs(20) = 8,375 x 707,5−23,8
760−23,8 = 7,780 Cs(30) = 8,22 x 707,5−23,8
760−23,8 = 7,637 Cs(40) = 8,22 x 707,5−23,8
760−23,8 = 7,637
Pehitungan Cs-C t(0) = 4,06096 t(10) = 5,527 t(20) = 2,951 t(30) = 5,7054 t(40) = 1,52052
Perhitungan ln(Cs-C) t(0) = 1,4014 t(10) = 1,7097 t(20) = 1,0821 t(30) = 1,7414 t(40) = 0,41905
C. Konsentrasi Perpindahan Oksigen KLa(x) = KLa(T) x f(20-T) ; Kla(T) = 0,3134 KLa(0) = 0,3134 x 1,006-4 = 0,01884 KLa(10) = 0,3134 x 1,006-5 = 0,01873 KLa(20) = 0,3134 x 1,006-5 = 0,01873 KLa(30) = 0,3134 x 1,006-6 = 0,01861 KLa(40) = 0,3134 x 1,006-6 = 0,01861
D. Kapasitas Oksigen
OC = KLa x Cs20 x Volume Air OC(0) = 0,306 x 9,17 x 10 = 1,7279 OC(10) = 0,304 x 9,17 x 10 = 1,71765 OC(20) = 0,304 x 9,17 x 10 = 1,71765 OC(30) = 0,302 x 9,17 x 10 = 1,70741 OC(40) = 0,302 x 9,17 x 10 = 1,70741
4.3 Data Analysis of Practicum Results
In this practicum session, samples were collected at intervals of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes. Each time a sample was taken, the ambient temperature was also recorded. The volume of titrant used to change the color of the sample was noted at each time point. The volumes of titrant used were 1,2 ml at 0 minutes with a temperature of 24°C, 0,7 ml at 10 minutes with a temperature of 25°C, 1,5 ml at 20 minutes with a temperature of 25°C, 0,6 ml at 30 minutes with a temperature of 26°C, and 1,9 ml at 40 minutes with a temperature of 26°C.
4.4 Calculation Result Data Analysis
Based on the calculations conducted, the aim of this process is to determine the values of oxygen concentration (C), saturated oxygen concentration (Cs-C), ln (Cs-C), oxygen transfer rate (KLa), and oxygen capacity (OC) at specific times, namely at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes. The initial data used includes titration volume, sample volume, reagent volume, Winkler bottle volume, as well as constant values such as N Na2S2O-3, P, p, KLA(T), and Cs20. From the obtained data, the calculation process is carried out to determine the sought-after values at the specified times. This process helps understand how much oxygen is contained in the sample at a given time and provides better insights into the ongoing wastewater treatment process. The oxygen concentration (C) can be determined by finding the reagent factor F using the formula F reagent
= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑙𝑒𝑟
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑙𝑒𝑟−𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑠𝑖. Based on this formula, the sequential F reagent values are obtained as 1,006. Then these values are used to find the oxygen concentration using the formula C = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑥 𝑁 𝑥 8000 𝑥 𝐹
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙 , resulting in sequential oxygen concentration (C) values of 3.86304;
2.25344; 4.829; 1.93152; and 6.11648 mgO2/L. Next, to find the saturated oxygen concentration, the formula Cs = Cs760 𝑃−𝑝
760−𝑝 can be used, resulting in sequential Cs values of 7.924; 7.780;
7.780; 7.63; and 7.637 mgO2/L. Then, with these Cs values obtained, the ln (Cs - C) results can be found, resulting in sequential Cs - C values of 4.06096; 5.527; 2.951; 5.7054; and 1.52052 mgO2/L and ln (Cs - C) values of 1.4014; 1.7097; 1.0821; 1.7414; and 0.41905 mgO2/L, respectively. Next, to obtain the oxygen transfer rate (KLa), the formula KLa(x) = KLa(T) x f(20-T) can be used, resulting in sequential oxygen transfer rate (KLa) values of 0.01884; 0.01873; 0.01873;
0.01861; and 0.01861. Then, to obtain the oxygen capacity value, the formula OC = KLa x Cs x Volume is used, resulting in sequential oxygen capacity values of 1.7279; 1.71765; 1.71765;
0.70741; and 0.70741.
