MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BANANA FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE
Maxwel Budith Anak Mogun
SB 241
M465 2010
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering)
2010
Pusal : 11fýýC: ýGik UN1VER51'1't MALAYSIA SA1tAWAK
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BANANA FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE
MAXWEL BUDITH ANAK MOGUN
This project is submitted to the
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree for Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) 2009/2010
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BANANA FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009/2010
A Saya MAXWEL BUDITH ANAK MOGUN
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.
4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
5. ** Sila tandakan ( 41 ) di kotak yang berkenaan
Q SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/
badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
0 TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
Alamat tetap: .
LOT 4950, LORONG 6A6 TAMAN MATANG JAYA 93050 KUCHING
SARAWAK
Tarikh: °$ýýýo
lb
CATATAN *
**
EN. NOOR HISYAM NOOR MOHAMED Nama Penyelia
Tarikh:
gI61-gulU
Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.
Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai
SULIT dan TERHAD.
APPROVAL PAGE
The following final year project:
Title : Mechanical properties of banana fiber reinforced polyester Writer : Maxwel Budith Anak Mogun
Matrik : 16620
Has being read and approved by:
`1sý] -Atto
EN. NOOR HISYAM NOOR MOHAMED DATE
SUPERVISOR
DEDICATION
This research and study of mechanical properties of banana fiber reinforced
composite is dedicated to the Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak
for further investigation of potential application of natural fiber reinforced composite.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I also would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Noor Hisyam Noor Mohamed for giving me guidance, support and time to finish this project.
His knowledge and advice has assisted me greatly into completing this research.
Most importantly, I would like to thank my family especially my parent. They have been my source of strength throughout all the difficulties that I have faced during this research. They have provided immeasurable moral support and valuable advice when I am faced with obstacles and challenges. Also thanks to my fellow friends that help me a lot and lighter my job during this period.
Next, a special thanks to Mr. Auton Diwa and family that provide banana stem to me to complete this research. Not forget all the technicians in mechanical laboratory, Faculty of Engineering which supply me tool and equipment during this project.
i
ABSTRAK
Banyak penyelidikan telah dijalankan terhadap serat semulajadi dan didapati bahawa ianya sesuai untuk mengantikan serat sintesis. Dalam eksperimen ini, serat pisang telah dipilih untuk mempelajari kemungkinan bahan ini sebagai bahan peneguh dalam komposit. Dengan menjadikan serat pisang sebagai bahan peneguh dalam komposit, kita boleh memaksimakan penggunaannya daripada dibiarkan atau dilupuskan. Komposit disediakan dengan menggunakan poliester tulen dengan 1%, 2%
dan 3% berat pemuatan serat. Dua ujian dijalankan, iaitu ujian lenturan tiga titik dan tegasan tegangan. Di dalam eksperimen ini, tegasan kelenturan dan tegasan tegangan untuk gabungan komposisi serat pisang dan poliester menurun apabila berat bebanan serat bertambah. Tegasan kelenturan untuk poliester tulen adalah 55.625MPa dan berkurang kepada 34.805MPa apabila 3% berat pemuatan serat digunakan. Sementara itu, tegasan tegangan untuk poliester tulen adalah 19.86MPa. dan apabila 3% berat pemuatan serat digunakan untuk meneguhkan poliester komposit, nilai tegasan tegangan berkurang kepada 11.602MPa. Biarpun keputusan ditunjukan didalam eksperimen ini tidak menggalakkan, tetapi penyelidikan dan pembelajaran yang lain telah membuktikan bahan ini mempunyai potensi untuk diaplikasikan di industri. Sebab-sebab yang menyumbang kepada masalah ini telah dibincangkan dalam bab 4 laporan ini.
ii
ABSTRACT
Many researches have been conducted on natural fibers and results show that it is suitable to replace synthetic fiber. In this experiment, banana fiber has been selected to study the possibility of this material as reinforcement material in composite. By using banana fiber as a material to reinforced composite, we can fully utilize the waste rather than being abandoned and dispose. The composite are prepared by using pure polyester with 1% wt fiber loading, 2% wt fiber loading and 3% wt fiber loading reinforced polyester. Two tests were conducted, which is 3 point bending and tensile test. From this experiment, flexural stress and tensile stress of banana fiber reinforced composite are decreased as fiber loading increased. The flexural stress of pure polyester is 55.625MPa and decreased to 34.805MPa when 3% wt fiber loading used. Meanwhile, tensile stress of pure polyester is 19.86MPa and when 3% fiber loading used to reinforce polyester composite, the value of tensile stress reduce to 11.602MPa. Although the results showed in this experiment are not encouraging, but other research and study have proved that this material has a potential to apply in industry. The reasons that lead to these problems are discussed in chapter 4 in this report.
