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WELCOME MESSAGE

Welcome to the 2014 International Conference on Smart Green Technology in Electrical and Information Systems (ICSGTEIS), held on 5 – 7 November 2014, in Kuta, Bali, Indonesia. The conference is organized by the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Postgraduate Study in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Udayana University.

The ICSGTEIS 2014 provides forum for international researchers, experts, and students to share, exchange ideas, innovation, experience and the latest research in the field of Smart-Green Technologies. The conference provides opportunity to strengthen collaboration and networking among participants while enjoying the religious atmosphere and the unique traditional culture of Bali.

This conference covers a number of topics, including Energy and Power Engineering, Electronic Devices and Systems, Multimedia Telecommunications, and Software Engineering and Information Systems. All accepted papers have been selected through peer reviewing process. The conference secretariat received nearly 50 submissions and 22 papers have been selected for presentation. In addition to the paper presentations, the conference program also covers plenary lecture, workshop and social events.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank keynote and workshop lecturers for sharing the latest research and development in the area of power cables. I also would like to thank the IEEE Indonesia Section for their continuous support. Many thanks also go to the technical program and the organizing committees, as well as to all the participants. Without your support, this conference would not be possible.

I wish you all have a successful conference.

Professor Ida Ayu Dwi Giriantari

ICSGTEIS 2014 General Chair

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CONTENTS

Welcome Message 1

Contents 2

Topics 3

Organizing Committee 5

Technical Program Committee 6

Keynote Speaker 7

Venue 8

Program at Glance 9

Technical Sessions 10

Presentation 13

Social Events 14

How To Get To The Conference Location 16

General Information 17

Medical Services and Hospitals 20

Foreign Representative Office 21

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TOPICS

Energy and Power Engineering

 High Voltage Engineering

 Electromagnetic Compatibility

 Energy Conversion and Renewable Technologies

 Computer Applications in Power Systems

 Power Electronics and Electric Drives

 Power System Stability and Power Quality

 Smart Grid and Distributed Generation

 Energy Policies and Management

 Power Transmission and Distribution Systems

Electronic Devices and Systems

 Green Material and Electronic Devices

 Biomedical Engineering

 Microelectronics

 Optoelectronics and Laser Applications

 Measurement and Instrumentations

 Intelligent Control Systems

 Mechatronics, Robotics, and Automation

Multimedia Telecommunications

 Multimedia Information Processing

 Vision, Graphics, and Visualization

 Distributed Source Coding

 Computer and Communication Networks

 Electromagnetic and Radio Propagation

 Wireless and Mobile Communications

 Remote Sensing and GIS

 Smart City and Digital Village

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Software Engineering and Information Systems

 Green Software Engineering

 E-Learning

 Computing Algorithms

 Intelligent System Design

 Information Systems and Management

 Mobile, Cloud, and Ubiquitous Computing

 Network Security and Management

 Human Computer Interaction

 Knowledge Discovery in Databases

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ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

General Chair:

 Ida Ayu Dwi Giriantari

Co-Chair:

 W. G. Ariastina

General Secretary:

 N. M. A. E. Dewi Wirastuti

Publication:

 I M. Arsa Suyadnya

Secretariat:

 I. B. Alit Swamardika

Finance:

 N. Budiastra

 I W. Sukerayasa

Sponsorship:

 I M. Oka Widyantara

Local Program:

 I N. Satya Kumara

 I N. Setiawan

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TECHNICAL PROGRAM COMMITTEE

 Linawati, Ph.D (Indonesia – Chair)

 Prof. A Min Tjoa (Austria)

 Prof. Hugh Outhred (Australia)

 Dr. Toan Phung (Australia)

 Prof. Syed Islam (Australia)

 Dr. Maria Retnanestri (Australia)

 H. E. Orton (Canada)

 Prof. Uwe Rehling (Germany)

 Prof. Tsuyoshi Usagawa (Japan)

 Prof. Wei-Chung Teng (Taiwan)

 Prof. Emmanouil M. Tentzeris (USA)

 Yoga Divayana, Ph.D (Indonesia)

 Prof. Ontoseno Penangsang (Indonesia)

