1 Br´ehati tide mill, favorite spot of Jules Verne and Erik Irsebba 2 Aerial view of TPP Rance viewer. 2.10 (b) Arillo tide mill located on the road to Cadiz, new with sea view. figs. 2.10 belong to the Archives of the French Land Forces, now in Vincennes, France) (c) Present condition Arillo tide mill.
Energy From The Ocean
- Tidal Power
- Marine Winds
- Wave Power
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Marine Biomass Conversion
- Marine Currents
- Tidal Currents
- Salinity Gradients
31 Formerly Zuiderzee, before the damming and polderisation of a large part of the water body. A recent proposal led to the development of a prototype scheme in which the surface of the ocean plays the role of membrane.
Hydrogen Power
Conclusion
Environment Objections
The coastal protection role that the artificial islands would have is hardly mentioned, so the secondary use of the islands is apparently not taken into account when calculating the price of a kilowatt. However, there is a general investigation into the construction of artificial reefs to be used as a coastal defense scheme and the location of wind farms.56 Very little has been said about the coastal defense role played by structures related to the exploitation of ocean energy. could play.
Bacteria
Source: (a) The International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, http://www.iclei.org/. b) NSF/Nasa Solar Energy Panel.
Introduction
Meeting local demands for power was the idea behind the tidal mills that once dotted the coasts of England, Wales, France, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Canada, the United States and China. If the construction of France's Rance River tidal power station sealed the demise of several tidal mills that were still in a state of relative operation in 1966, there has recently developed an interest, particularly in France and the United Kingdom, to rehabilitate tidal mills and even putting some back to work; England, France and the United States have some "working" mills today.
Tide Mills, Economics, Industry and Development
To respond to local power demands was the idea behind the tidal mills that once lined the coasts - and sometimes the rivers - of mainly England, Wales, France, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Denmark, Canada, the United States. , and China. The construction of France's Rance River tidal power station sealed the doom of some still relatively active tidal mills in 1966, however a recent interest has developed, particularly in France and the United Kingdom, in rehabilitating tidal mills and even restoring of some at work.
Historical Development
The Middle Ages
The tidal mill of bygone times inspired engineers' dreams and after long and varied trials became the generation of tidal power plants. On the Iberian Peninsula, the earliest mill may be that of Castro Marim, built below the castle, on the right bank of the mouth of the Guadiana River.
From 1492 to the End of the 18th Century
Fifteen new mills were added in the course of that century.11 Indeed, the number of mills seems to have gradually increased throughout the Middle Ages. In Spain some mills were still working in the 1950s and in Portugal six mills were still working in the 1960s.
Location of Tide Mills
- Spain
- France
- Portugal
- British Isles
- Northern Europe
- The Far East
- The Americas
Eleven of these located in the rios (rivers) Marismas Odiel and Tinto have been reported by Vanney and Menanteau (1985) et al. In addition, tidal turbines were placed on boats anchored in the Danube (Romania) and the Tiber (Italy); on the river Loire (France) tide mills were also mounted, in the Middle Ages on boats, apparently near Champtoceaux (France).
Distribution Factors
Tidal mills are thus found in the New York area, such as the Van Wyck mill or the Chelsea mill in Massachusetts. Brooklyn Mill, built to plans by the Italian Veranzio, is one of the few still standing in the New York City area.
Mills and Their Environment
- Dikes
- Entrance Sluice Gates
- Ponds
- Exit Gates
- Wheels
- The Mill
In general, the wheels tend to be narrower in the south than in the north. -Louis Boithias44 identified several architectural types:. a) the upper part containing the grinding wheels is a light wooden structure, built on piles over solid stone foundations (e.g. Vauban in Paimpol, Lupine in Rotheneuf Bay).
Renaissance of the Tide Mill?
Some mills located inside salt pans were used to wash salt, as was the case of the Loix mill (Ile de R´e, France), while others were converted to paper mills, sawmills and carpenters' workshops and even for the production of ice was used. . It is an aberration and a contradiction that the Rance tidal power station is the direct cause of the silting of 17 mill dams that flow onto the estuary.
