View of OPTIMISING LITERARY ACTIVITIES FOR CHARACTER BUILDING AT MUSAMUS UNIVERSITY, SOUTH PAPUA

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‡ƒ—–—•ƒ„ƒ‹„ȏͳȐǡ‡•…ƒ‰‡Ž‹ƒƒ™ƒ–‹ȏʹȐǡƒ”–Šƒ‡–ƒ—„—ȏ͵Ȑǡ‡•–›ƒ„ƒŒ‘‰ȏͶȐǡ‡Ž‹

ƒ”Ž‹ƒƒ†Œƒ‡„ƒȏͷȐ

OPTIMISING LITERARY ACTIVITIES FOR CHARACTER BUILDING AT MUSAMUS UNIVERSITY, SOUTH PAPUA

Beautus Tambaib [1], Desca Angelianawati [2], Martha Betaubun [3], Hesty Tambajong [4], Seli Marlina Radja Leba [5]

ȏʹȐ†‡•…ƒƒ‰̷——•Ǥƒ…Ǥ‹†

ȏͳȐȏʹȐȏ͵ȐȏͶȐȏͷȐ—•ƒ—•‹˜‡”•‹–›

‡”ƒ—‡ǡ‘—–Šƒ’—ƒǡ†‘‡•‹ƒ

Abstractǣ ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž–‘‘Ž ˆ‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•̵…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡƒ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ

ƒ•’‡…–‘ˆ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–Š‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ’—ƒǡ•–—†‹‡•‹†‹…ƒ–‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”

…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– –Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ „› …‘†—…–‹‰ ƒ

•›•–‡ƒ–‹… ”‡˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– •‘—”…‡•ǡ –Š‹• •–—†› Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ–Š‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ†Š‘™–Š‡‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•’Žƒ›•ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡

‹ˆ‘”‹‰•–—†‡–•̵…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”ǤŠ‹••–—†›̵•’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š

ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†—…ƒ–‹‘–—†›”‘‰”ƒ‡ƒ†‰Ž‹•Š‡––‡”•ǡ—•ƒ—•‹˜‡”•‹–›‡”ƒ—‡Ǥ

ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‹–‹˜‘Ž˜‡†–Š‡†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Š–Š”‡‡Š‹‰ŠǦ•…Š‘‘Ž–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ǤŽŽ–Š‡

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•”‡’”‡•‡–‡††‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡–Š‹…„ƒ…‰”‘—†•ƒ†…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•–‘‡•—”‡

…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡‹•‹‰Š–•ǤŠ‹••–—†›ƒŽ•‘‡’Ž‘›‡†–Š‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›•–—†›ƒ†‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹

‰ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒǤ Š‹• •–—†› —•‡† •‘‡ …”‡†‹„Ž‡ Œ‘—”ƒŽ ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ˆ”‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ†

‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •‘—”…‡• ƒ• •‡…‘†ƒ”› †ƒ–ƒ ƒ† ƒƒŽ›•‡† –Š‡ ’‘‹–• –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ˆ‹•Š„‘‡

†‹ƒ‰”ƒ ƒ† ‡–Š‘†Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• •Š‘™ –Š‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹ ‘’–‹‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›

ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‹’ƒ…–• ‘ –Š‡ •–—†‡–•ǡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‡‹” …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ•‘‡Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•ƒ”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ••‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•™Š‹…Š”‡“—‹”‡

‘”‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– •—’’‘”– ƒ† …‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ Ž‘…ƒŽ

ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡…‘—‹–›ǤŠ‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘˜‹†‡•˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹•‹‰Š–•ˆ‘”‡†—…ƒ–‘”•ǡ

’‘Ž‹…›ƒ‡”•ǡ ƒ† Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‘”• –‘ †‡•‹‰ ƒ† ‹’Ž‡‡– ‹’ƒ…–ˆ—Ž Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›

‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•–Šƒ–•Šƒ’‡–Š‡›‘—–Š…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰‹‡”ƒ—‡ǡ‘—–Šƒ’—ƒǤ KeywordsǣŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‡†—…ƒ–‹‘

INTRODUCTION

‡”ƒ—‡ǡƒ”‡‰‹‘‡•–Ž‡†ƒ‹†•––Š‡Ž—•ŠŽƒ†•…ƒ’‡•‘ˆ‘—–Šƒ’—ƒǡ‹•™Š‡”‡…—Ž–—”ƒŽ†‹˜‡”•‹–›

–Š”‹˜‡•ǡƒ†‹†‹‰‡‘—•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Š‘Ž††‡‡’Ǧ”‘‘–‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡Ǥ‹–Šƒ”‹…Š‘”ƒŽ•–‘”›–‡ŽŽ‹‰Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡

ƒ†ƒ‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›Žƒ†•…ƒ’‡ǡ‡”ƒ—‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š

Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ–Š‡ƒ•’‡…–‘ˆ…—Ž–—”ƒŽŠ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ǡ‡ƒ…Š†‹˜‡”•‡‹†‹‰‡‘—•…‘—‹–›„‘ƒ•–•ƒ—‹“—‡

ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ –Šƒ– ‰‘‡• –Š”‘—‰Š ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  ‹–• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ •–‘”›–‡ŽŽ‹‰ Šƒ• „‡‡ –Š‡ …‘†—‹– ˆ‘”

–”ƒ•‹––‹‰‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡƒ†‡–Š‹…•™‹–Š‹–Š‡•‡…‘—‹–‹‡•ǤƒŽ‡•‘ˆŠ‡”‘‹•ǡ‘”ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†

…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•Šƒ”‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ•Šƒ’‹‰–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†

”‡‹ˆ‘”…‹‰–Š‡„‘†•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ

Š‡‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ™”‹––‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Šƒ•”‡…‡–Ž›’”‡•‡–‡†‡™ƒ˜‡—‡•ˆ‘”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ

‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ‹‹–•˜ƒ”‹‡†ˆ‘”•ǡ‡…‘’ƒ••‡•ƒ–”‡ƒ•—”›‘ˆŠ—ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•ǡ‡‘–‹‘•ǡƒ†™‹•†‘ǡ

ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰‡’ƒ–Š›ƒ†‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡ǤŠ”‘—‰Š–Š‡Ž‡•‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•…ƒ˜‹…ƒ”‹‘—•Ž›

‡š’Ž‘”‡ †‹˜‡”•‡ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ƒ †‡‡’‡” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ†

‘–Š‡”•ǤŠ‹•Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›…—Ž–—”‡™‹ŽŽŽƒ–‡”†‡–‡”‹‡‘‡̵••‘…‹‡–ƒŽ•—……‡••ȋƒ•ǡʹͲʹͳȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡŽ‹–‡”ƒ…›

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Šƒ•„‡…‘‡ƒ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹••—‡ȋ‡‡†‹„—†ǡʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ‡––‘…‘’”‡Š‡†–Š‡…—””‡–

•–ƒ–‡‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ–—•ƒ—•‹˜‡”•‹–›‡”ƒ—‡ǡ†ƒ–ƒ™ƒ•…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡

•—”˜‡›ƒ†‹–‡”˜‹‡™•™‹–Š…‘—‹–›‡„‡”•Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡•–—†›ǡ‡”ƒ—‡‡šŠ‹„‹–•ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ…›

”ƒ–‡‘ˆ͹ʹΨǡ•Š‘™…ƒ•‹‰ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽ•‡…‡••ƒ”›

ˆ‘”‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋ‹–ŠǡʹͲʹʹȌǤŠ‹•’”‘‹•‹‰ˆ‹‰—”‡‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– –Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ •—”˜‡› ƒŽ•‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –Šƒ– ‘Ž› ͵ͲΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡

’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘…ƒƒ……‡••…‘—‹–›Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•‘”„‘‘•–‘”‡•ȋ‡‡†‹„—†ǡʹͲʹ͵ȌǤŠ‡•—”˜‡›•Š‘™•–Šƒ–

‹– ‹• •–‹ŽŽ …‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ •ƒŽŽ —„‡” ƒ† ‘– ‡˜‡ ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ—‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• Ž‹‹–‡†