4.5 Graphic Analysis
4.5.1 Time Relationship Graph with Ln (Cs-S)
Figure 4.1 Time Relationship with Ln (Cs-S) Graph Source: Data Processed, 2024
Based on the laboratory experiment data, a relationship between time and Ln (Cs- C) was obtained. In the graph, the x-axis represents time (minutes) and the y-axis represents ln (Cs-C). From the graph, it can be observed that the relationship between time and the value of ln (Cs-C) is directly proportional. As time progresses, the ln (Cs-C) value of the dissolved oxygen concentration will increase steadily, but in the 40 minute mark, the Ln (Cs-C) value drops because of human error in the titration process.
4.5.2 Time Relationship Graph with Concentration (C)
Figure 4.2 Time Relationship with Concentration (C) Graph Source: Data Processed, 2024
Based on the laboratory experiment data, a relationship between time and concentration (C) was established. In the graph, the x-axis represents time (minutes) and the y-axis represents C. From the graph, it can be observed that the relationship between time and the value of C is inversely proportional. As time progresses, the oxygen concentration (C) decreases steadily.
4.6 Calculation Function of Ln (Cs-C)
In the data analysis of the laboratory experiment, calculations of Ln (Cs-C) are conducted, where Cs-C represents the difference between the saturated oxygen concentration and the oxygen concentration at a specific time. The purpose of computing Ln (Cs-C) is to determine the value of kLa by plotting it on a graph. This kLa value represents the gas transfer coefficient, depicting the gas transfer process from one phase to another, such as from the gas phase to the liquid phase (Harfadi et al., 2019).
4.7 Chemical Reaction that Occur in the Sample MnSO4 + 2KOH → Mn(OH)2(aq) + K2SO4(aq)
Mn(OH)2 + ½ O2 → MnO2(s) + H2O(l)
(endapan)
MnO2 + 2Kl + 2H2O → Mn(OH)2 + I2 + KOH I2 + 2Na2S2O3 → 2NaI + Na2S2O6
(Septiawan et al., 2014).
There are various approaches to addressing water quality issues, including employing physical and chemical methods. For instance, one chemical method utilized is the addition of coagulants, while a physical method involves aeration. Aeration is a technique used to improve the quality of wastewater by introducing oxygen into it using an air compressor. This induces
oxidation reactions, whereby the valence of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) ions increases from the soluble forms of Fe2+ and Mn2+ in water to the precipitable forms of Fe3+ and Mn3+, which can then be removed from the water. The aeration method aims to enhance the dissolved oxygen content in the water, as well as remove pollutants such as iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, organic compounds, and carbon dioxide. By evenly dispersing oxygen and at the right timing, this method can effectively reduce contaminants in the water (Sinaga, 2018).
4.8 Effect of Temprature on Oxygen Transfer
In the aeration process, temperature plays a crucial role in oxygen transfer. As temperature rises, the gas transfer coefficient (KLa) also tends to increase. This is attributed to the influence of temperature on the rate of diffusion, surface tension, and viscosity of water. Oxygen diffusion increases with temperature elevation, while surface tension and water viscosity tend to decrease (Harfadi et al., 2019).
Temperature plays a crucial role in wastewater treatment processes, and if it exceeds a certain threshold, control measures need to be implemented before the treatment stage begins.
Governor Regulation of Bali No. 16 of 2016 concerning Environmental Quality Standards and Environmental Damage Criteria stipulates that the maximum temperature of wastewater discharged into water bodies is 38°C. Therefore, if the temperature of the wastewater sample already meets this requirement, subsequent treatment processes, such as aeration, can proceed (Pramyani and Marwati, 2020).
4.9 Effect of Aerobic Duration on DO Values
The oxygen level in water is a critical factor in evaluating water quality. One method used to improve water quality is a process known as aeration. A primary objective of this process is to enhance the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water. Aeration involves aerobic reactions that require oxygen to occur. Therefore, the longer the duration of the aerobic process, the more oxygen is consumed, resulting in an increase in the DO value in the water (Androva and Harjanto, 2017).
4.10 Application of Oxygen Demand Measurement with Aeration in Environmental Engineering
Aeration is a commonly employed process in Environmental Engineering, particularly in wastewater treatment. Its purpose is to enhance the dissolved oxygen content in water by infusing oxygen into it and to expel other dissolved gases. Additionally, aeration aids in water mixing (Yuniarti et al., 2019).
Based on existing research, enhancing the efficiency of the aeration process can be achieved through the utilization of a microbubble generator. In this process, the dissolved oxygen level in the water is measured using a DO meter. The aim of this measurement is to assess the effectiveness of the tool to be employed in the aeration process (Rosariawari et al., 2018).
