Charles Peck is always willing to give patient and systematic explanations and was very helpful during the data analysis phase of the experiment. The photoproduction cross sections of neutral pi, eta, rho, and phi mesons on hydrogen were measured at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center using the missing mass spectrometer technique. The pion differential cross sections at lower energies show a peak at low momentum transfers, a pronounced dip, and a secondary maximum for t in the region.
As the photon energy increases, the dip becomes less pronounced, contradicting the expectations of simple Regge theories based only on the exchange of omega and B pathways. The cross-section has approximately the same size as the cross-section of pawn production, but decreases exponentially with t and shows no dip. No particle with a mass between 1300 and 2000 MeV and a width less than 200 MeV was produced with a diameter greater than about 10.
INTRODUCTION
The theory also predicts the usual Reggae contraction of the front peak at high energies. Before describing the device, the basic features of the technique will be sketched. The missing mass was varied by varying the viewing angle of the spectrometer for a fixed endpoint energy and momentum of the recoil proton.
Variable slits in front of the spectrometer limited the viewed target length to approximately 6. An unfilled duplicate of the target cell could be inserted into the beam for empty target runs. The cmmter telescope is located at the top of the spectrometer and is shielded from the background of the room by a concrete cave.
YIELD CURVES
The mass dependence of the cross section will be separated from the energy and t dependence, i.e. The front edge of the step is located at an angle e which can be calculated from equation (ill-1) by substituting m = 0 and k = E. The shape of the curve beyond threshold angle depends on the bremsstrahlung spectrum, the energy de-.
The interesting signal, the phi step, accounts for only about 3 percent of the total proton yield. The original yield curve is at the top of the figure and a subtracted yield curve is in the middle. Background typically accounts for 50 percent of observed count rates, and is therefore a serious problem.
SUBTRRCTICJN CJF
Even under the worst conditions, with high momentum transfers, less than 5 percent of pions mix with protons. Such protons should show different times of flight than protons of the correct momentum that reach the detectors normally. Closing the slit completely reduces the rate in the phantom region to about 3 percent of the full aperture value.
The calculation roughly reproduces the t dependence, but accounts for only about 20 percent of the ghost protons. Each part of the figure is labeled with the endpoint energy E in GeV and t in (GeV /c)2. Points at the top of each figure represent deviations of the observed yield from the fit.
SUBTAAC TICJN C'JF
FACJM
FROM
SUBTRRCT1C'JN CJF
SUBTRACTION OF
SUBTRACTICIN C'JF
FRCIM
DATA ANALYSIS
Each of the 108 angles is subtended at a specific endpoint energy and consisted of approximately 25 separate directions, one for each angle setting of the spectrometer. The stability of the beam monitor was verified using two secondary monitors, the smoothness of the pion yield curve and the excesses in the proton yield data itself. A run was discarded or its measured photon flux corrected when tests indicated this was necessary, approximately 5 percent of the time.
The physical prerequisites are contained in the form of the background polynomial and in the yield curves y(e). The contribution from the eta was masked by poorly known yields from multi-pion production and the low mass of the rho distribution. The photon energy was difficult to determine because of a three-way relationship between poor angular resolution, rapid variation with angle of the photon energy effective to produce pions, and rapid variation of the cross section with photon energy.
Measured total gamma-p cross-sections, the optical theorem and the photon-rho-meson analogy were used to estimate. The omega, which is not soluble from the rho, was estimated to be 10 percent of the diameter of the rho plus omega. The lack of knowledge about the multipawn production background was a serious problem, as large changes are possible across the large width of the rho.
The mass search analysis was very different from the fit for the particle cross section. The technique of fitting theoretical functions to data for determining cross sections has the advantage of objectivity and the ability to calculate the energy dependence of cross sections and. For the narrow particles, pi, eta, and phi, two additional completely independent methods (described in appendix B) were used to measure the cross sections and the results were compared.
It is the result of the data consolidation process described in section A of this chapter and is input to the adaptation program.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Because the data are taken at varying effective s, plotting the cross-section versus t for different photon energies requires interpolation. Because the disappearance of the dip at high energies contradicts previous expectations of simple Regge theory, it is important to assess the strength of the evidence. The remaining cross section in the dip area is attributed to sources that are negligible elsewhere: the contribution of the B meson exchange in the theory of Ader, Capdeville and Salin (4.
