Daftar Pustaka
Abdelrahman, M. (2020). Personality traits, risk perception, and protective behaviors of Arab residents of Qatar during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-12.
Aditiawarman, M., dkk. (2019). Hoax dan Hate Speech di Dunia Maya. Lembaga Kajian Aset Budaya Indonesia: Tunggok Tuo.
Al-Atsari, A. I. M., (2017). Termasuk Dosa Besar, Suka Mencela! Dipetik 16 Maret, 2021, dari Almanhaj.or.id: https://almanhaj.or.id/9836-termasuk-dosa-besar-suka-
mencela.html
Al-Atsari, A. I. M., (2017). Termasuk Dosa Besar, Suka Mencela! Dipetik 16 Maret, 2021, dari Almanhaj.or.id: https://almanhaj.or.id/9836-termasuk-dosa-besar-suka-mencela.html Aldarhami, A., Bazaid, A. S., Althomali, O. W., Binsaleh, S. F. (2020). Public Perceptions and
Commitment to Social Distancing during COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey in Saudi Arabia. Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Turabah, Saudi Arabia.
Álvarez, A., Winter, F. (2018). Normative change and culture of hate: An experiment on online environments. Discussion papers of the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, 1-33. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcy005
Amir, S. (2020, Juli 5). Warga DKI Kurang Siap Menghadapi New Normal. Dipetik 17 Oktober, 2020, dari laporcovid19.org: https://laporcovid19.org/post/warga-dki-kurang- siap-menghadapi-new-normal-2
An, L., Hawley, S., Van Horn, M. L., Bacon, E., Yang, P., & Resnicow, K. (2020).
Development of a coronavirus social distance attitudes scale. Patient Education and Counseling.
Ardianto., Elvinaro, Komala. L, Karlinah, S. 2014. Komunikasi Massa : Suatu Pengantar.
Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media
Asphianto, A. (2017). Ujaran Kebencian Dalam Sudut Pandang Hukum Positif dan Islam.
Forum Kajian Hukum dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan. 17(1), 29-43.
Astrika, L., Yuwanto. (2019). Ujaran Kebencian dan Hoaks: Signifikasinya terhadap Pemilih Pemula di Kota Semarang. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pemerintahan, 4(2), 107-118. DOI:
10.14710/jiip.v4i2.5433
Awan, I., & Zempi, I. (2015). We Fear for our Lives: Offline and Online Experiences of Anti-
Muslim Hostility. https://www.tellmamauk.org/wp-
content/uploads/resources/We%20Fear%20For%20Our%20Lives.pdf
Bay, K. (2011). Pengertian Ulil Amri dalam Al- Implementasinya dalam Masyarakat Muslim. Jurnal Ushuluddin, 17(1), 115-129.
Ben-David, A., & Matamoros-Fernández, A. (2016). Hate speech and covert discrimination on social media: Monitoring the Facebook pages of extreme-right political parties in Spain.
International Journal of Communication, 10, 1167 1193.
Bilewicz, M., & Soral, W. (2020). Hate speech epidemic. The dynamic effects of derogatory language on intergroup relations and political radicalization. Political Psychology, 41, 3-33.
Bojarska, K. (2018). The Dynamics of Hate Speech and Counter Speech in the Social Media:
Summary of Scientific Research. Centre for the Internet and Human Rights.
122(10), 276-279. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.122-A276
Chen, S., Yang, J., Yang, W., Wang, C., & Bärnighausen, T. (2020). COVID-19 control in China during mass population movements at New Year. The Lancet, 395(10226), 764 766. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30421-9
Choi, D. H., Yoo, W., Noh, G. Y., Park, K. (2017). The Impact of Social Media on Risk Perceptions During the MERS Outbreak in South Korea. Comput Human Behavior, 422-431.
Costello, M., Hawdon, J., Ratliff, T., Grantham, T. (2016). Who Views Online Extremism?
Individual Attributes Leading to Exposure. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 311- 320. Doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.033
Darker C., Whittaker A.C. (2018). Risk Perception In: Gellman M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614- 6439-6_866-3
De Vreese, C. H., & Neijens, P. (2016). Measuring media exposure in a changing communications environment.
Deuraseh, N and H Lateh. (2014). The Philosophy of Fasting in Preservation of Health: An Islamic Perspective. Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 12-13(23-26): 102-106.
Ding, Y., Du, X., Li. Q., Zhang, Q., Tan, X., & Liu, Q. (2020). Risk perception of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its related factors among college students in China during quarantine. PLoS ONE, 15(8 August), 1-13.