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 5.1 Conclusion
In this laboratory session, an analysis was conducted on the oxygen demand in the aeration process, which involves the addition of oxygen to water to enhance its dissolved oxygen content.
The objective of this lab is to enable students to comprehend the oxygen requirements in the aeration process based on the characteristics of the water being treated, as well as to analyze dissolved oxygen levels using the Winkler titration method. Sampling was carried out at specific time intervals, namely at minutes 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40. The volume of water used was 10 L, with a sample volume of 25 ml. A volume of 1.5 ml of reagent was added, and the total volume in the Winkler bottle was 250 ml.
The laboratory results indicate that at minute 0, when the temperature was 24°C, it required 1,2 ml of titration volume to change the color of the sample water. At minute 10, at a temperature of 25°C, 0,7 ml of titration volume was needed. At minute 20, at a temperature of 25°C, 1.5 ml of titration volume was required. At minute 30, at a temperature of 26°C, 0.6 ml of titration volume was needed. Finally, at minute 40, at a temperature of 26°C, 1.9 ml of titration volume was required.
5.2 Suggestion
The laboratory session for this subject proceeded adequately according to the procedure.
However, there were some shortcomings, including the lengthy duration and the fact that some students still did not fully grasp the module material. It would be advisable to improve time management and ensure that students understand the module material before the laboratory session.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Lutfihani A. 2015. Analisis Penurunan Kadar Besi (Fe) dengan Menggunakan Tray Aerator dan Diffuser Aerator. Tugas Akhir. Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
Mardhiya IR. 2017. Sistem Akuisisi Data Pengukuran Kadar Oksigen Terlarut pada Air Tambak Udang Menggunakan Sensor Dissolve Oxygen (DO). Skripsi. Jurusan Fisika, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Sains, Universitas Lampung.
Prasetiyo NA, Fidiastuti HR. 2015. Kajian pengaruh kecepatan aerasi dan waktu inkubasi terhadap kemampuan konsoria bakteri indigen dalam mendegradasi limbah cair kulit di industri penyamakan kulit Kota Malang. Jurnal Saintifika 17(1): 29-37.
Rosariawari F, Wahjudijanto I, Rachmanto TA. 2018. Peningkatan effektifitas aerasi dengan menggunakan Micro Bubble Generator (MBG). Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Lingkungan 8(2): 89.
Septiawan M, Sedyawati SMR, Mahatmanti FW. 2014. Penurunan limbah cair industri tahu menggunakan tanaman cattail dengan sistem constructed wetland. Jurnal Kimia 3(1):23- 27.
Sutisna A. 2018. Penentuan angka Dissolved Oxygen (DO) pada air sumur warga sekitar industri cv. bumi waras bandar lampung. Jurnal Analis Farmasi 3(4):246-251.
Tahir RB. 2016. Analisis Sebaran Kadar Oksigen (O2) dan Kadar Oksigen Terlarut (Dissolved Oxygen) dengan Menggunakan Data In Situ dan Citra Satelit Landsat 8 (Studi Kasus:
Wilayah Gili Iyang Kabupaten Sumenep). Tesis. Jurusan Teknik Geomatika, Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
Yuniarti DP, Ria K, Suhadi A. 2019. Pengaruh proses aerasi terhadap pengolahan limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit di PTPN VII secara aerobik. Jurnal Redoks 4(2):7-16.
ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Androva A, Harjanto I. 2017. Studi peningkatan kadar dissolved oksigen air, setelah diinjeksi dengan aerator kincir angin savonius arreus, menggunakan DO meter type lutron DO- 5510. Jurnal Ilmiah Teknosains 3(2): 114-122.
Harfadli MMA, Saud MNIL, Nikmah IC. 2019. Estimasi Koefisien Transfer Oksigen (KLa) pada metode aerasi fine bubble diffuser. studi kasus: pengolahan air lindi TPA Manggar Kota Balikpapan. JST (Jurnal Sains Terapan) 5(2): 107-112.
Pramyani IAPC, Marwati NM. 2020. Efektivitas metode aerasi dalam menurunkan kadar Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) air limbah laundry. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan 10(2): 88-99.
Sinaga, P. 2018. Pengaruh Variasi Diameter Diffuser dan pH terhadap Penyisihan Besi dan Peningkatan DO pada Pengolahan Air Tanah Secara Aerasi. Skripsi. Universitas Sumatera Utara. Medan.
ATTACHMENT
ADDITIONAL ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT OF ACCEPTED DATA RESULTS