iii
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UNI\'ERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWA(,
LIST OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
LIST OF CONTENT LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLE
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE RIVIEW
2.1 Classification of natural fiber 2.2 Fiber extraction method
2.3 Chemical Treatment
2.3.1 Alkaline treatment 2.3.2 Acetylation
Page
i
11
iii
iv
vii
X
1
4 4
6
8 9
10
iv
2.4 Matrix Characteristic
2.4.1 Thermoplastic matrix 2.4.2 Thermoset matrix
2.5 Banana fiber-matrix reinforced composite 2.5.1 Preparation of polyester composite 2.5.2 Preparation of epoxy composite
11
11 13 18 18 19 2.5.3 Preparation of phenol formaldehyde (PF) composite 20
2.6 Testing 21
2.6.1 Banana fiber + Polyester 22
2.6.1.1 Tensile Test 22
2.6.2 Banana Fiber + Epoxy 25
2.6.2.1 Tensile test 26
2.6.2.2 Impact test 28
2.6.3 Banana fiber + Phenol formaldehyde (PF) 29
2.6.3.1 Tensile test 30
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 33
3.1 Fiber Extraction methods 3.2 Fabrication of composite.
3.2.1 Banana fibers reinforced polyester 3.3 Testing
3.3.1 3 point bending 3.3.2 Tensile test
33 36 36 39 39 41
V
CHAPTER 4 RESULT, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Fiber Extraction analysis
4.2 Specimen Analysis
4.2.1 3 point bending test 4.2.2 Tensile test
4.3 Flexural properties
4.3.1 Stress-strain curve analysis 4.3.2 Flexural stress analysis
4.4 Tensile Properties
4.4.1 Stress-strain curve analysis 4.4.2 Tensile stress analysis
4.5 Discussion
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Recommendation
42
42 44 44
47
50 51 56 58 58
64
66 68 68 71
REFERENCE 73
APPENDICES 78
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 2.1: Type of natural fiber 5
Figure 2.2: Banana stems are peeled into layers, then scraped with a broad, 7 straightedge knife
Figure 2.3: The extracted banana fiber is a lustrous raw material for 7 papermaking
Figure 2.4: Pseudo-stem banana fibers reinforced epoxy composite 20 during curing process.
Figure 2.5: Stress-strain curve of banana fiber (20mm) 23 Figure 2.6: Stress-strain curve of banana polyester composite at 23
different fiber content (20mm)
Figure 2.7: Effect of fiber content on the tensile Strength of the composite 24 (fiber length 20 mm)
Figure 2.8: Effect of fiber length on the tensile strength of banana 24 polyester composite (fiber content 20%)
VII
Figure 2.9: Effect of fiber content on the tensile modulus of the composites 25 (fiber length 20 mm)
Figure 2.10: Ultimate tensile strength of virgin of epoxy and pseudo-stem 27 Banana reinforced Epoxy composite
Figure 2.11: Tensile modulus virgin epoxy and pseudo-stem 27 banana fiber reinforce epoxy composite
Figure 2.12: Flexural strength of virgin epoxy and pseudo-stem banana 28 fiber reinforced epoxy composite material
Figure 2.13: Stress-strain behavior of banana fibre reinforced phenolics at 30 different fibre lengths (fibre loading 30%).
Figure 2.14: Stress-strain behavior of banana fiber reinforced phenolics at 32 different fiber loadings. (Fiber length 30 mm).