 Dr. Yoyon K. Suprapto (Indonesia)

 Prof. Suwarno (Indonesia)

 Dr. Tumiran (Indonesia)

 Dr. Lukito Edi Nugroho (Indonesia)

 Prof. Rudy Setiabudi (Indonesia)

 Prof. Dadang Gunawan (Indonesia)

 Dr. Hermawan (Indonesia)

 Prof. Gamantyo Hendrantoro (Indonesia)

 Prof. Rukmi Sari Hartati (Indonesia)

 Prof. Suprapta Winaya (Indonesia)

 Prof. M. Ashari (Indonesia)

 Dr. Asvial (Indonesia)

 Dr. I Wayan Mustika (Indonesia)

 Dr. Nyoman Gunantara (Indonesia)

 Dr. Agus Dharma (Indonesia)

 Dr. Made Sudarma (Indonesia)

 Dr. I M Yulistya Negara (Indonesia)

 Dr. Wayan Nata Septiadi (Indonesia)

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TECHNICAL SESSIONS

Technical Session 1

Energy and Power Engineering 1

Wednesday, 5 November 2014; 11:00-12:30 Session Chair: I N. S. Kumara

Saraswati

1. ID 14 Elimination of Sympathetic Inrush Currents in Transformers Connected in Parallel Kartik P Basu, Naeem M Hanoon

Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, 63100 Cyberjaya, Malaysia

2. ID 18 Investigation and Modelling of Sympathetic Inrush Due to Transformer Energization H. Abdull Halim, B.T. Phung , J. Fletcher

School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Australia

3. ID 63 Modeling and Detection of High Impedance Faults Huwei Wu, B.T. Phung, Daming Zhang, Jichao Chen

School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

4. ID 12 Design of Snubber Circuit and PI Control to Achieve Load Independent Output Voltage in Micro Smart Home System

Didi Istardi, Andy Triwinarko

Electrical Engineering Department, Batam Polytechnics, Batam, Indonesia

Technical Session 2

Software Engineering and Information Systems

Wednesday, 5 November 2014; 13:30 – 15:00 Session Chair: Linawati

Saraswati

1. ID 78 Demand and Thermal Aware Approach for Greener IaaS-Cloud Data-Centers Nazi Tabatabaei Yazdi, Chan Huah Yong

School of Computer Science Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia 2. ID 20 The Design of Web Based Academic Information System in Universitas Sains dan

Teknologi Jayapura

Marla S.S. Pieter, Evanita V. Manullang

Information Technology Science and Technology, University of Jayapura, Jayapura, Indonesia

3. ID 42 Visualization of Indonesian Translation of Quran Index Suwanto Raharjo, Khabib Mustofa

Informatics Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institute of Science &

Technology AKPRIND

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4. ID 22 Website Content Management Analysis of eGovernment in Bali Province According to the Ministry of Communications and Information Guide (KOMINFO)

Gerson Feoh, Linawati, Ni Made Ary Esta Dewi Wirastuti

Department of Information Engineering, University of Dhyana Pura Bali, Indonesia 5. ID 23 Server Log Monitoring Based On Running Services

Dandy Pramana Hostiadi, Made Sudarma STMIK STIKOM Bali, Indonesia

Technical Session 3

Multimedia Telecommunication

Wednesday, 5 November 2014; 15:30 – 17:00 Session Chair: N. M. A. E. Dewi Wirastuti

Saraswati

1. ID 21 Implementation Dedicated Sensing Receiver (DSR) in 3G - WiFi Offload Setiyo Budiyanto, Muhammad Asvial, Dadang Gunawan

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia 2. ID 35 Study on Feasible Solution of Power Control in Cognitive Radio Networks

Norma Amalia, I Wayan Mustika, and Selo

Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada

3. ID 31 Performance Analysis of Packet Scheduling Algorithm for Video Service in Downlink LTE

Ida Nurcahyani, I Wayan Mustika, and Selo

Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada

4. ID 62 Unidirectional Motion Estimation Technique With Full Search Algorithm For Frame Rate Up-Conversion Video

Widya Yuniari, Oka Widyantara, Linawati

Department of Electrical Engineering, Udayana University

Technical Session 4

Energy and Power Engineering 2

Thursday, 6 November 2014; 09:00-10:30 Session Chair: B. T. Phung

Saraswati

1. ID 61 Comparison between RC Detector and High Frequency Current Transformer in Measuring Partial Discharge in Liquid Insulation

