INTRODUCTION
Background of Study
Therefore, it is clear that one of the important factors that should positively influence the quality of life is social support. Previous studies have shown that social support has a positive effect on an individual's quality of life.
Research Questions
As a result, they tend to be in a hurry, and therefore perceive traffic jams as a daily hassle. This study did not use the older age group because it is assumed that this group tends to be less productive than younger people. cited in Glass, Seeman, Herzog, Kahn, & Berkman 1994) found that with increasing age, productive activity decreases.
Objectives of Study
Significance of Study
- Theoretical Contribution
- Practical Contribution
Outline
There is no significant relationship between the physical domain of quality of life and social support. Pearson correlation was performed to test the relationship between quality of life and perceived social support.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Quality of Life
- Definition of Quality of Life
- Domains of Quality of Life
- Factors that Affect Quality of Life
As previously mentioned, physical health is one of the main domains for the individual's quality of life. Furthermore, according to the WHO's perspective, environment is also one of the domains of quality of life.
Social Support
- Definition of Social Support
- Types of Social Support
- Benefits of Social Support
- Received Social Support and Perceived Social Support
- Domains of Perceived Social Support
There is increasing evidence that social networks and social support influence an individual's quality of life (Hinkikka et al. cited in Wiggins et al. 2004). First, social support can be too intrusive and thus exacerbate stress (Shumaker & Hill, cited in Taylor et al. 2004).
Young Adult Driver
Fourth, as previously mentioned, young adults are at their peak of motor functioning (Papalia et al., 2007). That is, young adults enter into intimate relationships with others or experience a possible sense of isolation (Papalia et al., 2007).
Relationship between Quality of Life and Perceived Social Support
- Relationships between Four Domains of Quality of Life and Perceived
Indeed, this study chose to explore a direct relationship between perceived social support and quality of life. However, it should be noted that the relationship between perceived social support and quality of life is inconsistent (Bowling, Farquhar, & Browne cited in Wiggins et al. 2004).
Relationship between Quality of Life and Social Support in Traffic Situation
Is there a relationship between physical domain of quality of life and perceived social support in a traffic situation?”. There is a significant relationship between the social relations domain of quality of life and social support. There is no significant relationship between psychological domain of quality of life and social support.
There is no significant relationship between the environmental domain of quality of life and social support.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS, HYPOTHESES, AND VARIABLES
Research Questions
- Conceptual Research Questions
- Operational Research Questions
Is there any difference in multiple domains of quality of life between drivers accompanied by passenger and drivers talking to a telephone conversation partner?”. Is there any difference in perceived social support between drivers accompanied by passenger and drivers talking to a telephone conversation partner?”. Is there any significant difference in the WHOQOL-BREF domain scores between drivers accompanied by a passenger and drivers talking to a telephone conversation partner?”.
Is there a significant difference in SPS scores between drivers who are accompanied by a passenger and drivers who talk to a telephone conversation partner?”.
Hypotheses
- Alternative Hypotheses
- Null Hypotheses
There is no significant relationship between the social relations domain of quality of life and social support. The operational definition of quality of life is the domain scores on each domain of the WHOQOL-BREF. In addition, descriptive statistics also provided general summaries on quality of life and perceived social support.
Quality of life did not differ between those who were accompanied by passengers and those who spoke with a telephone conversation partner.
METHOD
Participants
- Characteristics of Participants
- The Number of Participants
- Sampling Technique
In this study, young adults aged 20-40 were used to master several skills important for driving, such as visual acuity, simple perceptual motor task performance, divided attention skills, and motor control (Papalia et al., 2007; Santrock, 1999; McDowd & Craik cited in Santrock 1999; Hole, 2007), and to control productive activity. According to Gravetter and Forzano (2009), the minimum sample size required to increase the agreement between values obtained from the sample and the true values for the population, and thus to represent the population accurately, is about 30. research criteria, and 17 others indicated that they drove solo and did not have a telephone conversation partner, so that their social support in the traffic situation was not measurable.
This study used non-probability sampling, which refers to the fact that each individual in the study population does not have an equal chance of being selected as a subject for the study (Kumar, 1996).
Research Types and Designs
The large population of drivers in Tangerang and Jakarta makes it impossible for the researcher to estimate the exact number of drivers and identify them individually. In particular, random sampling was used, which indicates that the researcher obtained enough participants because they were easily accessible to the researcher.
