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Mechanical Properties of Banana fiber Reinforced Composites and Manufacturing Techniques: A Review
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TECHNOLOGY
ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585Mechanical Properties of Banana fiber Reinforced Composites and Manufacturing Techniques: A Review
__________________________________________________________________________________________
P.Dilleswara Rao
1, D.Venkata Rao
2,A. Lakshumu Naidu
3, MVA Raju Bahubalendruni
41Scholar,2,3Assistant Professor, 4Associate Professor, GMR IT, Mechanical Engineering, Rajam, India
Abstract – Natural fiber based composites are drawing in numerous researchers and scientists due to their eco- incommoding nature and specific properties. They are of ease and to a great extent accessible in nature. Their handling isn't hard correlation with the ordinary filaments generation. Bio-degradability is another preferred standpoint from characteristic fiber composites that draw in numerous scientists for condition concern jump at the chance to lessen nursery impact etc...Natural filaments are promptly accessible in stringy shape and can be separated from stem and leaves at low expenses. Banana fiber is one of the characteristic fiber with better mechanical properties. This audit paper inspects the mechanical properties of banana fiber. Mechanical properties of some banana strengthened composites and most regularly utilized assembling methods generation of banana fortified composites are considered.
Key Words: Banana fiber, Bio-degradability, Mechanical properties, strengthened composites, composite fibers
Introduction
Composites are solidified materials made by the produced assembling of at least two sections – a picked strengthening authority and a decent cross section folio– in demand to get determined and moved qualities and properties [34]. Layout for practicality, a present point inside blueprint for amassing or synchronous outlining, in association with ordinary fiber composites is talked about The sections of composite don't separate or for the most part combine absolutely into each other, regardless, by the by do act in appear [35]. The portions and also the interface between them would more be able to regularly than not be physically perceived, and it is the lead and properties of the interface that all around control the properties of the composite [34,35]. The properties of a composite can't be refined by any of the portions acting alone.
The central thought of the composite manufacturability was
described through a start to finish examination of composite amassing process .Regularly some of composite designs can't be made with uncommon execution essential or can't be conveyed at a sensible cost. The evaluation stream was picked up by the different leveled records [31, 33].The composites can be assembled on the introduce of the sort of their fundamental portions: strong (made out of strands in a cross section), laminar (made out of layers of materials), and particulate (made out of particles in a system) [35, 36]. The particulate class can be furthermore subdivided into piece (level chips in a cross section) or skeletal (made out of an industrious skeletal matrix filled by a minute material). All things considered, the strengthening administrator can be either stringy, powdered, roundabout, crystalline, or harsh looking or either a characteristic, inorganic, metallic, or terminated material [35, 36].
1.1 Classification of Composites:-
The matrix phase is the continuous phase and based on the matrix phase composites are classified into three types’
polymer matrix composites (PMCs), metal matrix composites (MMCs), and ceramic matrix composites (CMC’S).
Fig 1:-classification of fibers 1.2 TYPES:-
• Ceramic-matrix composites (CMC’S): It is a material consisting of a ceramic combined (oxides, carbides) dispersed phase. Ceramic matrix composites are designed to improve toughness of conventional ceramic, the main disadvantage of
Paper Title:-Mechanical Properties of Banana fiber Reinforced Composites and Manufacturing Techniques: A Review
ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org 40
which is brittle. They are reinforced by either continuous (long) fibers or discontinuous (short fibers).
• Polymer-matrix composites (PMC’S): It is a material consisting of a polymer (resin) matrix combined with a fibrous reinforcing dispersed phase polymer matrix composites are very popular due to their low and simple fabrication methods.
Use of non-reinforced polymer structure materials is limited by low level of their mechanical properties. Tensile strength of one of the strongest polymer-epoxy resin is 20000psi (140Mpa).In addition to relatively low strength, polymer material possess low impact resistance.
• Metal-matrix composites (MMC’S): It is material consisting of metallic matrix combined within a ceramic (oxides, carbides) or metallic (lead, molybdenum, tungsten) dispersed phase. Metal-matrix composites have higher strength and elasticity than other metallic materials. It has small thermal coefficient and high electric conductivity[35-37].
The association of some for the most part used basic fibers is showed up in Table 1, on the introduce of the wellspring of commencement, typical fibers are depicted into three requests they are:-
1.3 Types of Fibers:-
• Plant Fibers
• Mineral Fibers
• Animal Fibers 1.3.1 Plant Fiber:-
Plant fibers are for an impressive measure of allocating contains cellulose: plots cotton, flax, jute, ramie, sisal, banana and hemp. Cellulose fibers are started as a distributing of the satisfy of cardboard and material. The dissemination of these strands is as demography after: Berry fibers are the strands access from the berry case and berry e.g. kapok and cotton.
Leaf fibers are the strands get from the leaves e.g. agave and sisal. Derma strands are the strands are get from the derma including the center point of the plant. This fiber enduring school energy than changed strands. In like manner, these fibers are sanctioned as a portion of solid yarn, surface, bundling, and paper. Tree made foods strands are the fibers are get from the articles of the earth of the plant, e.g. second story room (coir) fiber. Stalk cilia are the fibers that are access from the stalks of the plant[21-36].
