Urbanization Urbanization
Causes and Effects Causes and Effects
Urbanization Urbanization
Urbanization
Urbanization refers to a process in which an refers to a process in which an
increasing proportion of a society live in cities and the increasing proportion of a society live in cities and the suburbs of
suburbs of cities. cities. HistoricallyHistorically, , it has beeit has been closelyn closely connected with industrialization.
connected with industrialization.
Industrialization is a process that
Industrialization is a process that extensively usesextensively uses inanimate sources of energy to enhance
inanimate sources of energy to enhance humanhuman productivity.
productivity.
ollowing ollowing industrialization, industrialization, surpluses surpluses increased increased in in bothboth agriculture and
agriculture and industryindustry. . !arger and !arger and larger proportionslarger proportions of
of a a population population could could live live in in cities. cities. Economic Economic forcesforces were such that cities became the ideal places to locate were such that cities became the ideal places to locate factories and their wor"ers.
factories and their wor"ers.
City or Urban #ettlement City or Urban #ettlement
$ $ %%citycity% refers to a place of relatively% refers to a place of relatively dense settlement && dense enough so dense settlement && dense enough so that city residents can
that city residents can not grow theirnot grow their own
own food food resources. resources. $ $ citycity population, therefore, is
population, therefore, is alwaysalways dependent upon its %
dependent upon its %hinterlandshinterlands% to% to provide it with food resources.
provide it with food resources.
Causes of Urbanization Causes of Urbanization
Industrial 'evolutionIndustrial 'evolution
Industrialization following the IndustrialIndustrialization following the Industrial 'evolution
'evolution
Emergence of large manufacturingEmergence of large manufacturing centers
centers
(ob )pportunities(ob )pportunities
$vailability $vailability of easy transportationof easy transportation
*igration*igration
/opulation +0
/opulation +0
Chicago in +1
Chicago in +1
/opulation +2,1,030
/opulation +2,1,030
Effects of Urbanization Effects of Urbanization
4
4 /ositive /ositive 4
4 5egative 5egative
/luses /luses
6enefits include reduced 6enefits include reduced transporttransport
costs, exchange of ideas, and sharing costs, exchange of ideas, and sharing of natural resources.
of natural resources.
Cities act as beacons for the ruralCities act as beacons for the rural
population because they represent a population because they represent a higher standard of living
higher standard of living
Cities offer opportunities to people notCities offer opportunities to people not available in the
available in the countrysidecountryside
/luses /luses
#ocial 7 'eligious taboos8 sanctions#ocial 7 'eligious taboos8 sanctions disappearing
disappearing
Education is a tool to eradicate socialEducation is a tool to eradicate social evils
evils
Industrialization, Urbanization,Industrialization, Urbanization, Education, !egislation,
Education, !egislation, #ecularizat#ecularization&ion&
se9uence of development se9uence of development
:iffusion of urban culture to rural areas:iffusion of urban culture to rural areas
*inuses
*inuses
Industrial cities were difficult places to live Industrial cities were difficult places to live in due to;in due to;
/ublic health issues resulting /ublic health issues resulting from contaminated waterfrom contaminated water and air and the spread communicable diseases due to and air and the spread communicable diseases due to overcrowding.
overcrowding.
Unemployment and under employmentUnemployment and under employment
#evere shortage of housing#evere shortage of housing
<ran<ransportation&commuting issues, lac" sportation&commuting issues, lac" of publicof public transport, no ade9uate investment
transport, no ade9uate investment
#ocial effects & #ocial effects & povertypoverty, lac" of opportunities,, lac" of opportunities,
psychological problems, alcoholism, drugs, crime, psychological problems, alcoholism, drugs, crime, violence and other deviant behaviors
violence and other deviant behaviors
/ublic health /ublic health
#anitation & the settlements were ill e9uipped to#anitation & the settlements were ill e9uipped to
handle large populations and their sanitation needs handle large populations and their sanitation needs
/ollution = Caused by effluents, smo"e and smog/ollution = Caused by effluents, smo"e and smog
ire hazards = due to ire hazards = due to use of flammable materialsuse of flammable materials and proximity8 congestion
and proximity8 congestion
Epidemics & due to spread of Epidemics & due to spread of communicablecommunicable diseases
diseases caused caused by coby contaminated ntaminated water water 7 7 air air
Unemployment Unemployment
UnemploymentUnemployment is the condition of is the condition of
willing wor"ers lac"ing >obs or %gainful willing wor"ers lac"ing >obs or %gainful employment%. 6efore industrialization employment%. 6efore industrialization unemployment has been said not to unemployment has been said not to have been recognized as an issue in have been recognized as an issue in rural areas, despite the %disguised
rural areas, despite the %disguised
unemployment% of rural laborers having unemployment% of rural laborers having little to do, especially in conditions of
little to do, especially in conditions of overpopulation
overpopulation
society society
Individual = failure to meet financialIndividual = failure to meet financial
obligations such as purchasing food to obligations such as purchasing food to feed oneself and one?s family, and
feed oneself and one?s family, and paying one?s bills, failure to
paying one?s bills, failure to ma"ema"e mortgage payments or to pay rent mortgage payments or to pay rent may lead to homelessness.
may lead to homelessness.