Statistical Methods
This study assessed internal consistency as evidence of construct validity, which refers to how well the scores on a test reflect the construct it is supposed to measure (Anastasi & Urbina, 1997). Construct validity was assessed because both instruments in this study were adopted from a different country, and therefore it was important to assess whether the instruments were applicable to examine the same constructs in different ethnic groups in different settings. Correlations between item score and total/domain score were reported as evidence of homogeneity, indicating that the test measures a single construct (Anastasi & Urbina, 1997).
Independent groups t-test was performed to compare quality of life and perceived means of social support between drivers who were often accompanied by passengers and drivers who often talked with their telephone conversation partner.
Instruments
- Demographic Information
- Quality of Life
- Perceived Social Support
- Reliability and Validity
Thus, Wardhani (2006) conducted a study on youth to establish the reliability and validity of the WHOQOL-BREF. A pilot study was conducted to test the reliability and validity of two main scales - WHOQOL-BREF and SPS. Reliability and validity analysis was performed for each domain of the WHOQOL-BREF.
It was thus clear that all items on the WHOQOL-BREF were valid for assessing quality of life.
Procedure
- Preparation
- Pilot study
- Present study
A series of correlations were performed to identify the relationships between four domains of quality of life and perceived social support. Perceived social support in a traffic situation, especially from a passenger or a telephone conversation partner, has significant and positive relationships with all domains of quality of life. As expected, perceived social support was found to be significantly and positively correlated with all domains of quality of life.
In conclusion, the study evidenced the significant relationship between quality of life and perceived social support in a traffic environment.
RESULTS
Demographic Characteristics
Most people reported driving around 1-2 hours in the morning, afternoon and night. Few people who drove during the day reported spending less than 1 hour in this time. Out of 43 people, 17 people reported a 'neutral' response and 17 others indicated that they felt stressed while driving in the morning or during the day (see Figure 5.1).
In addition, most participants (19 people) also reported a neutral stress level while driving in the afternoon or at night (see Figure 5.2).
Descriptive Analysis of Quality of Life
Descriptive Analysis of Perceived Social Support
Relationship between Quality of Life and Perceived Social Support
Quality of Life in Drivers who were Accompanied by Passenger and Drivers
For those who spoke with a telephone conversation partner, all ratios ranged from −1.56 to 0.69, indicating a normal distribution. Indeed, there was no significant difference in the physical domain between drivers who were accompanied by a passenger (M = 63.15) and those who were on the phone (M = 67.18), t ns. Between the drivers who were accompanied by a passenger (M = 56.63) and those who talked to the interlocutor on the phone (M = 61.11), no significant difference was found in the psychological domain, t ns.
There was also no significant difference in environmental domain between drivers who were accompanied by passenger (M = 58.10) and those who spoke with a telephone conversation partner (M = 63.10), t ns.
Perceived Social Support in Drivers who were Accompanied by Passenger and
The current study also found that physical, psychological, social relationship, and environmental domains of quality of life did not differ between those who were accompanied by a passenger and those who spoke with a telephone conversation partner. In addition, the study also showed that quality of life did not differ according to sources of support. The effect of quality of support on quality of life can therefore be fully established.
Given that a significant correlation was found between perceived social support in a traffic situation and quality of life, the present study demonstrates this.
CONCLUSION
Summary of Results
People who drove from Tangerang to Jakarta on working days had a significantly medium quality of life. Such that individuals with greater perceived social support had higher scores on physical, psychological, social relationships and environmental domains than those with low social support. Perceived social support did not differ between those who were accompanied by passengers and those who spoke with a telephone conversation partner.
In other words, support from passengers and support from the telephone conversation partner were not perceived differently.
Discussion
In addition, the fact that participants traveled to Jakarta via toll roads every working day could also explain the participants' average quality of life. However, it should be noted that this current study only examined the relationship between passenger/telephone interlocutor and quality of life. Thus, it is possible that all of them do not have an intimate relationship with a passenger or interlocutor on the phone, which then explains the non-significant difference in quality of life and perceived social support between two groups.
The strength of the present study is that it contributes to quality of life research by establishing the connection between quality of life and perceived social support from passengers and telephone conversation partners.
Suggestion
- Methodological Suggestion
- Practical Suggestion
The role of social support in the relationship between stress and strain: an examination of work-family conflict. Role of perceived social support in Chinese youth depression: A prospective study examining the buffer model. The relationship between gender, social support, and health-related quality of life in a community-based study in Washington county, Maryland.
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Descriptive Statistics of the SPS