Figure 3.1: Extraction of banana fiber 35
Figure 3.2: Banana fiber uniformly distribute uniformly on mixture 38 Figure3.3: Second layer of mixture is pour to immersed all fibers 38 Figure 3.4: Banana fiber reinforced polyester after cured for 24 hour at 38
room temperature
Figure 4.1: Pure polyester specimen after 3 point bending test 46 Figure 4.2: 1% wt fiber loading after 3 point bending test 46 Figure 4.3: 2% fiber loading specimen after 3 point bending test 46 Figure 4.4: 3% fiber loading specimen after 3 point bending test 46 Figure 4.5: Pure polyester specimen after tensile test 48 Figure 4.6: 1% fiber loading specimen after tensile test 48 Figure 4.7: 2% fiber loading specimen after tensile test 48
Viii
Figure 4.8: 3% fiber loading specimen after tensile test 48 Figure 4.9: Stress-strain curve for pure polyester composite under flexure 51 Figure 4.10: Stress-strain curve for 1% wt fiber loading reinforced polyester 52
composite under flexure
Figure 4.11: Stress-strain curve for 2% wt fiber loading reinforced polyester 53 composite under flexure
Figure 4.12: Stress-strain curve for 3% wt fiber loading reinforced 55 polyester composite under flexure
Figure 4.13: Average flexural stress for pure polyester and banana fiber 56 reinforced polyester with different fiber loadings
Figure 4.14: Stress-strain curve for pure polyester composite under tension 58 Figure 4.15: Stress-strain curve for I% wt fiber loading reinforced polyester 60
composite under tension
Figure 4.16: Stress-strain curve for 2% wt fiber loading reinforced polyester 61 composite under tension
Figure 4.17: Stress-strain curve for 3% wt fiber loading reinforced polyester 63 composite under tension
Figure 4.18: Average tensile stress of pure polyester and banana fiber 64 reinforced polyester with different fiber loadings
Figure A. 1: Banana fiber reinforced polyester 78
Figure A. 2: Banana fiber (20mm) 78
Figure A. 3: Banana fiber reinforced polyester composite specimen 79
IX
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 2.1: Properties of Typical Thermoplastic Polymer Used in 12 Natural Fiber Composite Fabrication
Table 2.2: Properties of Typical Thermoset Polymer for Natural Fiber 15 Composited
Table 2.3: Common manufacturing ingredients and curing behaviour 16 of polyester, epoxy, and vinylester
Table 2.4: Characteristic of phenol formaldehyde resole 21 Table 2.5: Tensile properties of banana/PF composites at different fiber 31
lengths (fiber loading 45%)
X
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
During the last few years there has been an increasing environmental consciousness, which has increased the interest to use natural fibers instead of man- made fibers in composite materials. A combination of desirable properties, such as low cost, low density, non-toxicity, high specific properties, no abrasion during processing, and recyclability, contribute to a rising interest from the manufacturing industry of low cost and light composites. Further more, the natural fibers are recyclable, biodegradable and carbon dioxide neutral and can be energy recovered in an environmentally acceptable way [1].
Attempts have been made to use natural fiber composites in place of glass mostly in non-structural applications. Glass fibers are the most widely used to reinforce plastics
1
due to their low cost (compared to aramid and carbon) and good mechanical properties.
However this type of fiber has serious drawbacks. Researches have been done and clearly show that natural fiber has distinct advantages over glass fiber. Carbon dioxide neutrality of natural fibers is particularly attractive which can indirectly contribute to the prevention of the greenhouse effect and by extension the world's climatic changes [2].
This phenomenon is believed to be the root cause of the greenhouse effect and by extension the world's climatic changes [2]. So far, a good number of automotive components previously made with glass fiber composites are now being manufactured using environmentally friendly composites. They also now dominate the aerospace, leisure, construction and sporting industries.
Currently, plenty of research materials are being generated due to the potential of cellulose based fibers as reinforcement for plastics. However, all researchers who have worked in the area of natural fibers and their composites have agreed that these renewable (unlike traditional sources of energy, i. e., coal, oil and gas that are limited), abundantly available materials have several bottlenecks: poor wettability, incompatibility with some polymeric matrices and high moisture absorption by the fibers.
2
In this research, banana fibers which are abundant in Sarawak have been selected. The high cellulose contains (64%) and low microfibrillar angle (11 °) of banana fiber indicates that it has potential as a reinforcing material [3]. Composite made out of banana/ cotton hybrid fabric has been found to be useful in preparation of low strength material. It has been reported that addiction of banana fiber to polymeric matrices can make composite products adequate for building application. The objectives of this project is to study the potential of banana fibers to replace synthetic fiber as composite reinforcement material and to study the effects of untreated and different banana fiber loadings reinforced polyester to its flexural and tensile strength.
