There are already many existing solar water heating products, each with different capabilities. The study will focus on the insulation properties of the collector and tank, the material to be used and the solar water heating process.
INTRODUCTION
- Background
- Thesis Purpose
- Thesis Problem
- Thesis Scope
- Thesis Limitation
- Short Methodology
- Thesis Outline
Based on analysis, the modularity and efficiency of the solar heater will be investigated. The limitation of the study is that the solar heater only needs to work in the tropical country.
LITERATURE REVIEW
- Introduction
- Solar Water Heating System
- Passive and Active System
- Open and Closed System
- Solar Energy Collectors
- Flat Plate Collectors
- Solar Radiation
- Emissivity
- View Factor
- Temperature
- Wavelength
- Tilt and Orientation
- Calculating Solar Radiation
- Color Absorption
- Design in Solidworks
- Testing Using Arduino
The largest amount of solar energy absorbed is when the position of the solar collectors is perpendicular to the solar energy source. One of the factors that contributes to the amount of solar radiation that can be absorbed by the solar collectors is the orientation or position of the solar collector towards the solar energy.
RESEARCH METHODS
Introduction
Process Method Flow Chart
When prototyping, the evaluation must be done, which will determine whether the prototype needs to be improved or whether it is already good to be used for the test. If the project result is still not satisfactory, the process must return to the improvement and then prototyping again.
Overview of the Solar Water Heater
The image above shows the flowchart which basically explains the method that will form the basis in creating this project. When designing, the analysis of the strength, stiffness of the material should be analyzed. During the analysis process, the result will occur whether the design is good enough or not.
If the result is still not good enough, the process should go back to creating a new concept after the goals have been met. It may be difficult because sometimes the improvement can be done after the testing process. The efficiency of this solar water heater will be achieved by analyzing radiation, conduction and convection in the system.
The simulation will focus on the frame force and water flow in the solar water heater.
Tank Material and Design Discussion
- Tank Schematic Diagram Explanation
- Tank Assembly Method
There are six parts that are designed for the tank shown in the image above. This pipe will ensure that the hot water directly fills the top of the tank. The position of the inlet will improve the natural convection of hot water from the collector to the tank.
The installation of the outlet is the consideration of the safety factor of pressure inside the tank. First layer which is the inner layer of the tank is made of stainless steel. Before proceeding to the other layer of the tank assembly, the hole for the inlet and outlet must be drilled in accordance with the design.
The production to be considered is making the manhole of the tank.
Radiator / Collector Material and Design Discussion
- Collector Design Calculation
- Radiant Heating Power
- Heat Radiation
- Collector Material
- Collector Assembly Method
The design calculation of the collector is based on the dimension of material availability (galvanized steel) in the market. Radiant heating power is the ability of the collector to absorb heat radiation from the source to the surface of the collector. According to Hossain, 80% of the heat energy of the sun's radiation is absorbed in the collector plate.
The reflected radiant heat and heat loss on the surface of the collector will be around 35%. The collector material in this project must be affordable and have good radiation absorption and thermal conductivity. A pipe with a design dimension is already available on the market, so the production of the collector is easier and cheaper.
After all the components are made, the flow tube is mounted on the 2 header and welded to become the collector as shown in the figure below.
Frame Material and Design Discussion
- Frame Design
- Frame Simulation
For the tank frame there are a total of 36 bolts that will be used to attach the components. The gray cast iron design is illustrated in Figure 23, the only difference being the length of the leg. For Figure 28, the joining method to be used is to use the brazing technique to ensure that it is strong enough to hold the manifold components on top of it.
At the top of the design of the collector frame, 1 zinc plate with a size of 1 m x 2 m is placed and the collector is then also closed with glass of 5 mm thickness and 1 m x 2 m in length. The above picture shows the simulation result of the tank frame, the force applied to the frame is 3000 N, and the area of the given force is indicated in the picture. As a result, the displacements that will happen to the tank frame are 7.652x 10-2, which can be calculated using a calculator and give the result ±0.007mm.