ƒ……‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›’‘•‡•ƒ…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹‘’–‹‹œ‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ–Š”‹˜‹‰”‡ƒ†‹‰

…—Ž–—”‡ǡ„‘Ž•–‡”‡†„›ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡’‘™‡”‹‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–‘†‡Ž˜‡‹–‘

–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ

‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡…ƒ•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡–‘‘Žˆ‘”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•†‡•…”‹„‡†ƒ•Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ

†‡’‡†ƒ„Ž‡‹‡”ƒ–—”‡‹”‡•’‘†‹‰–‘•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‹ƒ‘”ƒŽŽ›‰‘‘†™ƒ›ȋ‹…‘ƒǡͳͻͻͳȌǤƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ

‰‘‘†‘”ƒŽ‹–›…ƒ„‡•‡‡ˆ”‘–Š”‡‡‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡†ƒ•’‡…–•ǣ‘”ƒŽ‘™‹‰ǡˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ƒ†‘”ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ

Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ •…Š‘‘Ž•ǡ ƒ†—Ž–•ǡ ƒ† –‡ƒ…Š‡”• ƒ”‘—† …Š‹Ž†”‡ ƒ”‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ ‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰ –Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•

ȋ‡”ƒƒǡʹͲͳͺǢ‰Š‹ǡʹͲʹͲȌǤ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡƒ•ƒ…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†—…–ǡ‹‹–ƒ–‡•”‡ƒŽ‹–›™Š‹…Šƒ›”‡•—Ž–‹ƒ

”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǡƒ†‹–™‹ŽŽŽƒ–‡”ƒˆˆ‡…––Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ•–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡…‡•‹–Š‡•‡•‡‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–›ǡŠ—ƒ

˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ‡‘–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ…–‹‘•ȋ”‡••Ž‡”ǡʹͲͳͳǢ‡›‡”ǡʹͲͳͺǢŽ‡••‹‰•ƒǡʹͲʹͳȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†

…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰ …ƒ „‡ ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡† ƒ† ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡† –Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȋ‘˜‹ƒ–‹ǡ ʹͲͳ͹Ǣ •–‹Šƒ”‘Š Ƭ

†ƒ”–‘‘ǡʹͲͳͻǢƒŠƒ™ƒ–‹Ƭ‹Ž‹ƒ‹ǡʹͲͳͻǢƒ”—†‹ǡʹͲʹͲǢ‰—•–‹ǡʹͲʹͲǡ‰Š‹ǡʹͲʹͲȌǤ

……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‘•‡ ’‘‹–•ǡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ‡˜‡–• ƒ† ™‘”•Š‘’• •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ‹˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”• ˆ‘”

…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ …‘—‹–›Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‡˜‡–•ǡ ‘ˆ–‡ ƒ––‡†‡† „› –Š‡ ›‘—–Šǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡

‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• –‘ —”–—”‡ …”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›ǡ …”‹–‹…ƒŽ –Š‹‹‰ǡ ƒ† ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡Ǥ ‰ƒ‰‹‰ ™‹–Š

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡ ™‘”•Š‘’• ƒ† †‹•…—••‹‘• ˆ‘•–‡”• ‡’ƒ–Š›ǡ ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• –‘

”‡Žƒ–‡–‘†‹˜‡”•‡‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•ƒ†’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡††—”‹‰‹–‡”˜‹‡™•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†–Šƒ–

ͶͷΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ›‘—–Š ƒ…–‹˜‡Ž› ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ‡˜‡–• ȋ‡‡†‹„—†ǡ ʹͲʹ͵Ǣ ‡”ƒ—‡ ‘—‹–›

‹„”ƒ”›—”˜‡›ǡʹͲʹͲȌǤŠ‹•‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹…‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–•‹‰‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•–‘ˆ‘”

–Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‘ˆ –Š‡ ›‘—‰‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ‡˜‡–•ǡ –Š‡ ›‘—–Š …ƒ …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡

‘’‡Ǧ‹†‡†‡••ǡ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡ǡ ƒ† …‘’ƒ••‹‘ǡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ “—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• –Šƒ– …‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” ’‡”•‘ƒŽ

‰”‘™–Š ƒ† •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•Ǥ ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ ‡š…‡’–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ™Š‡ …”ƒˆ–‡† ‹ ‡š…‹–‹‰ ˆ‘”•ǡ „‡…‘‡• ƒ

’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž –‘‘Ž ˆ‘” ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ †‹‰‡‘—• ƒ—–Š‘”•ǡ ™”‹–‡”•ǡ ‘”†‹ƒ”› ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡

‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• ‹ ‡”ƒ—‡ ’Žƒ› ƒ ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ …ƒ’–—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡••‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”

…‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ…—•–‘•ǡƒ†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ

Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ™‘”•ǡ ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ –Š‡ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ™‹•†‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ…‡•–‘”• ƒ†

”‡‹ˆ‘”…‹‰ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ’”‹†‡ƒ†„‡Ž‘‰‹‰ƒ‘‰–Š‡Ž‘…ƒŽ•…ƒ‘–‘Ž›‘……—”„—–ƒŽ•‘‡”‹…Š‡”ƒ—‡̵•

Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›Žƒ†•…ƒ’‡ƒ†ˆ‘•–‡”‹…Ž—•‹˜‹–›ƒ†”‡•’‡…–ˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹…‹†‡–‹–‹‡•Ǥ„”ƒ…‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›

†‹˜‡”•‹–› ‡Šƒ…‡• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡” „—‹Ž†‹‰ „› ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• –‘ ”‡…‘‰‹œ‡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ

Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ƒ†—”–—”‡‹–‡”…—Ž–—”ƒŽ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǤŠ‹•‡••ƒ›†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š–Š‡…ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘™”ƒ–‡‘ˆ

Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ‹ ‡”ƒ—‡Ǥ – †‡Ž˜‡•‹–‘ –Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘• ƒ† ’”‘ˆ‘—† ‹’ƒ…– ‘ˆ ‘’–‹‹œ‹‰ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›

’—”•—‹–•‹‡”ƒ—‡ƒ•ƒ…ƒ–ƒŽ›•–ˆ‘”•Šƒ’‹‰Š—ƒ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”ƒ†ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰Š‘Ž‹•–‹…†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™‹–Š‹

–Š‡…‘—‹–›Ǥ METHOD

‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹‡”ƒ—‡ǡ‘—–Šƒ’—ƒǡƒ•ƒˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

Š—ƒ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡƒ‹š‡†Ǧ‡–Š‘†•”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‘ˆŽ‹„”ƒ”›•–—†›ƒ†‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•

‡’Ž‘›‡†ǤŠ‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡•–—†‡–•‹–Š‡Pendidikan Bahasa Inggrisȋ‰Ž‹•Šƒ‰—ƒ‰‡

†—…ƒ–‹‘ –—†› ”‘‰”ƒ‡Ȍ ƒ†Sastra Inggris ȋ‰Ž‹•Š ‡––‡”•Ȍ •–—†› ’”‘‰”ƒ‡ ƒ– ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ•

—•ƒ—• ‡”ƒ—‡ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‹–Š –Š”‡‡ –‡ƒ…Š‡”•– ‘‡ ˆ”‘Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat PertamaȀ—‹‘”‹‰Š…Š‘‘ŽȋȌƒ†–™‘–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ˆ”‘Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat AtasȀ‡‹‘”‹‰Š

…Š‘‘ŽȋȌˆ‘”–Š”‡‡‘–Š•Ǥ†‹˜‡”•‡‰”‘—’‘ˆ•–—†‡–•ƒ†–‡ƒ…Š‡”•”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡–Š‹…

„ƒ…‰”‘—†•ƒ†…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•™ƒ•…Š‘•‡–‘‡•—”‡…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡‹•‹‰Š–•Ǥ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ–Š‡

‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡•• ™ƒ• …‘†—…–‡† ‘˜‡” –Š”‡‡ ‘–Š•ǡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ”‡‰—Žƒ” …Žƒ••”‘‘ ˜‹•‹–• ƒ†