Suwarno, Aulia

School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Institute Technology Bandung

2. ID 75 Effect of the Distance of Partial Discharge Sensor to Partial Discharge Source on the Attenuation of Partial Discharge induced Electromagnetic Wave in Gas Insulated Switchgear

Umar Khayam, Zahrina Hafizhah

School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung,

Indonesia

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3. ID 77 New Designed Bowtie Antenna with Middle Sliced Modification as UHF Sensor for Partial Discharge Measurement

Asep Andi Suryandi, Umar Khayam

School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia

4. ID 44 Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Multiple One Way Gears Wave Energy Converter to Generate Electricity

Masjono, Salama Manjang, Zahir Zainuddin, Arsyad Taha

Department of Civil Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar

5. ID 86 Microhydro Powerplant for Rural Area in Bali to Generate Green and Sustainable Electricity

Satya Kumara, D.P.D. Suparyawan, W.G Ariastina, W. Sukerayasa, I.A.D Giriantari Department of Electrical Engineering, Udayana University

Technical Session 5

Joint Track

Thursday, 6 November 2014; 11:00-12:30 Session Chair: Yoga Divayana

Saraswati

1. ID 19 Load Flow and Supply Security Analysis of Power System in Tiga Nusa; Before and After the Application of 20kV Submarine Cable

Dayu Giriantari, I W. Sukerayasa, Y.M.A. Prawira

Department of Electrical Engineering Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia

2. ID 13 Economic Cost Study of Photovoltaic Solar System for Hotel in Nusa Lembongan I.A.D. Giriantari, I.N.S. Kumara, D.A. Santiari

Department of Electrical Engineering, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia

3. ID 85 DC Motor Speed Control with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Method of Infrared Remote Control Base on Microcontroller ATmega16

Putu Raka Agung, Syamsul Huda, I Wayan Arta Wijaya

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Udayana, Bukit Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia.

4. ID 43 A Review : Identification of Avian Influenza Environmental Risk Factor using Remote Sensing Image and GIS

M. Adisty Padmasari, ST., Ir. Linawati, MEngSc., PhD., Ni Md Ary Esta D.W, S.T.,M.Sc.,Ph.D

Magister Tenik Elektro, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia

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

Consulate Office of Netherlands Jalan Raya Kuta No: 127, Kuta

Tel: 62-361-761502; Fax: 62-361-752777



Consulate Office of Norway & Denmark Mimpi Resort, Kawasan Bukit Permai, Jimbaran

Tel: 62-361-701070 (ext 32); Fax: 62-361-701073, 62-361-701074



Consulate Office of Spain

Komplek Istana Kuta Galeria Blok 2 No. 11, Tel: 62-361-769286; Fax: 62-361-769186



Consulate Office of Sweden& Finland Segara Village Hotel

Jalan Segara Ayu, Sanur-80228

Tel: 62-361-288407; Fax: 62-361-287242



Consulate Office of Switzerland & Austria Kompleks Istana Kuta Galleria

Blok Valet 2 No. 12, Jalan Patih Jelantik Kuta-80361 Tel: +62-361-751735; Fax: 62-361-754457



Consulate Office of Thailand

Jalan Puputan Raya No. 81, Renon, Denpasar-80235 Tel: 62-361-263310; Fax: 62-361-238044



Consulate Office of Timor Leste

Jalan Prof. Yamin No. 4, Renon Denpasar Tel: 62-361-235093; Fax: 62-361-235092



Consulate Office of the United Kingdom

Cat and Fiddle Restaurant; Jalan Mertasari No. 2 Sanur Tel: 62- 361-287804; Fax: 62-361-270601