1.3.2 Mineral Fiber:-
Mineral strands are the reliably happening fiber or scarcely balanced filaments acquire from minerals. It has varying approaches they are taking after: Asbestos is the standard usually happening mineral fiber. The Varieties in mineral fiber are the anthophyllite, amphiboles and serpentine. The Ceramic strands are aluminum oxide, glass filaments, boron carbide and silicon carbide. Metal strands consolidate aluminumsfibers. Animal fiber generally contains proteins;
depictions mohair, fleece, silk, alpaca. Creature hairs are the strands got from creatures e.g. horse hair, Sheep's wool, goat hair, alpaca hair, et cetera. Silk fiber is the strands accumulated from dried spit of startling little creatures for the length of the time of status of spreads. Avian strands are the filaments from flying animals. Plans silk from silk worms[25- 36].
1.3.3 Animal Fiber:-
An animal fiber for a huge amount of assignment includes proteins; outlines mohair, fleece, silk, alpaca. Animal hairs are the fibers got from animals e.g. horse hair, Sheep's fleece, goat hair, alpaca hair, and so on. Silk fibers are the strands add up to from singed arrival of terrible crawlies for the term of the period of address of spreads. Avian fibers are the strands from aeronautical creatures. Portrayals silk from silk worms. Here, the fiber goes about as a post in non-partner inside. Customary fiber braced polymer composites utilized for key applications, however then for the most part with manufactured thermo set cross segment material which obliges the trademark inclinations[31-37].
Table 1:- Comparison between glass fibre and natural fibres
S.
No.
Properties Natural fibre Glass fibre
1 Density Low Double
2 Cost Low High
3 Renewability Yes No
4 Recyclability Yes No
5 Energy consumption Low High
6 Distribution Wide Wide
7 CO2 neutral Yes No
8 Abrasion to the machine
No Yes
9 Health risk when inhaled
No Yes
10 Disposal Biodegradable Non-
biodegradable II. Bananafiber:-
Banana plant is largely cultivated in tropical countries like India. Banana fiber is obtained from banana trunk, leaves and stems etc. In Japan, the cultivation of banana for clothing and household use dates back to at least the 13th century. There are several methods of preparation of banana fiber. The obtained banana fiber is mixed with other natural fibers which makes modifications. Banana fiber is a lignocellulosicmaterial, relatively in expensive and abundantly available was assessed in terms of its fiber–matrix adhesion.
The effects of modification of the fiber were judged on the basis of morphology, thermal resistance mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting composites. Polymers can be modified by the use of fillers and Reinforcing fibers to suit the high strength/high modulus requirements. Mechanical and thermal properties can be influenced by the aspect ratio of mixture of other fibers. Other fibers which are used in a comparative study of mechanical properties are sisal hybrid, bamboo and sugarcane [1-20]. The properties of banana fiber compared with other natural fibers are shown in table:-2, 3&4
Table 2:- Mechanical properties of natural fibre [31-37]
S.
No Type of fiber Tensile strength (MPa)
Young’s modulus (GPa)
Flexural strength (MPa)
1 abbca 400-980 6.2-20 —
2 Bamboo 140-800 11-32 32
3 Banana 600 17.85 76.53
4 Coconut 500 2.50 58
5 Coir 175-220 4-6 6
6 Cotton 287-597 5.5-12.6 43.3
7 Flax 345-1500 27.6-80 165
8 Hemp 550-900 70 —
9 Jute 393-800 10-30 45
10 Kenaf 930 53 74
11 Palm 377 2.75 24.4
12 Pineapple 413-1627 34.5-84.5 —
13 Ramie 220-938 44-128 —
14 Sisal 400-700 9-38 288.6
15 Wool 120-174 2.3-3.4 —
16 Softwood kraft 1000 40 —
17 E-glass 2000-3500 70 —
18 S-glass 4570 86 —
19 Aramide
(normal) 3000-3150 63-67 —
20 Carbon
(standard) 4000 23-40 —
fig 2:-Tensile strength of natural fibers
Fig 3:-Young’s modulus of natural fibers Table 3:- Physical properties of natural fibre[31-37]
S.