“

‡ƒ—–—•ƒ„ƒ‹„ȏͳȐǡ‡•…ƒ‰‡Ž‹ƒƒ™ƒ–‹ȏʹȐǡƒ”–Šƒ‡–ƒ—„—ȏ͵Ȑǡ‡•–›ƒ„ƒŒ‘‰ȏͶȐǡ‡Ž‹ƒ”Ž‹ƒƒ†Œƒ

‡„ƒȏͷȐ

Šƒ•„‡…‘‡ƒ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹••—‡ȋ‡‡†‹„—†ǡʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ‡––‘…‘’”‡Š‡†–Š‡…—””‡–

•–ƒ–‡‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ–—•ƒ—•‹˜‡”•‹–›‡”ƒ—‡ǡ†ƒ–ƒ™ƒ•…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡

•—”˜‡›ƒ†‹–‡”˜‹‡™•™‹–Š…‘—‹–›‡„‡”•Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡•–—†›ǡ‡”ƒ—‡‡šŠ‹„‹–•ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ…›

”ƒ–‡‘ˆ͹ʹΨǡ•Š‘™…ƒ•‹‰ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽ•‡…‡••ƒ”›

ˆ‘”‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋ‹–ŠǡʹͲʹʹȌǤŠ‹•’”‘‹•‹‰ˆ‹‰—”‡‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– –Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ •—”˜‡› ƒŽ•‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –Šƒ– ‘Ž› ͵ͲΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡

’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘…ƒƒ……‡••…‘—‹–›Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•‘”„‘‘•–‘”‡•ȋ‡‡†‹„—†ǡʹͲʹ͵ȌǤŠ‡•—”˜‡›•Š‘™•–Šƒ–

‹– ‹• •–‹ŽŽ …‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ •ƒŽŽ —„‡” ƒ† ‘– ‡˜‡ ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ—‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• Ž‹‹–‡†

ƒ……‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›’‘•‡•ƒ…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹‘’–‹‹œ‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ–Š”‹˜‹‰”‡ƒ†‹‰

…—Ž–—”‡ǡ„‘Ž•–‡”‡†„›ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡’‘™‡”‹‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–‘†‡Ž˜‡‹–‘

–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ

‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡…ƒ•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡–‘‘Žˆ‘”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•†‡•…”‹„‡†ƒ•Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ

†‡’‡†ƒ„Ž‡‹‡”ƒ–—”‡‹”‡•’‘†‹‰–‘•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‹ƒ‘”ƒŽŽ›‰‘‘†™ƒ›ȋ‹…‘ƒǡͳͻͻͳȌǤƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ

‰‘‘†‘”ƒŽ‹–›…ƒ„‡•‡‡ˆ”‘–Š”‡‡‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡†ƒ•’‡…–•ǣ‘”ƒŽ‘™‹‰ǡˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ƒ†‘”ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ

Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ •…Š‘‘Ž•ǡ ƒ†—Ž–•ǡ ƒ† –‡ƒ…Š‡”• ƒ”‘—† …Š‹Ž†”‡ ƒ”‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ ‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰ –Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•

ȋ‡”ƒƒǡʹͲͳͺǢ‰Š‹ǡʹͲʹͲȌǤ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡƒ•ƒ…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†—…–ǡ‹‹–ƒ–‡•”‡ƒŽ‹–›™Š‹…Šƒ›”‡•—Ž–‹ƒ

”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǡƒ†‹–™‹ŽŽŽƒ–‡”ƒˆˆ‡…––Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ•–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡…‡•‹–Š‡•‡•‡‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–›ǡŠ—ƒ

˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ‡‘–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ…–‹‘•ȋ”‡••Ž‡”ǡʹͲͳͳǢ‡›‡”ǡʹͲͳͺǢŽ‡••‹‰•ƒǡʹͲʹͳȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†

…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰ …ƒ „‡ ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡† ƒ† ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡† –Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȋ‘˜‹ƒ–‹ǡ ʹͲͳ͹Ǣ •–‹Šƒ”‘Š Ƭ

†ƒ”–‘‘ǡʹͲͳͻǢƒŠƒ™ƒ–‹Ƭ‹Ž‹ƒ‹ǡʹͲͳͻǢƒ”—†‹ǡʹͲʹͲǢ‰—•–‹ǡʹͲʹͲǡ‰Š‹ǡʹͲʹͲȌǤ

……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‘•‡ ’‘‹–•ǡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ‡˜‡–• ƒ† ™‘”•Š‘’• •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ‹˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”• ˆ‘”

…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ …‘—‹–›Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‡˜‡–•ǡ ‘ˆ–‡ ƒ––‡†‡† „› –Š‡ ›‘—–Šǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡

‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• –‘ —”–—”‡ …”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›ǡ …”‹–‹…ƒŽ –Š‹‹‰ǡ ƒ† ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡Ǥ ‰ƒ‰‹‰ ™‹–Š

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡ ™‘”•Š‘’• ƒ† †‹•…—••‹‘• ˆ‘•–‡”• ‡’ƒ–Š›ǡ ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• –‘

”‡Žƒ–‡–‘†‹˜‡”•‡‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•ƒ†’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡††—”‹‰‹–‡”˜‹‡™•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†–Šƒ–

ͶͷΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ›‘—–Š ƒ…–‹˜‡Ž› ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ‡˜‡–• ȋ‡‡†‹„—†ǡ ʹͲʹ͵Ǣ ‡”ƒ—‡ ‘—‹–›

‹„”ƒ”›—”˜‡›ǡʹͲʹͲȌǤŠ‹•‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹…‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–•‹‰‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•–‘ˆ‘”

–Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‘ˆ –Š‡ ›‘—‰‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ‡˜‡–•ǡ –Š‡ ›‘—–Š …ƒ…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡

‘’‡Ǧ‹†‡†‡••ǡ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡ǡ ƒ† …‘’ƒ••‹‘ǡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ “—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• –Šƒ– …‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” ’‡”•‘ƒŽ

‰”‘™–Š ƒ† •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•Ǥ ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ ‡š…‡’–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ™Š‡ …”ƒˆ–‡† ‹ ‡š…‹–‹‰ ˆ‘”•ǡ „‡…‘‡• ƒ

’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž –‘‘Ž ˆ‘” ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ †‹‰‡‘—• ƒ—–Š‘”•ǡ ™”‹–‡”•ǡ ‘”†‹ƒ”› ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡

‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• ‹ ‡”ƒ—‡ ’Žƒ› ƒ ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ …ƒ’–—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡••‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”

…‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ…—•–‘•ǡƒ†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ

Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ™‘”•ǡ ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ –Š‡ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ™‹•†‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ…‡•–‘”• ƒ†

”‡‹ˆ‘”…‹‰ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ’”‹†‡ƒ†„‡Ž‘‰‹‰ƒ‘‰–Š‡Ž‘…ƒŽ•…ƒ‘–‘Ž›‘……—”„—–ƒŽ•‘‡”‹…Š‡”ƒ—‡̵•

Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›Žƒ†•…ƒ’‡ƒ†ˆ‘•–‡”‹…Ž—•‹˜‹–›ƒ†”‡•’‡…–ˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹…‹†‡–‹–‹‡•Ǥ„”ƒ…‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›

†‹˜‡”•‹–› ‡Šƒ…‡• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡” „—‹Ž†‹‰ „› ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• –‘ ”‡…‘‰‹œ‡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ

Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ƒ†—”–—”‡‹–‡”…—Ž–—”ƒŽ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǤŠ‹•‡••ƒ›†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š–Š‡…ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘™”ƒ–‡‘ˆ

Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ‹ ‡”ƒ—‡Ǥ – †‡Ž˜‡•‹–‘ –Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘• ƒ† ’”‘ˆ‘—† ‹’ƒ…– ‘ˆ ‘’–‹‹œ‹‰ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›

’—”•—‹–•‹‡”ƒ—‡ƒ•ƒ…ƒ–ƒŽ›•–ˆ‘”•Šƒ’‹‰Š—ƒ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”ƒ†ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰Š‘Ž‹•–‹…†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™‹–Š‹

–Š‡…‘—‹–›Ǥ METHOD

‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹‡”ƒ—‡ǡ‘—–Šƒ’—ƒǡƒ•ƒˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