Consular Agency of the United States of America

Jalan Hayam Wuruk 310, Tanjung Bungkak, Denpasar-80235

Tel: 62-361-233605; Fax: 62-361-222426

Microhydro Powerplant for Rural Area in Bali to Generate Green and Sustainable Electricity

I.N.S. Kumara, D.P.D. Suparyawan, W.G. Ariastina, W. Sukerayasa, I.A.D. Giriantari Department of Energy Management - Postgraduate Program Udayana University

Jl. PB Sudirman Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia Email: satya.kumara@ee.unud.ac.id

Abstract— Microhydro is one among various renewable technologies that can be developed to generate clean and sustainable electricity in Bali. As a result, the local utility company has planned to develop several mini-hydro in Bali for the next five years with total capacity of 30 megawatt. Two micro hydro plants each of 25 kW and 20 kW capacity are currently in operation to generate electricity for villagers as well as injecting power into local grid. Many villages in Bali pose great potential to generate electricity using micro hydro from streams or rivers nearby the village which forms their irrigation systems. The report presented on this paper is result of study to develop micro hydro in the village of Sambangan in District of Buleleng. The power plant is intended to improve existing generic plant to provide more reliable and better quality electrical power for villagers which has no access to utility grid. The village has irrigation canal with historical water flow of 623 liter per second minimum and with an effective head of around 18 meter. Summary of technical specification of the proposed 82 kW micro hydro is presented. The total cost for developing this plant is estimated at around 1.5 billion Rupiah that includes civil, mechanical and electrical, as well as distribution network cost components. The cost of each work component is estimated based on empirical data on previously built or design micro hydro around Indonesia. An organization that empower local manpower is also identified to operate and maintain the power plant effectively and sustainably.

Keywords— renewable generation, microhydro, technical specification, investment, management

I. INTRODUCTION

Indonesia has huge potential of hydro electric power generation. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) estimates that national potential of hydro-electric is around 75,600 MW power [1]. Progress to date on hydropower total capacity is around 6,848 MW or less than 10% of its potential hence most of this clean and green source of energy is under developed. Indonesian energy blueprint states that hydropower is part of national renewable generation portfolio which by 2025 shall contribute to 5% of national energy mix together with other renewable resources [2]. The abundant potential of hydropower in Indonesia is due to the fact that lakes, rivers and waterfalls are found in many parts of the Indonesian archipelago including the island of Bali. According to Bali water resources agency, Bali has 154 rivers and springs scattered around the island [3].

Currently, the island has two micro hydro plants which are in operation; A 25 kW grid-connected plant is in Karangasem on

the east of Bali. Another 20 kW plant is serving villagers in Buleleng in the north of Bali. Further, local electric distribution company has planned to build several minihydro plants in the next few years producing total capacity of 30 MW [4].

Bali is popular as world tourist destination where nearly eight million people both local and foreign visit the island every year to see nature, culture, and the life of people in Bali.

Although nearly all parts of the island has been served by electric power networks but some villages still faces basic challenge of having electric power their home. Typical characteristics of these villages are that they are located in remote areas, high on the mountain areas or deep on the valleys. More over, their houses are scat erred in large areas and road access is limited and often non existence. The villagers are also characterized by their low economic income. Village Sambangan in District of Buleleng is an example of these remote villages around Bali.

The village is passed by Tiying Tali river from which water is sourced for farm irrigation. The nearest utility distribution network is around three or four kilometers away but expanding the network to reach out for these villages will require the utility to invest large sum of money. But, due to economic and geographical characteristics of these villages, the utility tends not to view this as source of company’s revenue and hence very often rely on central government fund to develop such projects.

This paper presents result of study to develop micro hydro plant at village of Sambangan, one of many typical villages in Bali where part of its population still has no have access to electricity. The study covers technical assessment of the hydro power of the Tiying Tali river which passes nearby the village.

It also followed by analysis on costs involved such as civil, mechanical, and electrical works. The study also identifies local manpower to operate and maintain the power plant so it can be utilized effectively and sustainably.