Dryhurst, S., Schneider, C. R., Kerr, J., Freeman, A. L., Recchia, G., Van Der Bles, A. M., &
Van Der Linden, S. (2020). Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world. Journal of Risk Research, 23(7-8), 994-1006.
Duan, F. (2021, 20 Juli). Nilai Isu Meng-Covid-kan Pasien hingga Konspirasi Mengancam Nyawa, Kominfo Minta Medsos Aktif Cegah Hoaks. Dipetik pada 17 Agustus, 2020, dari pikiranraykat.com: https://depok.pikiran-rakyat.com/nasional/pr-092251093/nilai- isu-meng-covid-kan-pasien-hingga-konspirasi-mengancam-nyawa-kominfo-minta- medsos-aktif-cegah-hoaks
Duong, H., Vu, H., Nguyen, L. (2020). Effects of Online Comments on Risk Perception and Intention to Communicate.
Dyer, J., & Kolic, B. (2020). Public risk perception and emotion on Twitter during the Covid- 19 pandemic. Applied Network Science, 5(1), 1-32.
Elfariani, I. (2021). Prasangka dan Suudzon: Sebuah Analisa Komparatif Dari Perspektif Psikologi Barat dan Psikologi Islam. Jurnal Psikologi Terapan (JPT), 2(1), 1-4.
Elhadi, M., Msherghi, A., Alsoufi, A., Buzreg, A., Bouhuwaish, A., Khaled, A., ... &
Elgzairi, M. (2020). Knowledge, preventive behavior and risk perception regarding COVID-19: a self-reported study on college students. The Pan African Medical Journal, 35.
Fatmawati, A., & Hendrayani, S. Y. (2020). The Risk Perception of Covid-19 in Indonesia. Jurnal Vokasi Keperawatan (JVK), 3(2), 103-108.
Fauziyah, U. (2020). Tabayyun dan hukumnya sebagai penganggulangan berita hoax di era digital dalam perspektif Fiqih. Al-Yasini jurnal keislaman dan pendidikan, 5(1), 114- 125.
Firdaus. 2020. Virus Corona Dalam Perspektif Sunnah. Jurnal Kajian Al-Quran dan Tafsir.
5(1), 13-29
Fung, T. K., Namkoong, K., & Brossard, D. (2011). Media, social proximity, and risk: A comparative analysis of newspaper coverage of avian flu in Hong Kong and in the United States. Journal of health communication, 16(8), 889-907.
Hakim, M. S. (2018, Juli 25). Saudaraku, Sampai Kapan Kita saling Mencela dan Mengolok- olok? Dipetik 15 Maret, 2021, dari muslim.or.id: https://muslim.or.id/41414- saudaraku-sampai-kapan-kita-saling-mencela-dan-mengolok-olok.html
Hall, N. (2013). Hate crime. Abingdon: Routledge.
Hambali, H. (2020). Sikap Muslim Terhadap Wabah Covid-19 Dalam Perspektif Maqashid Journal of Darussalam Islamic Studies, 1(1), 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.47747/jdis.v1i1.86
Haryanto, T. A. (2020, Februari 20). Riset: Ada 175,2 Juta Pengguna Internet di Indonesia.
Dipetik 30 September, 2020, dari Inet.detik.com: https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d- 4907674/riset-ada-1752-juta-pengguna-internet-di-indonesia
Hefni, H. (2015). Pengaruh Informasi Dalam Membentuk Persepsi (Perspektif Al-Quran dan Hadits). 32-40
Heller, B. B., & Magid, L. (2018). Combating hate speech. 1-5.
Hendryadi, H. (2017). Validitas Isi: Tahap Awal Pengembangan Kuesioner. Jurnal Riset Manajemen Dan Bisnis (JRMB) Fakultas Ekonomi UNIAT, 2(2), 169-178.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237626 https://doi.org/10.36226/jrmb.v2i2.47
https://www.connectsafely.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/qg-hatespeech.pdf Husin, A. F. (2014). Islam dan kesehatan. Islamuna: Jurnal Studi Islam, 1(2).
Husin, B. R., Sunarto, D. M., Febriyani, M. (2018). Analisis Faktor Penyebab Pelaku Melakukan Ujaran Kebencian (Hate Speech) dalam Media Sosial. Univerrsitas Lampung.