Š—ƒ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡƒ‹š‡†Ǧ‡–Š‘†•”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‘ˆŽ‹„”ƒ”›•–—†›ƒ†‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•

‡’Ž‘›‡†ǤŠ‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡•–—†‡–•‹–Š‡Pendidikan Bahasa Inggrisȋ‰Ž‹•Šƒ‰—ƒ‰‡

†—…ƒ–‹‘ –—†› ”‘‰”ƒ‡Ȍ ƒ†Sastra Inggris ȋ‰Ž‹•Š ‡––‡”•Ȍ •–—†› ’”‘‰”ƒ‡ ƒ– ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ•

—•ƒ—• ‡”ƒ—‡ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‹–Š –Š”‡‡ –‡ƒ…Š‡”•– ‘‡ ˆ”‘Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat PertamaȀ—‹‘”‹‰Š…Š‘‘ŽȋȌƒ†–™‘–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ˆ”‘Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat AtasȀ‡‹‘”‹‰Š

…Š‘‘ŽȋȌˆ‘”–Š”‡‡‘–Š•Ǥ†‹˜‡”•‡‰”‘—’‘ˆ•–—†‡–•ƒ†–‡ƒ…Š‡”•”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡–Š‹…

„ƒ…‰”‘—†•ƒ†…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•™ƒ•…Š‘•‡–‘‡•—”‡…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡‹•‹‰Š–•Ǥ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ–Š‡

‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡•• ™ƒ• …‘†—…–‡† ‘˜‡” –Š”‡‡ ‘–Š•ǡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ”‡‰—Žƒ” …Žƒ••”‘‘ ˜‹•‹–• ƒ†

‡ƒ—–—•ƒ„ƒ‹„ȏͳȐǡ‡•…ƒ‰‡Ž‹ƒƒ™ƒ–‹ȏʹȐǡƒ”–Šƒ‡–ƒ—„—ȏ͵Ȑǡ‡•–›ƒ„ƒŒ‘‰ȏͶȐǡ‡Ž‹ƒ”Ž‹ƒƒ†Œƒ

‡„ƒȏͷȐ

‡š–”ƒ…—””‹…—Žƒ” Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ —”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ƒ…–‹˜‡Ž› ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ™‹–Š

•–—†‡–•ǡ‡†—…ƒ–‘”•ǡƒ†Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‘”•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡‹”‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•ƒ†’‡”…‡’–‹‘•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘

Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ™ƒ• …‘ŽŽ‡…–‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘–‡•ǡ ƒ—†‹‘ ”‡…‘”†‹‰•ǡ ƒ† ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•ǡ

†‘…—‡–‹‰ –Š‡ •–—†‡–•̵ ƒ…–‹˜‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ‡˜‡–•ǡ …Žƒ••Ǧ–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ†

†‹•…—••‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ƒŽ•‘ ”‡…‘”†‡† ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ •–—†‡–•̵ ”‡ƒ…–‹‘•ǡ ‡‘–‹‘•ǡ ƒ†

‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•†—”‹‰–Š‘•‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•—•‡†–Š‡ˆ‹•Š„‘‡†‹ƒ‰”ƒ’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤ

ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤŠ‡†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆͷǦ…‘…‡’–•

No Category Description

1 Man/ Human resources People involved in the process

2 Methods/ Process Things should be noticed before the process and how things are going during the process.

3 Machine/ Tools Tools needed for getting the process done.

4 Material Things used for the final product.

5 Measurement The data collected from the process is used to evaluate the quality of the product.

ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‹‡”–…ƒŽ‡‹ȋ”‰‡…›ǡ‡”‹‘—•‡••ƒ†”‘™–ŠȌ‡–Š‘†‹•—•‡†–‘…‘’Ž‡–‡

–Š‡†‹ƒ‰”ƒ–‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡…ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘™”ƒ–‡‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹‡”ƒ—‡ǤŠ‡†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‹•

•—ƒ”‹œ‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡ʹǤ

ƒ„Ž‡ʹǤŠ‡‹†‹…ƒ–‘”‘ˆ‡–Š‘†

No Indicator Description

1 Urgency How urgent the factors that cause the problem to be resolved are related to the time dimension and how difficult it is to find a solution to the problem

2 Seriousness How serious the factors that cause the problem need to be discussed concerning the consequences that arise if the solution is postponed. Will it cause new problems if this issue is not resolved immediately?

3 Growth How quickly the probable cause of the problem is developing or getting worse if it remains unsolved

Š‡‹‡”–…ƒŽ‡‹•—•‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡‡–Š‘†ǤŠ‡’‘‹–‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š…ƒ–‡‰‘”›‹•†‡•…”‹„‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥ

ƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥ‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ’‘‹–

Point Urgency Seriousness Growth

1 The causal factors take time to be resolved.

The causal factors are less serious about being discussed because they will not impact other aspects.

Factors causing slow development.

2 The causal factors are less urgent to be resolved immediately.

The causal factors are less serious to be discussed immediately. They have less impact on other aspects.

Factors causing less rapid development

3 The causal factors are urgent enough to be resolved immediately.

The causal factor is serious enough to be discussed immediately because it will impact other aspects.

Factors that cause problems quickly develop and

immediately prevented 4 Urgent causal factors

are to be resolved immediately.

Serious causal factors are to be discussed immediately because they will have an impact on other aspects.

Factors that cause problems quickly develop to be prevented immediately

5 The causal factors are very urgent to be resolved immediately

The causal factor is very serious to be discussed immediately because it will have an impact on other aspects

Factors that cause problems are very fast developing to be addressed immediately

Š‡‹š‡†Ǧ‡–Š‘†•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǡ…‘„‹‹‰‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•–—†‡–•ƒ†‹–‡”˜‹‡™•™‹–Š–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ǡ

’”‘˜‹†‡† ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‹•‹‰Š–• ‹–‘ ‘’–‹‹œ‹‰ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ‹ ‡”ƒ—‡ ƒ• ƒ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ

…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ›…Ž‘•‡Ž›‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–Š•–—†‡–•ƒ†‡†—…ƒ–‘”•ǡ–Š‹•‡–Š‘†ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”

–‘…‘’”‡Š‡†–Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›‡˜‡–•ǡ™‘”•Š‘’•ǡƒ††‹•…—••‹‘•‘…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ

“

Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•ˆ”‘–Š‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‡”˜‹‡™••Š‡†Ž‹‰Š–‘–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹

ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰‡’ƒ–Š›ǡ…”‹–‹…ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰ǡƒ†…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ‘‰•–—†‡–•Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š

Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• –‡ƒ…Š‡”•̵ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ •—…Š ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ …‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘

„‡–™‡‡‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡…‘—‹–›–‘ƒš‹‹œ‡–Š‡‹”‹’ƒ…–Ǥ

›‡’Ž‘›‹‰–Š‘•‡ƒ•’‡…–•ǡ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ

‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ•ƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž–‘‘Žˆ‘”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰‹‡”ƒ—‡Ǥ•Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•™‹ŽŽ‰‹˜‡

•—…Š‹’ƒ…–‹ˆ‹–‹•‹–”‘†—…‡†ƒ††‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ––Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹•‹‰Š–•‰ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‹•

‡–Š‘†…ƒ‰—‹†‡‡†—…ƒ–‘”•ǡŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‘”•ǡƒ†’‘Ž‹…›ƒ‡”•‹‘’–‹‹œ‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘

•Šƒ’‡ƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡–Š‹…ƒŽŽ›”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ǡ…—Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›ƒ™ƒ”‡ǡƒ†‡’ƒ–Š‡–‹…‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡ…‘–”‹„—–‹‰

’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›–‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‡–•‘ˆ—•ƒ—•‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ–Š‡›‘—‰Ž‡ƒ”‡”•‹‡”ƒ—‡

Š‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Žǡƒ†‡”ƒ—‡̵•…‘—‹–›ƒ†„‡›‘†Ǥ FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š™ƒ•…‘†—…–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•–—†‡–•‹–Š‡Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