II. METHODOLOGY

The objective of research reported here is to find potential of electric power that can be generated from Tiying Tali river using micro hydro technology. Site observation was conducted to asses overall condition of the site. Flow rate of the river is assessed using historical record available from Department of Public Works. Head of the water is estimated using satellite image which also contains location’s contour data available from Google Earth. These two information are used to estimate

the electric power that can be harnessed from the river. A standard formula to calculate the potential power is adopted.

The research also estimated total investment necessary to construct this micro hydro plant and followed by investment analysis using net-present-value tool. Typical works involved in constructing micro hydro plant is civil works, mechanical and electrical works, and construction of distribution network to deliver power to villagers. The costing of all work components is done using secondary data available from past micro hydro projects or existing plant and uses interpolation to estimate costs of the proposed plant based on size or dimension.

Organization or committee to manage the proposed plant is illustrated as an effort to achieve sustainable operation of the plant. The committee consists of personnel with job descriptions which enable them to provide good and reliable service to consumers. More over, to apply for grid-connected configuration for selling energy into the grid, the power plant should be owned by community organization such as co-op.

III. DESIGN AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

Village of Sambangan is located in the north of Bali with total population of 4,805 people or around 1,168 households.

Most of the household already have electricity supplied by the utility but around 162 households still unconnected. These households are located far from the utility’s distribution network and their houses are scattered in large areas.

Tiying Tali river passes near the village which serves as irrigation channel for the rice field farms around the village.

Based on historical flow rate record, it is found that annual minimum flow rate is 836 liter per second. However, a conservative figure of 80% of this data is used to estimate effective flow rate on sizing the plant. Hence, flow rate of 623 liter per second is used so that in the even of minimum water, the plant can still deliver its design capacity.

Fig. 1 Microhydro of 82 kW in Sambangan village Head of water is the second factor that determines potential of an hydro power plant. Tiying Tali river is located in a relatively difficult terrain hence measurement of the head using standard technique pose great challenges. Satellite image

available from Google Earth was used to estimate the head. In addition to image, information on surface level is also available on the map. Using this method, it is found that head of the river is around 18 meter. The size of head together with the flow rate are then used to estimate potential of generated electric power using the standard power conversion below, that gives power output capacity of around 82 kilowatt. General lay out and photo of the microhydro site is shown in Figure 1.

𝑃 = 9.8 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 𝑄

where P is electric power generated in watt, h or head is the effective height of water level or waterfall, and Q is the volume of water per unit time.

The water is channeled through an intake gate and into canal race with U-shaped cross section to reduce water friction. The cross section area of the canal race is approximately one square meter. The figure is estimated using linear interpolation from existing canal race designs on several micro hydro around Indonesia. To ensure smooth and continuous supply of water into penstock, the water is stored in the for eBay. The size of the bay is also estimated using similar approach as in sizing the canal race which yields bay volume of 15 cubic meters.

Mechanical works consist of penstock design and turbine selection. Turbine converts potential energy of the waterfall into rotational kinetic energy. The proposed penstock is of poly vinyl chloride (PVC) material with 20 inch diameter and 74 meter length. A cross flow turbine made by Entech of T-15 type is proposed as it has around 80% efficiency and quite common for micro hydro application in Indonesia [5].

Electrical works consists of generator selection and electrical wiring at the power house. Consideration for selecting generator are the operating voltage and frequency, phase number, of brushless design, and complete with automatic voltage regulator. With these as criteria, three phase generator of Marelli MJB 225 LA of 134 kVA, 220/380 V 50 Hz is proposed.

Electrical wiring for the power house is a standard wiring installation to comply with Indonesian wiring regulation or PUIL but with addition of electronic load control and 160 kVA ballast load to protect generator in the even of sudden load change.

Distribution networks is necessary to deliver power to houses located at various distances from the power house. Figure 2 shows the proposed routing of the distribution networks. The feeder uses low voltage twisted cable NFA2X-T similar with cable used by the utility. The house connetion uses NFA2X cable. Each house will be supplied with 450 VA power ceiling as commonly implemented by utility for customer in remote areas. The total number of consumer is 113. Distribution network is designed to meet utility requirements in terms of voltage drop at consumer’s point in which voltage shall not fluctuate within +- 10% of nominal voltage of 220 V 50 Hz. The location of pole to support the overhead cable also adopts standard used by utility where distance between nearest pole is 50 meter [6]. Total distance of the feeder is arround 3,000 meter and total distance for house connection is 6,000 meter. Each customer wiring installation is provided with circuit breaker to

prevent nuisance to the power house and also protection for the consumer’s side.