A Preservation-Worthy Heritage
This has made it possible to preserve them and the restoration work is often of the highest quality: in Brittany Rochegaude or Bugu´el`es on the north coast and Co¨et-Courzo, Le Bono, M´eriadec, Pomper, H´ezo and Pencastel on the Gulf of Morbihan. Unfortunately, such conversions often lead to the complete disappearance of the internal machinery of the mills, while the hydraulic wheels cease to be useful and gradually rot.
Conclusion
2.10 (a) Arillo tide mill on the San Fernando-Cadiz road, 1823. French Land Forces Archives, now in Vincennes, France) (c) Present state Arillo tide mill.
What is a Tide?
Types of Tides
The length of the mean new moon, or period separating two successive upper passages of the moon over a local meridian at the equator, is 24 h 50 min and 24.9 s. The time between successive perigees of the moon is its anomalistic period; anomalistic tides are closely related to the moon's anomalistic period.
Tide and Tidal Current
The potential energy of tidal power sites was calculated by Bernshtein (1965), Gibrat (1964) and Mosonyi (1963) leading to the mathematical expression. A type of utilization factor is presented which is based on the selected system: for a single or double plant and a single tide it is 0.224, double tide 0.34 but 0.21 for a double pond; for a double basin, a wave with reverse pumping is 0.277 and with pumps 0.234.
Tide Generation
Power Generation
Theoretically the rise and fall of the tides dissipates 3,000 million kW, of which a billion in shallow seas. The ratio of the opening section to the surface of the pelvis is important: its dimension in absolute value, the minimum depth of the basin, the opening of the pelvis and the more or less form of the expansion.
Range and Amplitude
The tidal prism is the product of the tidal area and the estuarine area, which determines the amount of water entering and exiting an estuary during a tidal cycle. Apogee intervals usually occur one to three days after apogee,2 The tidal apogee range is the mean semidiurnal range occurring at apogee tide time, most conveniently calculated from the harmonic constants that are smaller than the mean range in semi-diurnal and mixed tidal regimes.
Transmission and Storage
Any gas can be stored in abandoned mines and even create artificial cavities for storage purposes. Hydrogen combustion can heat the air during peak periods, and hydrogen can be produced during off-peak periods using unheated compressed air; hydrogen does not need to be stored or transported.
Tides and Harmonic Analysis
- Smoothing
- Auto-Correlation
- Moving Averages
- Auto-Regression
- Fourier Analysis
The solution of the harmonic functions, or amplitudes, can be obtained by a Fourier analysis. Although smoothing can artificially generate oscillation in the residual, it is useful for detecting trends and cycles, and like tides, can be predictive.
Dreams
- The Severn River and Other British Plants
- Japan
- South Asia, Egypt
- Down Under
- Much Power, No Users
- India
More potential locations have been made as a result of the development of low head) and ultra low head turbines. With the exception of Wales, the plans have been scrapped: Argentina lacks the necessary funds, Australia lacks enough customers, Korea locked in a political frenzy with France, the would-be builder; however, it is again considering building a TPP, this time as a fully "national" enterprise (Table 4.1).
Realities
- The Rance River Plant
- The Kislaya Bay Plant (Russia)
- Annapolis-Royal Pilot Plant (Canada)
- A Hundred Chinese Plants
An overview of the rather limited available information on Chinese plants was recently published (Charlier 2001, "The view from China") and, in the same issue of Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, Chang et al. 2003) reviews all aspects of the energy scene, including tidal and tidal flow energy. The time delivery shift problem has been one of the controversial topics of tidal power.
Introduction
Ancestors and Forerunners
And a fourth approach involves damming a part of the sea, providing a basin that fills with incoming tide; the water is then released at low tide, forced to pass through turbines either back to the sea or, in multi-basin schemes, to another basin. Much attention is now being paid to harnessing tidal current energy, which removes a barrage, a system even closer to the ancient run-of-the-river tidal mill11.
Tide Mills Bow Out on the Rance
The Rance River Plant
The Rance River Tidal Power Plant translated the tidal mill principles of harnessing tidal energy into modern times. A tidal power plant operated in the latter part of the 19th century in Boston's (Massachusetts, USA) harbor [cf.