ƒ†Sastra Inggris ’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ–‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ•—•ƒ—•‡”ƒ—‡ƒ†‹–‡”˜‹‡™•™‹–Š–Š”‡‡–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ȋ‘‡

ˆ”‘‡‘ŽƒŠƒŒ—–ƒ‹‰ƒ–‡”–ƒƒƒ†–™‘ˆ”‘Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat AtasȌ’”‘˜‹†‡†˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡

‹•‹‰Š–• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ‹ ‡”ƒ—‡ ƒ• ƒ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”

„—‹Ž†‹‰ǤŠ”‘—‰Š‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹–™ƒ•‡˜‹†‡––Šƒ–Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•’Žƒ›‡†ƒ…”—…‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰

•–—†‡–‡’ƒ–Š›Ǥ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•‹ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰

‡’ƒ–Š›ǡ…”‹–‹…ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰ǡƒ†…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ‘‰•–—†‡–•™Š‹Ž‡Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰–Š‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•

‡†—…ƒ–‘”•ˆƒ…‡‹‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰•—…Šƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡƒ••‡‡‹–Š‡ˆ‹•Š„‘‡‘ˆ ‹‰—”‡ͳǤ

‹‰—”‡ͳǤƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆͷ…‘…‡’–

……‘”†‹‰–‘ ‹‰—”‡ͳǡ‹–Š‡ƒ•’‡…–‘ˆƒȀ—ƒ‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ‘‡…ƒ•‡‡–Šƒ–„‘–Š•–—†‡–•ƒ†

–‡ƒ…Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡Ž‡••‡š’‘•—”‡–‘Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‘”Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–‡ƒ…Š‡”•̵‘™Ž‡†‰‡”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰

–‘–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‹ŽŽ‡‡†•–‘„‡‹’”‘˜‡†Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡Ž‹‹–‡†ƒ……‡••–‘ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•‘—”…‡•

–Šƒ–’”‘˜‹†‡„‘‘•ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡•–—†‡–•–‘ƒ……‡••„‘‘•‘”Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•Šƒ•„‡…‘‡–Š‡…ƒ—•‡‹–Š‡

‡–Š‘† ƒ•’‡…–Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ’‘‹– ‘ˆ ˜‹‡™ǡ –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›

‡…Šƒ‹•••–‹ŽŽ‡‡†•–‘„‡‘’–‹‹œ‡†Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘‡•Š‘—Ž†‘–‹…‡–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡”‡

‹••–‹ŽŽŽ‡••„‘‘’”‘…—”ƒ–‹‘ǡŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›Ž‡˜‡Žƒ‘‰–Š‡•–—†‡–•Ǥ

“

‡ƒ—–—•ƒ„ƒ‹„ȏͳȐǡ‡•…ƒ‰‡Ž‹ƒƒ™ƒ–‹ȏʹȐǡƒ”–Šƒ‡–ƒ—„—ȏ͵Ȑǡ‡•–›ƒ„ƒŒ‘‰ȏͶȐǡ‡Ž‹ƒ”Ž‹ƒƒ†Œƒ

‡„ƒȏͷȐ

Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•ˆ”‘–Š‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‡”˜‹‡™••Š‡†Ž‹‰Š–‘–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹

ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰‡’ƒ–Š›ǡ…”‹–‹…ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰ǡƒ†…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ‘‰•–—†‡–•Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š

Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• –‡ƒ…Š‡”•̵ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ •—…Š ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ …‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘

„‡–™‡‡‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡…‘—‹–›–‘ƒš‹‹œ‡–Š‡‹”‹’ƒ…–Ǥ

›‡’Ž‘›‹‰–Š‘•‡ƒ•’‡…–•ǡ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ

‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ•ƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž–‘‘Žˆ‘”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰‹‡”ƒ—‡Ǥ•Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•™‹ŽŽ‰‹˜‡

•—…Š‹’ƒ…–‹ˆ‹–‹•‹–”‘†—…‡†ƒ††‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ––Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹•‹‰Š–•‰ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‹•

‡–Š‘†…ƒ‰—‹†‡‡†—…ƒ–‘”•ǡŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‘”•ǡƒ†’‘Ž‹…›ƒ‡”•‹‘’–‹‹œ‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘

•Šƒ’‡ƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡–Š‹…ƒŽŽ›”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ǡ…—Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›ƒ™ƒ”‡ǡƒ†‡’ƒ–Š‡–‹…‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡ…‘–”‹„—–‹‰

’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›–‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‡–•‘ˆ—•ƒ—•‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ–Š‡›‘—‰Ž‡ƒ”‡”•‹‡”ƒ—‡

Š‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Žǡƒ†‡”ƒ—‡̵•…‘—‹–›ƒ†„‡›‘†Ǥ FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š™ƒ•…‘†—…–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•–—†‡–•‹–Š‡Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

ƒ†Sastra Inggris ’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ–‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ•—•ƒ—•‡”ƒ—‡ƒ†‹–‡”˜‹‡™•™‹–Š–Š”‡‡–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ȋ‘‡

ˆ”‘‡‘ŽƒŠƒŒ—–ƒ‹‰ƒ–‡”–ƒƒƒ†–™‘ˆ”‘Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat AtasȌ’”‘˜‹†‡†˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡

‹•‹‰Š–• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ‹ ‡”ƒ—‡ ƒ• ƒ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”

„—‹Ž†‹‰ǤŠ”‘—‰Š‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹–™ƒ•‡˜‹†‡––Šƒ–Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•’Žƒ›‡†ƒ…”—…‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰

•–—†‡–‡’ƒ–Š›Ǥ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•‹ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰

‡’ƒ–Š›ǡ…”‹–‹…ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰ǡƒ†…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ‘‰•–—†‡–•™Š‹Ž‡Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰–Š‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•

‡†—…ƒ–‘”•ˆƒ…‡‹‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰•—…Šƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡƒ••‡‡‹–Š‡ˆ‹•Š„‘‡‘ˆ ‹‰—”‡ͳǤ

‹‰—”‡ͳǤƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆͷ…‘…‡’–

……‘”†‹‰–‘ ‹‰—”‡ͳǡ‹–Š‡ƒ•’‡…–‘ˆƒȀ—ƒ‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ‘‡…ƒ•‡‡–Šƒ–„‘–Š•–—†‡–•ƒ†

–‡ƒ…Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡Ž‡••‡š’‘•—”‡–‘Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‘”Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–‡ƒ…Š‡”•̵‘™Ž‡†‰‡”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰

–‘–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰•–‹ŽŽ‡‡†•–‘„‡‹’”‘˜‡†Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡Ž‹‹–‡†ƒ……‡••–‘ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•‘—”…‡•

–Šƒ–’”‘˜‹†‡„‘‘•ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡•–—†‡–•–‘ƒ……‡••„‘‘•‘”Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•Šƒ•„‡…‘‡–Š‡…ƒ—•‡‹–Š‡

‡–Š‘† ƒ•’‡…–Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ’‘‹– ‘ˆ ˜‹‡™ǡ –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›

‡…Šƒ‹•••–‹ŽŽ‡‡†•–‘„‡‘’–‹‹œ‡†Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘‡•Š‘—Ž†‘–‹…‡–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡”‡

‹••–‹ŽŽŽ‡••„‘‘’”‘…—”ƒ–‹‘ǡŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›Ž‡˜‡Žƒ‘‰–Š‡•–—†‡–•Ǥ

‡ƒ—–—•ƒ„ƒ‹„ȏͳȐǡ‡•…ƒ‰‡Ž‹ƒƒ™ƒ–‹ȏʹȐǡƒ”–Šƒ‡–ƒ—„—ȏ͵Ȑǡ‡•–›ƒ„ƒŒ‘‰ȏͶȐǡ‡Ž‹ƒ”Ž‹ƒƒ†Œƒ

‡„ƒȏͷȐ

‘•’‡…‹ˆ›–Š‡‹••—‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‹–Š‡‡–Š‘†‹•…‘†—…–‡†ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹•ƒ••Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡ͶǤ

ƒ„Ž‡ͶǤƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ…”‹–‡”‹ƒ

”‘ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‹ ƒ„Ž‡ Ͷǡ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ –Šƒ– ‡‡†• –‘ „‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† ‹• –Š‡ Ž‘™ Ž‹–‡”ƒ…› Ž‡˜‡Ž

‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†ƒ‘‰–Š‡•–—†‡–•ǤŠ‹•‹••—‡™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›‹’ƒ…–•‘‡‘–Š‡”ƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ–‡ƒ…Š‹‰

ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘•–—†‡–„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡•–—†‡–•™‹ŽŽŽ‘•‡‹–‡”‡•–‹Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘”

•–—†›‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›“—‹…Ž›‰‡–„‘”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ•–Š‡•–—†‡–•™‹ŽŽ‰‡–

„‘”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰’”‘…‡••ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ‘–ˆ‡‡Ž–Š‡—”‰‡–‘•–—†›ƒ†™‹ŽŽŽ‹‡Ž›‘–’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡

Ž‡ƒ”‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ‹’ƒ…–‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•ˆ”‘—•ƒ—•‡”ƒ—‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ•–Š‡›ƒ›

‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡™‹–ŠŽƒ…‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•Ǥ‡šƒ’Ž‡‰‹˜‡‹•‹ˆ–Š‘•‡‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•

…ƒ‘– ‡‡– –Š‡ Žƒ„‘—” ƒ”‡– …”‹–‡”‹ƒǡ –Š‡”‡ ™‹ŽŽ Žƒ–‡” „‡ ‘ …‘’ƒ‹‡• –Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ ‡’Ž‘› –Š‡•‡

‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•Ǥ‡…ƒ†”ƒ™ˆ”‘–Šƒ–Žƒ‡–ƒ„Ž‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡…ƒ„‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ–‘‘Žˆ‘”–Š‡•–—†‡–•̵

…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ–‹••‹’Ž›„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•…ƒ Ž‡ƒ”’‘•‹–‹˜‡˜ƒŽ—‡••—…Šƒ••‘…‹ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ

‘”ƒŽ ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ •‘Ž—–‹‘ ‹• ‡‡†‡† –Šƒ– …ƒ †‹”‡…–Ž›

‘˜‡”…‘‡ –Š‡ Ž‘™ Ž‹–‡”ƒ…› Ž‡˜‡Ž ƒ† ’Žƒ› ƒ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ˆ‘”‹‰ –Š‡‹” …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡” ƒ• …ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† Ž‹–‡”ƒ–‡

‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǤŠ—•ǡ•‘‡’‘••‹„Ž‡•‘Ž—–‹‘• …ƒ „‡ †‘‡ –‘ ‘˜‡”…‘‡ –Š‡‹••—‡ǤŠ‡ •–—†› ‘ˆˆ‡”• –Š‡

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘—”•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ

First, –Š‡ „‘‘ ’”‘…—”‡‡– ƒ– —•ƒ—• ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ‡”ƒ—‡Ǥ ‹–‡”ƒ”› „‘‘• ‘” –‡š–„‘‘

’”‘…—”‡‡–™‹ŽŽ‘’–‹‹œ‡–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—•ƒ—•‹˜‡”•‹–›Ž‹„”ƒ”›ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡•–—†‡–•ǤŠ‡

•–—†‡–•™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ”ƒ„‘—–˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›‰‡”‡•ƒ†’”‘‹‡–™”‹–‡”•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡’Žƒ›‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–

”‘Ž‡ ‹ †‘‡•‹ƒ ‘” ™‘”Ž† Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ƒ” Šƒ›ƒƒǡ ”ƒ‘‡†›ƒ ƒ–ƒ ‘‡”ǡ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ

Šƒ‡•’‡ƒ”‡ǡƒ†ǤŽ‹‘––ǤŠ‹•‡™‡š’‘•—”‡™‹ŽŽƒ‡‹–‡ƒ•‹‡”ˆ‘”Ž‡…–—”‡”•–‘™‘”ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‘•‡

™Š‘–‡ƒ…Š‹–Š‡†‘‡•‹ƒƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡–—†›”‘‰”ƒǡ‰Ž‹•Š‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡–—†›”‘‰”ƒ

ƒ† ‰Ž‹•Š †—…ƒ–‹‘ –—†› ”‘‰”ƒǤ Š‹• ‹• „‡…ƒ—•‡ Ž‡…–—”‡”• …ƒ Žƒ–‡” ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡ ‘” ‹–”‘†—…‡

Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ™‘”• –‘ •–—†‡–•Ǥ Š‡› …ƒ Žƒ–‡” ƒŽ•‘ •’‡† ‡š–”ƒ –‹‡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ˆ‘…—•‹‰ ‘ –‡ƒ…Š‹‰ ‘”‡

‡••‡–‹ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•ǡ•—…Šƒ•ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡—•‹‰•‘…‹ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹‡•ǤŠ‹•…‘—”•‡™‹ŽŽ„‡Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž–‘–”ƒ‹

•–—†‡–•‹…”‹–‹…ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰Ǥ

Second, conducting literary activities within the university and working with parties outside the university. Literacy activities should support book procurement activities. These activities can be conducted within universities and with other parties like literary communities or other (teaching) institutions. One of the activities that can be carried out is the book club, where students or anyone can gather while sharing their recommendations on books and discussing any literary works. Regarding outside parties, the university can collaborate with book publishers or other literacy activist organizations such as the Makassar International Writers Festival, Ubud Writers Festival, and others.

This will also give new nuances to students and their exposure to the outside world by interacting through literacy activities. It will later provoke students' interest in literature gradually.

Third, socializing the alternative sources where students can access books easily. Due to the limited space and sources, the library at Musamus University certainly cannot accommodate the reading materials for its students and the commoners. Therefore, an alternative source for students to access the reading materials is needed. In this case, it can be exemplified by providing socialization to students about the existence of iPerpusnas, in which the students can help themselves to access the reading materials for free. By doing so, the students are expected to gain more exposure and liking towards literature.

‘

••—‡• ”‹–‡”‹ƒ

…‘”‡

ƒ

ͳǤ –—†‡–•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡‘–”‡…‡‹˜‡†‡š’‘•—”‡–‘Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ Ͷ Ͷ ʹ ͳͳ Ͷ ʹǤ ‡ƒ…Š‹‰•–ƒˆˆ™Š‘†‘‘–ˆ—ŽŽ›—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ…› Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͳʹ ͵

͵Ǥ ‹–‡”ƒ…›•‘…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‡…Šƒ‹••–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–›‡–‘’–‹ƒŽ ͵ ͵ ͵ ͻ ͸ ͶǤ ……‡••–‘•‘—”…‡•ˆ‘”„‘‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–™‹†‡Ž›‘™Ȁ•‘…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ͵ ͵ ʹ ͺ ͹

ͷǤ ƒ…‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ…›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• Ͷ Ͷ ͷ ͳ͵ ʹ

͸Ǥ ‘™Ž‹–‡”ƒ…›Ž‡˜‡Ž ͷ ͷ Ͷ ͳͶ ͳ

͹Ǥ ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡„‘‘•‘”–‡š–„‘‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–™‹†‡Ž›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ͵ ͵ Ͷ ͳͲ ͷ

“

Fourth, identifying the applicable RPP (lesson plan) following the curriculum set as a learning guide. Curriculum changes that occur may cause changes to the material and focus of student teaching.

Students' introduction to literature should start in the golden age when they can absorb knowledge quickly. However, in practice, with a constantly changing curriculum, there are still many teachers who still need to be able to introduce literacy and its exposure to students at the lower level of education which are junior and senior high school levels. This results in students not knowing what literature is but also not knowing great writers from the Indonesian literary period, such as the Angkatan Balai Pustaka, Pujangga Lama, Pujangga Baru, and the Indonesian modern literature. This is such a lamentable and huge loss because Indonesian literature needs to be preserved, and to do so, it should be, at least, exposed in the teaching materials. Therefore, one may need a revised lesson plan which carries the literary aspects in it. By doing so, the students will not only be exposed to types of literature but also appreciate beauty and the aesthetic values of a literary work.