No Type of fiber Density (g/cm3)
Elongation (%)
Moisture absorption
1. Coir 1.2 15-30 10
2. Cotton 1.5-1.6 3-10 8-25
3. Flax 14-1.5 1.2-3.2 7
4. Hemp 1.48 1.6 8
5. Jute 1.3-1.46 1.5-1.8 12
6. Banana 1-1.5 4.5- 6.5 10-11
7. Ramie 1.5 2-3.8 12-17
8. Sisal 1.3-1.5 2-14 11
9. Softwood kraft 1.5 — —
10. E-glass 2.5 2.5-3 —
11. S-glass 2.5 2.8 —
12. Aramide (normal) 1.4 3.3-3.7 —
13. Carbon (standard) 1.4 1.4-1.8 —
Fig 5:- Density of natural fibers
Table 4:- Chemical properties of natural fiber[31-37]
Paper Title:-Mechanical Properties of Banana fiber Reinforced Composites and Manufacturing Techniques: A Review
ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org 42
Fig 4:-Cellulose (wt%) of natural fibers III. Availability of banana fiber
Banana crop is available mostly in tropical countries. In India the production rate of banana crop is high. Banana fiber is prepared in many popular cities of India like Mumbai, Chennai and Vishakhapatnam etc., banana fiber is available in other parts of the world like Malaysia and tokya etc. due to the high industrial usage of banana fiber its production rate is increased.[1-20]
Table5:- Availability of banana fiber
IV. Mechanical properties
Banana fiber is mixed with different types of composites to increase its mechanical properties. The ratio of mixing the composites will differ from the type of fiber is used. Mixing of pure fiber will not takes place. Banana fiber is mixed with other type of fibers along with epoxy or other type of resin.
Due to this mixing the fiber mechanical properties will be changed. Mechanical properties of the banana fiber composites with different types of fibers are shown in the table 6[1-7]
Table6:- mechanical properties of composite fibers S.no Fibers
mixed
Tensile strength
Flexural strength
Young’s modulus
Impact strength 1. Virgin
fiber
891 MPa - 42.8 GPa
- 2. Sisal
hybrid fibre
53MPa 62Mpa 20GPa -
3. pineapple leaf fiber
21.9 Mpa - - - 4. kenaf 110Mpa. 150
MPa,
23 kJ/m2
5. sisal 21MPa 56 MPa
to 62 MPa
7.4 J
6. hemp 28Mpa 0.5 KN 8.66 J
7. jute 18.96Mpa 59.82 MPa
18.23 kJ/m2
Fig 6:-Tensile strength of composite fibers V. Manufacturing techniques of banana fiber Fiber strengthened plastics have been created by a few strategies relying on the state of part to be fabricated. Each one of those techniques fall under a rule called polymerization. Polymerization is the way toward joining extensive number of engineered atoms together to shape an inflexible structure[35].
• Compression moulding.
• Injection winding.
5.1. Compression moulding:-
Trim mixes are generally used as a piece of the weight forming technique. The shaping blends are set up by mixing the strands and fillers in a thermoset gum. Hot curing catalysts are used as a piece of the adornment blends. Therefore, the curing reaction won't start in the wake of mixing. Further, to avoid any shot of curing, the framing blends are generally secured at 18 °C. The frivolity blends can be made as sheet or mass. Substantial things are generally made using sheet framing blends and little things are made using mass trim blends. The required measure of trim compound is determined
to a weight molding kick the pail. The pass on and the platens of the press are warmed to the molding temperature. Weight is associated with the trim compound by moving the best or base platen. The trim compound streams and thoroughly fills the kick the container cavity. The curing reaction will be over in a matter of seconds. The kick the can is opened by moving the platens isolated and a while later the thing is removed from the fail miserably. The kick the basin is directly arranged for another cycle. The weight associated in the midst of the weight shaping procedure is high. The frivolity temperature is similarly of the demand of 120 °C. Hereafter, metallic fails horrendously are used as a piece of this methodology. The things with extraordinary surface finish can be made by this system. Thermoplastic composites can similarly be fabricated by weight shaping using thermoplastic composite sheets[34].
Merits:-
• Low instrument cost.
• Low cost of assembling mold device.
• Easy to form extensive parts.
Demerits:-
• Can't deal with high weight.
• Skilled work must be required.
5.1. Filament winding:-
This system is overall used to make axisymmetric parts, for instance, chambers, Circles, et cetera. It is possible to meld high measure of fibers in this technique. A fiber substance of more than 70 vol % is to a great degree typical in this methodology. Fiberrovings besides, prepreg tapes are generally used. A collection of rovings impregnated with tar is wound on rotating mandrel. The winding point is controlled
by the rotating rate of mandrel and the speed of advancement of fiber feeder. The last properties of the composite can be controlled by the fiber winding point and it is possible to fabricate the composite with the required fiber point in this technique. Long pipes for the transportation of different liquids can be made by this system[34].
Merits:-
• Using existing material procedures.
• Quick, simple to deal with bundle.
• Parts can have tremendous size.
Demerits:-
• Spinning speed is restricted because of pitch entrance and sprinkling, voyager speed and yarn breakage.
•Curing by warm isn't anything but difficult to apply.
• Shape of the items restricted (just round and hollow conceivable).
VI. Conclusion
Banana fiber is one among the natural fibers which has high tensile strength of value 600Mpa. If we mix the banana fiber with virgin fiber it increases its tensile strength to 891Mpa.
We have to mix the two fibers with a suitable resin. This process is done with compression moulding process. This is a best and less expansive method of manufacturing the fiber.
Filament winding is also another process of preparation of the composite fiber.
VI. References
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