#ocietal & rising #ocietal & rising unemploymentunemployment increases the crime rate
increases the crime rate
Housing Housing
)vercrowding)vercrowding
!oss of privacy!oss of privacy
!ac" of housing contributes directly to!ac" of housing contributes directly to crime, stress, and family brea"down crime, stress, and family brea"down
#hortage of livable housing leading to#hortage of livable housing leading to growth of slums
growth of slums
Human beings have a right to lead aHuman beings have a right to lead a life of dignity
life of dignity
<ransportation
<ransportation
TransportTransport or or transportationtransportation is the is the movement of people and goods from movement of people and goods from one place to another.
one place to another.
6ecause of the much higher densities6ecause of the much higher densities of people and activities in cities,
of people and activities in cities, transportation is a "ey issue.
transportation is a "ey issue.
Inade9uate8 lac" of public Inade9uate8 lac" of public transporttransport creates commuting problems leading creates commuting problems leading to loss of efficiency.
to loss of efficiency.
#ocial Effects & /overty
#ocial Effects & /overty
/overty is generally defined at the/overty is generally defined at the
individual or family level as not having individual or family level as not having enough money to buy basic necessities.
enough money to buy basic necessities.
/overty is caused by lac" of opportunities/overty is caused by lac" of opportunities
/overty causes malnutrition and illness@ it/overty causes malnutrition and illness@ it is a ma>or source of mental stress and
is a ma>or source of mental stress and loss of self&esteem which may lead to loss of self&esteem which may lead to depression, and have a further negative depression, and have a further negative impact on health.
impact on health.
#ocial Effects & Crime
#ocial Effects & Crime
inancial insecurityinancial insecurity
5o welfare systems in place5o welfare systems in place
!ac" of meaningful wor" A!ow importance!ac" of meaningful wor" A!ow importance to meaningful wor" and high importance to meaningful wor" and high importance to higher profits and
to higher profits and greater efficiencyBgreater efficiencyB
$nonymity &direct correlation between $nonymity &direct correlation between
higher crime rate and higher rootlessness higher crime rate and higher rootlessness
Urbanization in India
Urbanization in India
In India, about D of In India, about D of the populationthe population lives in cities.
lives in cities.
<he process of urbanization is still<he process of urbanization is still nascent in the Indian context.
nascent in the Indian context.
$ncient India was a civilized society with $ncient India was a civilized society with
many urban centers and centers of learning.
many urban centers and centers of learning.
Early Urbanization & *ohen>odaro Early Urbanization & *ohen>odaro
Harappa
Harappa
CCaappiittaalls s & & aannaauu>>
& & U>>ainU>>ain
'eligious Centers & 6odh Faya'eligious Centers & 6odh Faya
& & GaGaranashranashii
UniverUniversity sity towns towns & & <<aa"shas"shasilaila
5alanda 5alanda
*ughal Cities*ughal Cities
$gra $gra
!ahore!ahore
atehpur #i"riatehpur #i"ri
<he seven cities of :elhi<he seven cities of :elhi
Colonial Cities = :elhi, /ondicherry,Colonial Cities = :elhi, /ondicherry, Foa
Foa
Cantonment Cantonment <<oowns = wns = 6angalore,6angalore,
#ecunderabad, 5agpur,!uc"now
#ecunderabad, 5agpur,!uc"now
Hill 'esorts = #himla, 5ainital,Hill 'esorts = #himla, 5ainital, :ar>eeling, )oty, odai"anal :ar>eeling, )oty, odai"anal
/orts = #urat, *umbai, Calicut,/orts = #urat, *umbai, Calicut,
ol"atta, Gizag, Chennai
ol"atta, Gizag, Chennai
Effects of Colonization Effects of Colonization
Introduction of estern systems ofIntroduction of estern systems of education
education
*acaulization Aafter !ord *acaulayB of*acaulization Aafter !ord *acaulayB of Indian Education
Indian Education
:evelopment of labor force& s"illed8:evelopment of labor force& s"illed8 uns"illed
uns"illed
Independent IndiaIndependent India
$dministrative capitals = C $dministrative capitals = Center 7enter 7
#tate
#tate
Industrial <owns = 6hilai, 'our"ela,Industrial <owns = 6hilai, 'our"ela, (amshedpur, $hmedabad, #urat, (amshedpur, $hmedabad, #urat,
olar
olar
<oday<oday
*egacities = *umbai, :elhi, ol"atta,*egacities = *umbai, :elhi, ol"atta, Chennai, 6angalore, Hyderabad
Chennai, 6angalore, Hyderabad
'apid Urbanization& rate of'apid Urbanization& rate of urbanization increasing
urbanization increasing
<he process of urbanization is still<he process of urbanization is still nascent in the Indian context.
nascent in the Indian context.
<his explains the focus of <his explains the focus of globalglobal attention on the
attention on the developing nations.developing nations.
<here are huge profits to be made in<here are huge profits to be made in the process of development.
the process of development.