Ihsan, H. (2015). Validitas Isi Alat Ukur Penelitian: Konsep Dan Panduan Penilaiannya, 173- 179
Inouye, J. (2014). Risk Perception: Theories, Strategies, and Next Steps. Campbell Institute, 1-11.
Iorfa, S. K., Ottu, I. F., Oguntayo, R., Ayandele, O., Kolawole, S. O., Gandi, J. C., ... &
Olapegba, P. O. (2020). COVID-19 knowledge, risk perception, and precautionary behavior among nigerians: a moderated mediation approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3292
Irawan. (2018). Hate Speech di Indonesia: Bahaya dan Solusi. Jurnal Dakwah dan Pengembangan Sosial Kemanusiaan, 9(1), 1-17.
Islam, M. H., Islam, M. S., & Adam, F. (2020). Preventive Measures for a Healthy Life:
Towards an Islamic Perspective with Reference to COVID-19. Intellectual Discourse, 28(2), 487-510.
Jolley, D., & Douglas, K. M. (2014a). The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions. PLOS ONE, 9(2), e89177. Diambil dari https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089177
Jolley, D., & Douglas, K. M. (2014b). The social consequences of conspiracism: Exposure to conspiracy theories decreases intentions to engage in
carbon footprint. , 105(1), 35
56. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12018
Kaakinen, M., Oksanen, A., & R s nen, P. (2018). Did the risk of exposure to online hate increase after the November 2015 Paris attacks? A group relations approach.
Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 90 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2017.09.022 Khosvari, M. (2020). Perceived Risk of COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Public Worry and
Trust. Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 17(4), 203.
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.122-A276
Komnas HAM. (2015). Buku Saku Penanganan Ujaran Kebencian (Hate Speech). Didapat dari https://cangkangqueer.org/2017/08/05/buku-saku-penanganan-ujaran-kebencian-hate- speech/
Larassaty, L. (2020, Maret 13). Wabah Virus Corona COVID-19 Mengancam Kesehatan Mental Juga, Akibat Banyaknya Berita Hoax. Dipetik 26 September, 2021, dari health.grid.id: https://health.grid.id/read/352060470/wabah-virus-corona-covid-19- mengancam-kesehatan-mental-juga-akibat-banyaknya-berita-hoax?page=all
Limilia, P., & Fuady, I. (2021). Literasi media, chilling effect, dan partisipasi politik remaja. Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi, 9(1), 40-52.
Lubis, N. (2021). Agama Dan Media: Teori Konspirasi Covid-19. Jurnal Kajian Islam Interdisipliner, 4(1), 45-58.
Malau, B. S., (2020, Mei 4). 443 Kasus Hoaks dan Ujaran Kebencian Terkait Pandemi Virus Corona Beredar di Dunia Maya. Dipetik 12 Oktober, 2020, dari Wartakotalive.com:
https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2020/05/04/443-kasus-hoaks-dan-ujaran-kebencian- terkait-pandemi-virus-corona-beredar-di-dunia-maya
Malka, A., Krosnick, J. A., & Langer, G. (2009). The association of knowledge with concern about global warming: Trusted information sources shape public thinking. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 29(5), 633-647.
Matondang, Z. (2009). Validitas dan reliabilitas suatu instrumen penelitian. Jurnal tabularasa, 6(1), 87-97.
Mawarti, S. (2018). Fenomena Hate Speech Dampak Ujaran Kebencian. Toleransi: Media Komunikasi Umat Beragama, 10(1).
Mildad, J. (2018). Komunikasi Massa dalam Perspektif Islam (Kajian terhadap Alquran pada Ayat-ayat Tabayyun). SOURCE: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 2(2).
Muhamaddin., Murtiningsih., Yana, Septi. Ujaran Kebencian Dalam Pandangan Perspektif Agama Islam dan Agama Buddha. JIA, 1, 1-19
Muhid, A., Hadi, M., Fanani, A., Arifin, A., & Hanif, A. (2019). The Effect of Hate Speech Exposure on Religious Intolerance Among Indonesian Muslim Teenagers. In 2019 Ahmad Dahlan International Conference Series on Education & Learning, Social Science & Humanities (ADICS-ELSSH 2019) (pp. 39-44). Atlantis Press.
Munawarroh, P. R. (2018). Pengaruh Terpaan Media Pada Akun Instagram @Exploresiak Terhadap Minat Kunjungan Wisata ke Siak Sri Indrapura. JOM Fisip, 5(1), 1-13.
Murrow, G. B., & Murrow, R. (2016). A valid question: Could hate speech condition bias in the brain?. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 3(1), 196-201.