’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡’‘‹–•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‘•–‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–Š‹‰–Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž†„‡Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†‹•

–Šƒ–Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡…ƒ„‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‘‘Ž–‘„‘‘•–Ž‹–‡”ƒ…›•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰ǤŠ‡

•–—†‡–•™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ”–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡™‹–Š†‹˜‡”•‡ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ†ˆ‹…–‹‘ƒŽ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•–Š”‘—‰ŠƒŽŽ–Š‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•

ƒ†•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡–‘•–‡’‹–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•Ǥ–™‹ŽŽŽƒ–‡”

†‡˜‡Ž‘’ –Š‡‹” ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ • •–—†‡–• ‡…‘—–‡”‡† …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ˆƒ…‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ƒ†

–”‹—’Š•ǡ –Š‡› †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡† ƒ‡Šƒ…‡† ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ‡’ƒ–Š‹œ‡ ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡”• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡‹” ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡

…‘—‹–›ƒ†„‡›‘†ǤŠ”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽŒ‘—”‡›•’‘”–”ƒ›‡†‹Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•ǡ•–—†‡–•™‡”‡

‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡†–‘”‡ˆŽ‡…–‘–Š‡‹”ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ƒ†‡‘–‹‘•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡†•‡ŽˆǦƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡†

‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽ•Ǥ

Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘–Š”‘—‰ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›‡˜‡–•ƒ†™‘”•Š‘’•™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘Š‡Ž’–Š‡•–—†‡–•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’

–Š‡‹” …”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–› ƒ† ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡ …”‹–‹…ƒŽ –Š‹‹‰Ǥ ‰ƒ‰‹‰ ‹ †‹•…—••‹‘• ƒ† †‡„ƒ–‡• ƒ„‘—– Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›

™‘”•’—•Š‡†–Š‡–‘ƒƒŽ›•‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•̵‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ’Ž‘–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ǡƒ†—†‡”Ž›‹‰–Š‡‡•ǤŠ‹•

ƒƒŽ›–‹…ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠƒŽ•‘—”–—”‡†–Š‡‹”…”‹–‹…ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰–Š‡–‘“—‡•–‹‘ǡ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ǡ

ƒ†ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹”‹†‡ƒ•‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ…‘—”ƒ‰‹‰•–—†‡–•–‘™”‹–‡ƒ†•Šƒ”‡–Š‡‹”•–‘”‹‡•ǡ’‘‡•ǡƒ†

”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘•…ƒƒŽ•‘ˆ‘•–‡”ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡‡š’”‡••‹‘ƒ†„‘‘•––Š‡‹”…‘ˆ‹†‡…‡‹ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹”

–Š‘—‰Š–•Ǥ Š‹• …”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒŽ•‘ ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡† –Š‡ –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘• –‘ ”‡ƒŽǦŽ‹ˆ‡

’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ’”‘‘–‹‰”‡•‘—”…‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡•›‡”‰›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•ƒ†–Š‘•‡

‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ‡˜‡–• …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ •–—†‡–• Ž‡ƒ” –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ –‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡ ƒ† ”‡•’‡…–

–‘™ƒ”†•‘–Š‡”•̵‘’‹‹‘•ƒ†„ƒ…‰”‘—†•Ǥ

 ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‘•‡ ’‘‹–•ǡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ ‹ ’”‘‘–‹‰ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ

ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ†‹…Ž—•‹˜‹–›ƒ‘‰•–—†‡–•Ǥ‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ˆ”‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•…—Ž–—”ƒŽ„ƒ…‰”‘—†•

‡š’‘•‡†–Š‡–‘†‹˜‡”•‡’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•ǡ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•‡š’‘•—”‡Š‡Ž’‡†•–—†‡–•ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‡

–Š‡ „‡ƒ—–› ‘ˆ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ †‹˜‡”•‹–› ƒ† ‡„”ƒ…‡ ƒ ‘”‡ ‹…Ž—•‹˜‡ ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™Ǥ › …‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‰ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹…

†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡†•–—†‡–•–‘˜ƒŽ—‡–Š‡‹”…—Ž–—”ƒŽŠ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”

•‡•‡‘ˆ’”‹†‡ƒ†‹†‡–‹–›ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‘•‡’‘‹–•ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ‘‡…ƒ•‡‡–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Š‘™‘’–‹‹•‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•’Žƒ›•ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹ˆ‘”‹‰•–—†‡–•̵…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ CONCLUSION

Š‡‡••ƒ›̵•ˆ‹†‹‰•—†‡”•…‘”‡–Š‡’”‘ˆ‘—†‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ‘’–‹‹œ‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹‡”ƒ—‡

ƒ•ƒˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž–‘‘Žˆ‘”ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰•–—†‡–‡’ƒ–Š›ǡ …”‹–‹…ƒŽ –Š‹‹‰ǡ ƒ†…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ‡˜‡–•ǡ †‹•…—••‹‘•ǡ ƒ† …”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ™”‹–‹‰ǡ

•–—†‡–• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡ǡ ƒƒŽ›–‹…ƒŽ •‹ŽŽ•ǡ ƒ† ƒ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” …—Ž–—”ƒŽ

†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ

Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• –Š‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ˆƒ…‡† ‹ Š‘Ž†‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ƒŽ•‘ ’‘‹–• ‘—– –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ •—…Š

ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ Ž‹‹–‡† ”‡•‘—”…‡• ƒ† –‹‡ …‘•–”ƒ‹–• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ…ƒ†‡‹… …—””‹…—Ž—Ǥ ‘

‘˜‡”…‘‡ –Š‡•‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ‘”‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– •—’’‘”– ƒ† …‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡

‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡŽ‘…ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡…‘—‹–›Ǥ

› ƒš‹‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ ƒ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ …—Ž–—”‡ǡ —•ƒ—•

‹˜‡”•‹–›‡”ƒ—‡…ƒ—”–—”‡ƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡–Š‹…ƒŽŽ›”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ǡ…—Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›ƒ™ƒ”‡ǡƒ†‡’ƒ–Š‡–‹…

“

‡ƒ—–—•ƒ„ƒ‹„ȏͳȐǡ‡•…ƒ‰‡Ž‹ƒƒ™ƒ–‹ȏʹȐǡƒ”–Šƒ‡–ƒ—„—ȏ͵Ȑǡ‡•–›ƒ„ƒŒ‘‰ȏͶȐǡ‡Ž‹ƒ”Ž‹ƒƒ†Œƒ

‡„ƒȏͷȐ

Fourth, identifying the applicable RPP (lesson plan) following the curriculum set as a learning guide. Curriculum changes that occur may cause changes to the material and focus of student teaching.

Students' introduction to literature should start in the golden age when they can absorb knowledge quickly. However, in practice, with a constantly changing curriculum, there are still many teachers who still need to be able to introduce literacy and its exposure to students at the lower level of education which are junior and senior high school levels. This results in students not knowing what literature is but also not knowing great writers from the Indonesian literary period, such as the Angkatan Balai Pustaka, Pujangga Lama, Pujangga Baru, and the Indonesian modern literature. This is such a lamentable and huge loss because Indonesian literature needs to be preserved, and to do so, it should be, at least, exposed in the teaching materials. Therefore, one may need a revised lesson plan which carries the literary aspects in it. By doing so, the students will not only be exposed to types of literature but also appreciate beauty and the aesthetic values of a literary work.