3
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Classification of natural fiber
Natural fiber is categorized into vegetable fibers, animal fibers and mineral.
Vegetable fiber can be divided into seed fiber, leaf fiber, bast or skin fiber, fruit fiber and stalk fiber. Animal fibers divided into animal hair, silk and avian fiber. Mineral fiber that can be categorized as natural fiber is only asbestos. Figure 2.1 show types of natural fiber.
4
Natural Fibers
Vegetable fibers (Cellulose)
ý
Seed-hair fibers -l
Cotton Kapok Akon
Native seed-hair Fibers
Bast fibers Flax
Hemp Jute
Ramie
Leaf/hard fibers Agave
Banana Fibers Grass Fibers
Palm fibers
Wool/hair fibers
Wool of sheep and
camels: Alpaka, ilama, etc
Animal fibers
Rabbit hair: Rabbit hair, angora fiber
Goat hair: Mohair
fiber, cashmere, etc.
Figure 2.1: Type of natural fiber [4][5]
I
SHk
Mulberry silk, coarse silk
Mineral fibers
Asbestos
5
2.2 Fiber extraction method
Banana fibers are extracted from banana tree. Banana fibers are mostly extracted from banana trunk since it has the main portion of fibers. In order to get good quality of fibers, the extraction must be done properly. There are three methods which are normally used to extracted banana fibers which are mention below.
In the first method, banana trunks are chopped and cooked. After the hands of banana are harvested in the fields, the heavy, moisture laden stems are cut down and peeled into component layer of sheaths. A single sheath was flattened on the ground, a worker pin one end of it under broad, straightedge knife as shown in figure 2.2 and 2.3.
Then, the sheath will be draws firmly from under the blade. Finally, banana fibers are clean to remove particulate matter and then soaked overnight [6].
6
Figure 2.2: Banana stems are peeled into layers, then scraped with a broad, straightedge knife
Fi,; ure 2.. 3: the cxtractcd hanana lihcr is a lustrous raw material lör papurmaking
7
For the second method, banana fiber is extracted from banana tree bark. The trunk is peeled and brown-green skin is thrown away retaining the cleaner or white portion. The fibers are extracted through hand extraction machine composed of either serrated or non serrated knives. The peel will be clamped between the wood plank and knife and hand-pulled through, removing the resinous material. Finally the extracted fibers are sun-dried which whitens the fiber [7].
In the third method, the main stem of banana plant section were cut and then rolled lightly to remove the excessive moisture. Then, impurities in the rolled fiber such as pigments, broken fibers, coating of cellulose etc. were removed manually by means of a comb, and then the fibers were cleaned and dried [8].
2.3 Chemical Treatment
Although natural fibers have a number of advantages over glass fibers, the strong polar character of their surface is a limiting factor, as compatibility with strongly apolar thermoplastic matrix is very low. Such problems of incompatibility may be overcome with fiber pretreatments, which can enhance compatibility, albeit having a negative impact on the economics. When the treated fibers were incorporated into an epoxy
8
matrix, mechanical characterization of the laminates revealed the importance of two types of interface: one between fiber bundles and the matrix and the other between the ultimate cells. In general, fiber treatments can significantly improve adhesion at the former interface and also lead to ingress of the matrix resin into the fibers, obstructing pull-out of the cells [9)[10). Two types of chemical treatment that are usually used are alkaline and acetylation.
2.3.1 Alkaline treatment
Banana is immersed in 6% NaOH solution for 2 hour at room temperature. After the alkaline treatment, the fiber then thoroughly washed by immersion in water tank, followed by running water. The material then filtered and dried at 80°C for 24 hour.
Alkali treatment have been proven effectively in removing impurities from the fiber, decreasing moisture sorption, and enabling mechanical bonding, and thereby improving matrix-reinforcement interaction [I I].
9
![Figure 2.1: Type of natural fiber [4][5]](https://thumb-ap.123doks.com/thumbv2/azpdforg/11323832.0/20.5314.541.5242.360.2959/figure-2-1-type-natural-fiber-4-5.webp)