This means that the design can be used as the displacement of 0.007 cm will not affect the entire system of the project because the bolt connection method will calibrate the displacement that occurs at the tank.
Components Design Revision
- Frame Leg Assembly
- Frame Tank Assembly Revision
- Collector Frame Assembly Revision
The important things to consider when designing tank frame is the ability of the frame to secure the tank. In the assembly process of the solar heater, the tank is the last components to be assembled, but the first components to be built. The location of the inlet will cause the hot water assumed to be located at the top joint in the collector to flow directly to the tank.
The flow meter is located at the outlet of the water from the tank for the customer's use because it will indicate the amount coming out of the system. This means that the natural convection happens because the hot water is generated by this convection to be able to move to the upper level of the tank. The figure described the value of temperature rise at the first test that held under the assumption that there are no insulation components installed in the solar collector and the outlet of the solar heating system.
Improving the insulation system at the collector components and water flow piping.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Introduction
The solar water heater components are designed, tested and assembled using a methodology and design explained in Chapter 3. The experiment is tested using a flow sensor and a temperature sensor integrated using Arduino.
Project Results
- Tank
- Collector
- Frame
- Inlet and Outlet Position Results
- Assembly Components
In these collector results, there are some improvements that have been made after the evaluation of the test results, it shows that there are patching components that exist in both headers as shown in the figures below, this is because the position of the inlet and outlet of old design is difficult to realize, so the new concept is that the inlet position is next to the collector head. The revision of the location of inlets and outlets is based on the consideration of reducing the cost of manufacturing procedures by improving the efficiency of the water flow with the natural convection method. The position will make the water flow out and inside the tank will be faster because the whole inlet could flow hot water and cold water at the same process time.
For the method, the first frame to be mounted is the tank frame, as all other frame mounting will follow the positioning of the tank frame. There are 4 inlet and outlet ports installed on the solar water heater. The position of the inlet at the picture above is based on the consideration of the position of cold water will be at the bottom of the tank by density theory, so this position ensures that the efficiency of the cold water from the tank to the collector currents could be maximized.
It is installed at the inlet for water supply from the pump to the tank.
Result of Flow and Temperature Using Arduino Sensor
Flange is the connector commonly used to connect pipes, the reason is based on its strength ability to prevent leakage at the huge amount of pressure and the durability of corrosion. The result of the flow meter sensor shown in the above picture shows that the natural convection is taking place in this solar water heating system as at the time when the tank is already full there is still some flow detected which means that the circulation of the water flow is still happening indicating that the heating process is approved, the amount of flow indicating changes due to the heating volume is different at some times. The condition is that the insulation components have been fitted to the solar boiler systems that are shown in the solar boiler results stated in Chapter 4.
The highest temperature displayed in the thermo-recorder is 44.4 which is already close to about 50. For the 2nd testing, there are 9 thermocouple PT100 sensors that are used to detect all temperature changes that occur at all positions in solar water heater systems. The results indicate that the radiation occurs at the solar water heater systems because the temperature sensed by the thermocouple installed at the collector shows that the temperature is always greater than the ambient temperatures.
The results also showed that the temperature of all collector components was not much different from the ambient temperature which allowed the radiation that was collected by the solar water heater system to be low and this affected the results of the heating process in the solar water heater. .
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
Thermosiphon: A passive heat exchanger method that relies on natural convection to flow fluid through the system without the use of an additional system such as a pump. Flowcharts: A type of diagram that represents the process of a system or algorithm, represented by step boxes and order arrows. Translation: the process of electric current or heat being directly transferred through matter when there is a difference in temperature or electric potential without movement of the material.
Convection: a process of liquid or gas that depends on the different amount of energy in terms of particles or less heat energy. Efficiency: the state or quality of being efficient in terms of the ratio of the useful work done by a machine or in a process to the total energy consumed or heat absorbed. Design NOMOGRAM FOR LONG TERM PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF INTEGRATED COLLECTION STORE (ICS) ) SOLAR WATER HEATER.
Some Aspects of a Solar Cell Forced Circulation Flat Plate PV/T Collector/Solar Water Heater.
