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Teks penuh

(1)

Metode Penelitian

Pertemuan 2

(2)

Scientific Investigation

2

(3)

Objective

• The Hallmarks of Scientific Research

• Some obstacles to conducting scientific research in the management area

• The building blocks of science in research

• The hypothetico deductive method

• Other types of research

(4)

Definition of Scientific Research

• Scientific Research focusing on solving problems and

pursues a step by step logical, organized and rigorous

method to identify the problems, gather data, analyze

them and draw valid conclusions there from.

(5)

Why Scientific Research?

• This research is not based on hunches, experience and intuition.

• It is purposive and rigorous.

• Enables all those who are interested in researching and knowing about the same or similar issues to come up with comparable findings when data are analyzed.

• Findings are accurate and confident.

• Apply solutions to similar problems – generalization.

• It is more objective.

• Highlights the most critical factors at the work place that need specific attention to solve or minimize problems.

• Scientific Investigation and Managerial Decision Making are integral part of effective problem solving.

• It can be applied to both basic and applied research.

(6)

Berpikir Ilmiah

Skeptik : selalu menanyakan bukti & fakta yg mendukung pertanyaan

Analitik : selalu menganalisis setiap pertanyaan atau persoalan

Kritik : selalu mendasarkan pikiran atau pendapat pada logika & mampu menimbang berbagai hal secara

obyektif berdasarkan data, dan analisis akal sehat

(7)

Penelitian

1. Menggambarkan/menjelaskan keadaan 2. Memecahkan masalah

3. Menemukan/mengembangkan model/pola/cara kerja 4. Membuat keputusan/kebijakan

5. Mengembangkan/menguji konsep/teori

6. Memperbaiki: keadaan, peristiwa, situasi, aktivitas

yang saat ini sedang berjalan.

(8)

Metode Ilmiah

berdasarkan fakta

bebas dari prasangka

menggunakan prinsip analisis menggunakan

hipotesis.

menggunakan ukuran obyektif

menggunakan teknik

kuantifikasi

(9)

Karakteristik Penelitian

1. Sistematis; langkah-langkahnya runtut 2. Logis; keterkaitan yang masuk nalar 3. Empiris; didasarkan fakta-fakta empirik

4. Bersifat reduktif; tidak semua aspek diteliti

5. Bersifat replikabel; (dapat diulang oleh peneliti lain

dengan hasil yang sama),dan transmitabel (hasilnya

dapat dialihkan untuk kepentingan yang lebih besar)

(10)

Sifat Penelitian

• Berkisar di seputar masalah yang ingin dipecahkan

• Mengandung unsur-unsur originalitas

• Didasarkan atas pandangan ingin tahu

• Dilakukan secara terbuka

• Berdasarkan asumsi, bahwa suatu fenomena mempunyai hukum dan pengaturan (order)

• Untuk menemukan generalisasi atau dalil

• Harus menggunakan pengukuran yang akurat

(11)

Hallmarks of scientific research:

11

Purposiveness

Rigor

Testability

Replicability

Precision and Confidence Objectivity

Generalizability

Parsimony

(12)

Hypothetico-Deductive Research

• The Seven-Step Process in the Hypothetico-Deductive Method

12 Identify a

broad problem area

Define the problem statement

Develop hypotheses

Determine measures Data

collection Data

analysis Interpretation

of data

(13)

Deduction and Induction

• Hypothesis testing

Deductive reasoning: application of a general theory to a specific case.

• Counting white swans

Inductive reasoning: a process where we

observe specific phenomena and on this basis arrive at general conclusions.

Both inductive and deductive processes are often used in research.

13

(14)

Teori Konsep, Proposisi, Variabel

• Teori = Suatu himpunan konstruk (konsep), definisi dan proposisi yang memberikan suatu pandangan yang sistematis mengenai gejala dengan memerinci hubungan-hubungan antara variabel-variabel, dengan tujuan menjelaskan dan meramal fenomena/gejala. (Kerlinger).

• Tujuan teori: menjelaskan hubungan antara satu variabel dengan

variabel lainnya, dan bagaimana bentuk hubungan itu, sehingga dapat dibuat prediksi hubungan variabel tertentu ke variabel lainnya.

• Proposisi adalah pernyataan tentang satu konsep , satu variabel atau lebih.

• Variabel adalah gambaran atau ukuran atas suatu konstruk/konsep.

(15)

Hipotesis

Hipotesis = suatu penjelasan tentatif, jawaban sementara terhadap masalah penelitian. Disusun berdasarkan penafsiran yang mendalam tentang latar belakang teori dan bukti-bukti empirik yang berfungsi menuntun dan menjelaskan sifat-sifat tertentu yang menjadi pusat perhatian peneliti.

• Hipotesis merupakan pernyataan yang terbuka untuk diuji kembali melalui prosedur penelitian, dikemukakan dalam bentuk :

logis

konsisten dengan fakta atau teori

dinyatakan secara terbuka untuk diuji kebenarannya ditulis secara sederhana.

(16)

Alternative approaches to what makes good research

16

Positivism

Constructionism

• Critical realism

• Pragmatism

The middle ground:

(17)

Positivism

17

• Scientific research is the way to get to the truth

• Rigour and replicability, reliability, and generalizability

• Key approach: experiment

(18)

Critical realism

18 There is an external reality but we cannot

always objectively measure this external reality

The critical realist is critical of our ability to

understand the world with certainty

(19)

Constructionism

The world as we know it is fundamentally mental

Aim to understand the rules people use to make sense of the world

Research methods are often qualitative in nature

19

(20)

Pragmatism

Do not take a particular position on what makes good research

Research on both objective and subjective phenomena can produce useful knowledge

Relationship between theory and practice

Purpose of theory is to inform practice

20

(21)

21

Dwi Martani - 081318227080

[email protected] atau [email protected] http://staff.blog.ui.ac.id/martani/

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