’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡’‘‹–•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‘•–‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–Š‹‰–Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž†„‡Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†‹•

–Šƒ–Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡…ƒ„‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‘‘Ž–‘„‘‘•–Ž‹–‡”ƒ…›•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰ǤŠ‡

•–—†‡–•™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ”–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡™‹–Š†‹˜‡”•‡ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ†ˆ‹…–‹‘ƒŽ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•–Š”‘—‰ŠƒŽŽ–Š‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•

ƒ†•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡–‘•–‡’‹–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•Ǥ–™‹ŽŽŽƒ–‡”

†‡˜‡Ž‘’ –Š‡‹” ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ • •–—†‡–• ‡…‘—–‡”‡† …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ˆƒ…‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ƒ†

–”‹—’Š•ǡ –Š‡› †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡† ƒ ‡Šƒ…‡† ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ‡’ƒ–Š‹œ‡ ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡”• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡‹” ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡

…‘—‹–›ƒ†„‡›‘†ǤŠ”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽŒ‘—”‡›•’‘”–”ƒ›‡†‹Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•ǡ•–—†‡–•™‡”‡

‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡†–‘”‡ˆŽ‡…–‘–Š‡‹”ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ƒ†‡‘–‹‘•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡†•‡ŽˆǦƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡†

‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽ•Ǥ

Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘–Š”‘—‰ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›‡˜‡–•ƒ†™‘”•Š‘’•™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘Š‡Ž’–Š‡•–—†‡–•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’

–Š‡‹” …”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–› ƒ† ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡ …”‹–‹…ƒŽ –Š‹‹‰Ǥ ‰ƒ‰‹‰ ‹ †‹•…—••‹‘• ƒ† †‡„ƒ–‡• ƒ„‘—– Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›

™‘”•’—•Š‡†–Š‡–‘ƒƒŽ›•‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•̵‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ’Ž‘–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ǡƒ†—†‡”Ž›‹‰–Š‡‡•ǤŠ‹•

ƒƒŽ›–‹…ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠƒŽ•‘—”–—”‡†–Š‡‹”…”‹–‹…ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰–Š‡–‘“—‡•–‹‘ǡ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ǡ

ƒ†ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹”‹†‡ƒ•‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ…‘—”ƒ‰‹‰•–—†‡–•–‘™”‹–‡ƒ†•Šƒ”‡–Š‡‹”•–‘”‹‡•ǡ’‘‡•ǡƒ†

”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘•…ƒƒŽ•‘ˆ‘•–‡”ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡‡š’”‡••‹‘ƒ†„‘‘•––Š‡‹”…‘ˆ‹†‡…‡‹ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹”

–Š‘—‰Š–•Ǥ Š‹• …”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒŽ•‘ ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡† –Š‡ –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘• –‘ ”‡ƒŽǦŽ‹ˆ‡

’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ’”‘‘–‹‰”‡•‘—”…‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡•›‡”‰›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•ƒ†–Š‘•‡

‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ‡˜‡–• …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ •–—†‡–• Ž‡ƒ” –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ –‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡ ƒ† ”‡•’‡…–

–‘™ƒ”†•‘–Š‡”•̵‘’‹‹‘•ƒ†„ƒ…‰”‘—†•Ǥ

 ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‘•‡ ’‘‹–•ǡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ ‹ ’”‘‘–‹‰ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ

ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ†‹…Ž—•‹˜‹–›ƒ‘‰•–—†‡–•Ǥ‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ˆ”‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•…—Ž–—”ƒŽ„ƒ…‰”‘—†•

‡š’‘•‡†–Š‡–‘†‹˜‡”•‡’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•ǡ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•‡š’‘•—”‡Š‡Ž’‡†•–—†‡–•ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‡

–Š‡ „‡ƒ—–› ‘ˆ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ †‹˜‡”•‹–› ƒ† ‡„”ƒ…‡ ƒ ‘”‡ ‹…Ž—•‹˜‡ ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™Ǥ › …‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‰ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹…

†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡†•–—†‡–•–‘˜ƒŽ—‡–Š‡‹”…—Ž–—”ƒŽŠ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”

•‡•‡‘ˆ’”‹†‡ƒ†‹†‡–‹–›ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‘•‡’‘‹–•ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ‘‡…ƒ•‡‡–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Š‘™‘’–‹‹•‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•’Žƒ›•ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹ˆ‘”‹‰•–—†‡–•̵…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ CONCLUSION

Š‡‡••ƒ›̵•ˆ‹†‹‰•—†‡”•…‘”‡–Š‡’”‘ˆ‘—†‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ‘’–‹‹œ‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹‡”ƒ—‡

ƒ•ƒˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž–‘‘Žˆ‘”ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰•–—†‡–‡’ƒ–Š›ǡ …”‹–‹…ƒŽ –Š‹‹‰ǡ ƒ†…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ‡˜‡–•ǡ †‹•…—••‹‘•ǡ ƒ† …”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ™”‹–‹‰ǡ

•–—†‡–• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡ǡ ƒƒŽ›–‹…ƒŽ •‹ŽŽ•ǡ ƒ† ƒ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” …—Ž–—”ƒŽ

†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ

Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• –Š‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ˆƒ…‡† ‹ Š‘Ž†‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ƒŽ•‘ ’‘‹–• ‘—– –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ •—…Š

ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ Ž‹‹–‡† ”‡•‘—”…‡• ƒ† –‹‡ …‘•–”ƒ‹–• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ…ƒ†‡‹… …—””‹…—Ž—Ǥ ‘

‘˜‡”…‘‡ –Š‡•‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ‘”‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– •—’’‘”– ƒ† …‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡

‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡŽ‘…ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡…‘—‹–›Ǥ

› ƒš‹‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ ƒ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ …—Ž–—”‡ǡ —•ƒ—•

‹˜‡”•‹–›‡”ƒ—‡…ƒ—”–—”‡ƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡–Š‹…ƒŽŽ›”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ǡ…—Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›ƒ™ƒ”‡ǡƒ†‡’ƒ–Š‡–‹…

‡ƒ—–—•ƒ„ƒ‹„ȏͳȐǡ‡•…ƒ‰‡Ž‹ƒƒ™ƒ–‹ȏʹȐǡƒ”–Šƒ‡–ƒ—„—ȏ͵Ȑǡ‡•–›ƒ„ƒŒ‘‰ȏͶȐǡ‡Ž‹ƒ”Ž‹ƒƒ†Œƒ

‡„ƒȏͷȐ

‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™Š‘ƒ…–‹˜‡Ž›…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”…‘—‹–›ƒ†„‡›‘†ǤŠ‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š

’”‘˜‹†‡•˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹•‹‰Š–•ˆ‘”‡†—…ƒ–‘”•ǡ’‘Ž‹…›ƒ‡”•ǡƒ†Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‘”•–‘†‡•‹‰ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–

‹’ƒ…–ˆ—ŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•–Šƒ–•Šƒ’‡–Š‡›‘—–Š…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰‹‡”ƒ—‡ǡ‘—–Šƒ’—ƒǤ

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Žƒ‰•‹‰ƒǡǤǤǤǤǤǡ—™ƒ•–‹‹ǡǤǤǤǡƒ•ƒ™ƒǡǤǤǡ†›ƒ‹ǡǤǤǤǤǡƬ—•ƒŽƒ•ƒ”‹ǡǤǤ ȋʹͲʹͳȌǤƒ–”‹ƒ”…ŠƒŽ„‹ƒ”›‘’’‘•‹–‹‘•‹ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡–‡š–•‹…Ž—†‡†‹‰Ž‹•Š–‡š–„‘‘ˆ‘”•‡‹‘”

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‡‡†‹„—†ǤȋʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ—ƒŽ‡’‘”–‘‹–‡”ƒ…›”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ†‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ

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‘‘•

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Š––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͳͲǤ͵Ͳͺ͹ͲȀŒ‡Ž•Ǥ˜͵‹ʹǤ͵Ͳ͹ͻ

ƒŠƒ™ƒ–‹ǡǤǡƬ‹Ž‹ƒ‹ǡǤȋʹͲͳͻȌǤƒƒŽ›–‹…ƒŽ‘ˆ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‡†—…ƒ–‹‘˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ†‹–•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡ƒ•ƒ

†‘‡•‹ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹Š‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž„ƒ•‡†‘‡‰‡Œƒ”Ǧ‰‡Œƒ”‹’‹‘˜‡Ž„›

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‡†‹ƒ†‹—ǤAdvances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 297ȋ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

‘ˆ‡”‡…‡‘–‡”†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ††—…ƒ–‹‘ȋʹͲͳͺȌȌǡͷͶ–ͷͺǤ

‹–ŠǡǤȋʹͲʹʹȌǤ‹–‡”ƒ…›ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹‡”ƒ—‡ǡ‘—–Šƒ’—ƒǤJournal of Education and Cultural Studies, 8ȋʹȌ, ͳͳ͹Ǧͳ͵ͲǤ