Other Anniversaries
The stations built since 1966 are admittedly experimental and/or pilot plants; a major deterrent was the capital-intensive aspect of such ventures and the resulting high cost of the delivered kilowatt. However, the cost reduction approaches have reduced the price of power production, further reduced when the life cycle of the plant is considered.
The Anatomy of the Rance River Plant
The Rance: First and Last of Its Kind?
The Past and the Future
Tidal stream river energy can be tapped in the marine environment as well as in tidal rivers and streams. A technology assessment conducted by New York University on behalf of the State of New York32, primarily concerned with tapping the tidal flow of the East River in New York City, provided information on a number of devices that could be useful and the benefits of axial flow propeller machines.33,34.
Changes at the Rance TPP
The basic principles of the control system have been described by de la Vall'ee Poussin (1991), Hillariet (1989) and Mourier et al (1990). Optimization of the operation was investigated in a paper by Orava and Eirola (1983) using Pontryagin's maximum principle and at the same time the two-point boundary value problem, the computational solution of which was found by the so-called "back and forth method".
Discussion
Of the six operating modes, generation by excessive basin emptying has only rarely been used since the early 1980s. However, at the time the company still firmly believed in the value of direct pumping (Table 5.1).
The Quoddy and Fundy Affairs
The United States and Tidal Power
The Passamaquoddy Site
Wastes, in the area, are unconsolidated glacial surface deposits, weathered materials and peat. Quoddy tides are strongly influenced by the resonance of the Gulf of Maine-Bay of Fundy system, although the Bay of Fundy tidal system itself is not highly resonant.
The U.S. and the U.K
Production will remain satisfactory despite the creation of significant slopes in the basins at Falls Island [lower pool] (Cobscook Bay). A Native American tribe in the area obtained some funding twenty years ago to build a small TPP.
Argentina—The San Jos´e Tidal Power Plant
No major new technologies are needed for the current construction of tidal power plants, however, it can be rewarded to promote the development and research of the production interface of a center with national grids, to calculate a sound assessment of its economic interest , proper design and implantation of the site. , and of course environmental effect and sustainability (Frau 1993). There is nothing sensational "new", but the improvements are numerous, adjustments have been made and development has continued.
Taiwan
But the 40 years of operation of the Rance and Kislaya plants and the more than 30 years that followed the Annapolis facility have taught many lessons.
Gorlov’s Barrier
Japan
Russia
Bernshtein and Usachev (1997) recalled on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the TPP in Kislaya Guba that Russia has a capacity of 17 million kW and could transfer 50 Twh per year to the combined European energy system and that the proposed Tugur plant might add to that. a capacity of 8 million TWh/year usable for the coastal areas of the Russian Federation and Japan. He pointed out that if the US proposal to build a combined transport and electricity tunnel under Behring Street ever became a reality, a Penzinskaya TPP could be part of the complex with a capacity of 87 million kW.
China
Of this, 277 Twh of tidal energy is found in the former Soviet Union, 20 in Argentina (Gulf of San Jose), 17 each in the Severn River site (United Kingdom) and Turnagain Arm (Alaska).
Great Britain
Since 1999, Britain has committed approximately £25 million (∼$50 million; C=33 million) for research and development of wave and tidal current equipment.
USA
Norwegian-Dutch Sea and River Mix to Make Power
Co-Generation
Some New Ideas
Tidal Delay R
"Tide" comes gradually, in other words water masses need some time to bring two points to the same water level; this delay is greater if a natural landform (peninsula, isthmus) constitutes an obstacle in the path of tidal current progression. Pipes can be placed on top of the topographic surface or buried in a trench.
Where Do “Things” Stand?
Tapping Channel Tides
Further revenue would be generated from tolls for using the highways built on top of the barrages. However, pressure on such roads can be anticipated by the operators of ferries crossing the Eurochannel and the English Channel.
Turbines
Reciprocating turbines with two impulse types, a wave-energy Wells turbine and a cross-flow Darrieus type one for very low head hydropower (in a unidirectional steady flow obtained by physical test models) were compared for their characteristics. It was concluded that the output of the plant [apparently] depends on the tidal [range] and a dam flooded area.”.