Fig 2. Proposed distribution network

IV. COST COMPONENTS AND INVESTMENT ANALYSIS Civil works for micro hydro project covers several works such as site preparation, construction of intake, canal race, penstock, foundation of power house, and building for power house. There is no standard cost for each of this work component as the nature of this construction is very site or location specific.

Each location will require its own cost due to its topology, geographical and access. Several micro hydro projects have been developed in various location in Indonesia. This empirical or historical data is used to estimate cost elements of the proposed power plant. Data on size of building and other components of existing micro hydro are used to interpolate the civil works cost of the proposed plant. With this approach and based on data described in [7] yields total cost for civil works of the proposed plant is around IDR 407.5 million.

Mechanical and electrical costs include procurement and installation of turbine, selection of electric generator and its electronic load control, and alls constructing distribution network to deliver power to customer. Similar approach as in the civil’s work cost estimation as described above is adopted.

And based on data described in [8], it yields cost estimate for mechanical and electrical works of the proposed plant at around IDR 566.4 million.

Distribution network work covers material such as concrete pole, overhead cable for feeder and house termination, and protection equipments and including cost for installation of these components. Using secondary data as described in [9], [10], [11]

total cost for construction of distribution network is estimated at IDR 473.8 million. To obtain the cost of house connection to feeder, secondary data as described in [12] is used which yield total cost of distribution network at around IDR 69.4 million.

Total cost for constructing Sambangan micro hydro is the sum of all cost components as described above which equal to IDR 1.545 billion. Therefore, it yields an initial investment cost

of around IDR 19 million or around USD 1,570 per kilowatt power based on current exchange rate. This figure is within the average cost of electricity generation using micro hydro as reported in [13].

The village daily load curve was obtained by conducting survey on people in the village. The questionnaire includes question such as equipment in their house, time when electricity is mainly used, duration of usage, activities during evening and daytime, etc. Based on this survey, load curve is approximated and the result in graphical form is shown in Figure 3. It is clear that villager only use electricity at night for lighting and no consumption during day time. At day time, from 9 in the morning up to 17 in the evening most of the villagers are in the field as they are all farmer.

The estimated load pattern is used to calculate daily energy consumption which yield total energy use for the village is at 118.27 kWh every day. Annual energy usage is then obtained by assuming constant daily energy usage and multiplied by 365 days which yield annual energy usage of 43,169 kWh.

Fig 3. Load curve of the village

Investment analysis using net present value (NPV) is used to asses financial feasibility of the proposed plant. Cost factors that affect NPV result are total initial investment, operation and maintenance, annual sale of energy, interest rate, and life time of the plant. The standard formula for NPV analysis is shown below.

Where NCFo is the initial investment of the project and NCFt is net cash flow generated by the project at time t. The life time of the plant is denoted as n and k is the required rate of return. An investment is considered feasible if it has positive NPV value.

The annual operation and maintenance cost is taken as 5% of the total investment. Annual interest rate is assumed at 13% and plant’s life time is at 30 years. All this data is then used to calculate annual sale of energy to make this investment as an NPV feasible. To balance the two terms of the NPV equation

requires annual energy sales of IDR 275,168,900. Therefore to generate positive NPV value, energy sale should be greater than this figure.

The cost of per unit energy is calculated using the minimum energy sale and annual energy consumption which previously found at 43,169 kWh which produce per unit energy of IDR 6,375 per kWh. This per unit cost is much higher than the current utility price at around IDR 415 to 1,352 per kWh depending on consumer group [14]. This price is not the cost that reflect true production cost of electricity as it is highly subsidized by the government. Nevertheless, high price of the proposed micro hydro is largely due to low level of energy consumption. At the current load profile based on the number of customer and type of load which only lighting, it represents only 6% of its full capacity.