Evidence other than the extinction of the decline casts doubt on the simple omega trade-off model. The energy dependence of the differential cross section outside the dipping region also disagrees with the predictions of the omega trajectory exchange, as can be seen from the effective Regge trajectory in Figure 11. The decrease by the disappearance of the omega trajectory contribution is compensated by the contribution from the shear term, i which becomes increasingly important as energy increases.
Each of the two theories achieves a good fit to our data and the polarization data. The dashed line of figure 14 is the 6 Ge V pion production cross section taken from figure 12. It shows that eta cross sections are of the same order of magnitude as pion cross sections, but not the dramatic dip.
For the small range of energies and momentum transfers covered, the differential cross section is consistent with an s -2 energy dependence and an exp(3t) dependence on momentum transfer. One would expect simple Regge theory(g) to predict a decrease in the eta photoproduction cross section, analogous to the decrease in pion photoproduction, due to the disappearance of the contribution from the rho orbital. The data are not of sufficient quality and do not extend to large enough momentum transfers for one of the forms (V-1) and (V-2) to be preferred.
Fits of the quark model are used to extrapolate the differential rho cross sections at zero momentum transfer and obtain the total rho cross section as a function of photon energy.
The smooth curve is the same in all six parts of the figure; this comes from a quark model relation similar to the rho production relation, and will be discussed shortly. No systematic dependence on photon energy is apparent with the large errors and small range of energies of the data. Particles with production cross-sections greater than about one-third of the rho's should have been visible.
To fully utilize the possible counting rate, an experimenter is forced to. In this experiment, the maximum usable beam current was regularly determined by the settling time of the electronics. The energy of the beam transmitted to the experimenter is determined by a series of bending magnets in the switching site at the end of the accelerator.
During the course of the experiment, the beam was "chopped" several times so that time of flight could be used to distinguish the particles. Three zinc sulfide screens were placed in front of and just behind the target and just before the SEQ. The dependence of the SEQ response on beam intensity and control was tested with a positron beam and found to be negligible for this experiment.
Short-term stability of the beam monitor is important to the validity of a yield curve, which is composed of approximately twenty individual runs taken over a two-hour period. A second slit with its jaws perpendicular to the beam line determined the length of the hydrogen target visible to the. The two main trigger counters 89 and S 10 include the eight-counter hodoscope, which lies in the focal plane of the magnet.
The remainder of the telescope is used to separate protons from other incoming particles.
COUNTER TELESCOPE
INCOMING PARTICLE
SCALE: 1/3
The 75-inch width of the hodoscope counters limits the resolution in the p-e plane (the intrinsic resolution of the spectrometer is about a quarter of the counter width). Occasionally, however, the effect can be seen as a break in the steep increase in yield from rho production. 4 represents the count in 84, one of the hodoscope counters, and the a's are parameters to be estimated experimentally.
The sum of the eight hodoscope counter speeds in a run (ie, the sum along a diagonal in Figure B-1) must equal the sum of the corresponding average speeds. In some cases, interaction with the high mass end of the rho distribution also causes problems. Determining the cross section of the broad rho resonance is much more difficult than for the narrow particles.
There are several interacting causes: .. i) The correct theoretical resonance form is unknown. ii) The width and mass of the rho are not well known. iii). To further help determine the sensitivity of the derived cross-sections to the assumed shape, additional shapes were used. This smallness is thought to be due to the rapid decay of the propagator for the swapped pawn.
For example, if the rho fit function was centered on the wrong mass, .. the background could take on an S shape to shift the effective rho position. Background uncertainty was the dominant source of error in the determination of the rho cross section, often exceeding 10 percent of the cross section. The spectrometer is set to observe protons which originate at the center of the target with momentum p.
The calculated corrections are listed in Table 2. c) The loss of the proton signal due to nuclear interactions was estimated by a combination of calculation and experiment. Full proton and pion logic was used to solve the ratio of currents at both angles. 75 percent of the protons that suffer from nuclear interactions have actually been lost. the corresponding kill efficiency is 60 percent.