Re-Timing, Self-Timing
This was done in non-dimensional forms; power plant performance with the different turbines, numerically simulated on equivalent scale turbines; the comparison is based on the low similarity on turbine performance with the non-dimensional characteristics under one of the simplest controls in combination with a suitable reservoir dam area.
Climate Alteration and Energy Shortage
At the 2002 meeting of the IEEE Power Engineering Society, a diametrically opposed view was presented by a group of scientists who, through Meisen's article, disputed these findings.
Innovations and New Thoughts
Already in 1993, additional research has been suggested regarding the interface of TEC production with national grids, for a proper assessment of such plants, their economic interest, design and implementation according to location and environmental effects. it was both desirable and urgent (Frau). He found that the extracted energy is proportional to the amplitude while the required braiding area is proportional to the square of the tidal amplitude.
Public Acceptance
New Technologies
Wrap-up
Does the CEO Get a Pass?
France has suspended its Chaussey Islands mega-project, but then the Electricit´e de France has come under nuclear attack. Capital costs for a tidal power plant remain high, but the lifespan of the tidal power plant is estimated at 75 years, compared to 25 years for a fossil fuel thermal power plant and between 30 and perhaps 40 years for a nuclear power plant.
Introduction
An advantage of the tidal current resource is that it is highly predictable, as it is gravitationally bound; however, it is not in phase with the Sunday.
Tidal Current
There is an instantaneous or brief period - the deceleration period - when there is little or no current, at every change in the direction of the current. Because of the overlap from other currents, observing tidal currents is difficult and requires extensive complex data.
Energy Potential
Regional Potential
Calculating Pf (region) or linear potential for a specific region requires knowing the elevation above sea level of the individual basins (Hi) and the average runoff of several basins; an estimate of the theoretical linear value of the per year potential, in millions of kWh (kWh.106), is now possible (Pf). Another estimate of extractable power (Px), calculated in W/m2, is given by (8.6) in which typical values of the extraction efficiency factor (μ), the velocity profile factor (Ks) and the jump/fluid tide factor (Kn) are respectively and 0.57; w is the liquid density in kg/m3.
Geographical Distribution of Promising Sites
Very high unidirectional tidal currents exist in the Far East Indies and southeast Papua New Guinea. Indeed, the westerly motion of the "planetary tidal wave" significantly increases southwesterly tidal flows in the connecting Pacific-Indian Ocean channels, with tides reaching 10 knots.
Proposed Schemes
For example in the Iroise Sea, off the Brittany coast, current speeds of 8 knots are not uncommon in the Fromveur passage.
Glance at the Past and Look into the Future
The Modest Forerunners
The terms sea mill and later tide mill referred to mills that exploited the tides with or without holding ponds. Thus there were tidal mills that took advantage of the ebb and/or flood current.
The Contemporary Scene
The term water mills has generally denoted river mills located on waterways where there was/is no tidal current. The conclusion of the studies was that the system would cost less than $1,700/kW installed.24.
Current Developments
- Seaflow and Optcurrent
- Stingray
- Vlieland and the Electricit´e de France
- In the Arctic
In terms of costs, a price of 8 to 30 US cents is expected; technological improvements are likely to reduce the price of kWh. If the plans become reality, Vlieland would become the first island in the world where all energy would be generated and stored exclusively from renewable sources.
Tidal Power and the Environment
Change in tidal amplitudes, phase spectral composition of sea level oscillations, tidal current parameters are just a few of the changes observed in the sea area around the power plant. Never to be deterred, opponents of a Fundy power plant raise the specter of major ecological changes — besides fishery losses — was a large station implanted in the upper reaches of the Bay.
Economics
General Bibliography
Additional References
Special References for Chapter 2
Update 2008
Thus, it was not until 1988 that Jean-Louis Boithias and Antoine de la Vernhe published their remarkable book on the mills of Brittany.8 The tidal mill of the past inspired the dreams of engineers and, after long and varied problems, became the tidal generator of the plant. A lonely mill in Dunkerque (French Flanders, described by Forest de B´elidor in the 1730s) was built at the end of the 17th century.
New Developments
Companies and Organizations Involved in Tidal
Equipment
Services, Consultancies and Organizations
Various Services and Products
Summaries