Report based on the study of existing micro hydro in other part of Indonesia as described in [15] states that average capacity factor of an off-grid plant is 25% and the grid-connected system is at 93%. Scenarios are presented to see how the proposed plant will perform should its capacity factor is assumed at 25% and 93% respectively. When the plant operates at 25% capacity it would generates annual energy of 180,499 kWh therefore energy cost is at IDR 1,525 per kWh. If it is assumed the plant operates at 93% capacity then the annual energy production is at 671,459 kWh which yield energy cost of IDR 410 per kWh.

In view of locations characteristics, increasing energy sale can be achieved by several options; first is to connect more villagers to join the organization to become customer, second is to encourage diversification of economic activities by identifying potential of local products or services for value added economy, and third is to sell energy to the utility as this is currently possible according to government regulation [16] [17], [18] and [19]. However, some criteria need to be met before permit is issued by the authority that the power can be sold to the grid. For example, according to the ministerial regulation, only organization such as co-op that can sell energy to the grid.

Therefore, this community owned power plant need to be legalized by registering it to the relevant government agency.

The sustainable operation of micro hydro plant depends not only on reliability of the plant but also on the availability of organization and manpower in the village that can operate and maintain the system. The absent of local technical persons have contributed to the ineffective operation or lack of sustainability of many renewable energy pilot project plants in Indonesia.

Similar findings to highlight the importance of organization or committee were also presented on the micro hydro project in Borneo as described in [20]. An organization that consists of head of operation that work under the supervision of village consumer council and assisted by an administrative staff and one technical staff is proposed. The administrative staff will handle the administration of the business and payment while the technical staff will responsible for the operation and maintenance of the plant. Figure 5 shows organization of the human resource.

Fig. 5 Organization to run the proposed micro hydro The council of farmers serves to protect villagers by setting electricity price, receiving complaints from villagers, making sure the head and its team will conduct good administration. The head is responsible for the management of the plant that covers operation, energy sales, as well as maintaining external relations.

The administration and technical staffs are responsible for day to day running of the organization in terms of sales administration and technical tasks respectively. Using dedicated personnel will ensure administration will be run properly and technical issues can be handled.

V. CONCLUSION

Technical assessment to develop micro hydro power plant at Sambangan village has been presented. Tiying Tali river is potential to generate electricity of 82 kW capacity to provide green and sustainable energy for local villagers.

Total investments required to develop this micro hydro is IDR 1.5 billion to cover all works such as civil, mechanical, and electrical cost components including construction of distribution networks both procurement and installations. At current loading pattern, the plant is only utilize at 6% of its capacity yielding energy cost of IDR 6,375 per kWh. Two operating scenarios is proposed on which the power plant is assumed operating at two loading conditions. At 25% and 93% loading condition, the energy cost drop to IDR 1,525 and IDR 410 per kWh respectively.

For the power plant to satisfy NPV feasible investment criteria, it is necessary to have sufficient energy consumption.

Increasing energy consumption can be achieved by increasing the number of customer by inviting more local villager to join the co-op, so more customer means more power usage. Energy consumption can also be increased by encouraging villager to develop new economic productive activities. The other option is to connect output of the plant to utility grid to export the excess energy. For this purpose, an organization in the form of co-op is proposed to operate and maintain the power plant to meet requirements set by the government.

REFERENCES

[1] Wiratmaja P., I.G.N., Renewable Energy Roadmap Indonesia, Keynote paper on Seminar Nasional Sains Dan Teknologi 2014, LPPM Universitas Udayana, September 2014

[2] MEMR Republic of Indonesia, Regulation #5/2006: National Energy Policy 2006 – 2025, Peraturan Pemerintah 5/2006 tentang Kebijakan Energi Nasional 2006 – 2025, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) Republic of Indonesia, 2006

[3] BWS Bali Penida, Profil Sungai Bali Penida, Dirjen Sumber Daya Air, Departemen Pekerjaan Umum

[4] MEMR Republic of Indonesia, Regulation #4092 K/2013 regarding Business Plan of Electric Power Supply 2013-2022 PT PLN, Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik 2013-2022, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia, 2013

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