Musliu, A. (2020, 3 Agustus). COVID-19 has Worsened Hate Speech in North Macedonia.
Dipetik tanggal 3 Januari, 2020, dari balkaninsight:
https://balkaninsight.com/2020/08/03/covid-19-has-worsened-hate-speech-in-north- macedonia/
Noor, M. U. (2018). Penilaian Kualitas Informasi Sebagai Bentuk Sikap Tabayyun Ketika Menerima Informasi di Sosial Media dan Internet. Jurnal Kajian Perpustakaan dan Informasi, 2(1), 33-40.
Nurasih, W. (2019). Hate Speech Dalam Masyarakat Post Truth (Aplikasi Hermeneutika Al- -Quran dan Tafsir. 4(1), 220-231
Pacheco, E., & Melhuish, N. 2018). Online hate speech: a survey on personal experiences and exposure among adult New Zealanders. Available at SSRN 3272148.
Paek, H. J., & Hove, T. (2017). Risk perceptions and risk characteristics. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication.
Poletti, P., Ajelli, M., & Merler, S. (2011). The effect of risk perception on the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza dynamics. PloS one, 6(2), e16460.
Pramono, A. (2020, 12 September). Berikut Hasil Survei Persepsi Risiko COVID-19 di Kota Bogor. Dipetik pada 8 Juli, 2021 dari kotabogor.co.id:
https://kotabogor.go.id/index.php/show_post/detail/14457
Purnamasari, D. M. (2020, Oktober 2). Anggota Satgas: Survei BPS, 17 Persen Masyarakat Indonesia Tak Percaya Covid-19. Dipetik 5 Januari, 2021, dari kompas.com:
https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/10/02/16414751/anggota-satgas-survei-bps- 17-persen-masyarakat-indonesia-tak-percaya-covid?page=all
Rahman, A.B.A., Zaluki, N.A.B.A. (2020). Pencegahan Penularan Virus Corona (COVID-19) Menurut Perspektif Islam. Journal of Fatwa Management and Research. 22(1), 1-13 Rajab, A. J., Nurdin, M. S., Mubarak, H. (2020). Tinjauan Hukum Islam Pada Edaran
Pemerintah Dan MUI Dalam Menyikapi Wabah COVID-19. Jurnal Bidang Hukum Islam. 1(2), 156-173
Rodriguez-Besteiro, S., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Fernández-Lucas, J., & Clemente-Suárez, V.
J. (2021). Gender differences in the covid-19 pandemic risk perception, psychology and behaviors of spanish university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 3908.
Saputra, D. (2020). Fenomena Informasi Palsu (Hoax) Pada Media Sosial di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19 dalam Perspektif Islam. Jurnal Dakwah dan Ilmu Komunikasi, 2, 1-10.
SELMA. (2019). April SELMA focus: The consequences of hate speech.
https://hackinghate.eu/news/april-selma-focus-the-consequences-of-hate-speech/
Shahsavari, S., Holur, P., Wang, T., Tangherlini, T. R., & Roychowdhury, V. (2020).
Conspiracy in the time of corona: automatic detection of emerging COVID-19 conspiracy theories in social media and the news. Journal of computational social science, 3(2), 279-317.
Stephanie, C. (2021, Februari 24). Riset Ungkap Lebih dari Separuh Penduduk Indonesia
"Melek" Media Sosial. Dipetik 10 Agustus, 2021, dari kompas.com:
https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2021/02/24/08050027/riset-ungkap-lebih-dari- separuh-penduduk-indonesia-melek-media-sosial
Sudarto, S., Agustini, S., Muntiara, M., Bahrudin, C., Rahmiah, R., Prasetyawan, R., ... &
Muin, H. (2019). Bunga Rampai: Pendidikan agama islam.
Suhanti, I. Y., Noorrizki, R. D., Pambudi, K. S. (2020). Relasi Antara Persepsi Resiko Covid 19 dengan Intensi Kepatuhan Terhadap Langkah - Langkah Pemerintah untuk Menanggulangi Penyebaran Covid 19
Sumardiana, B. (2018). Penggunaan Internet Cerdas Sebagai Upaya Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Hate Speech Pada Remaja (Didasarkan Surat Edaran Kapolri No. SE/6/X/2015 Tentang Penanganan Ujaran Kebencian). Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum Indonesia, 1(1).
Sundblad, E. L., Biel, A., & Gärling, T. (2007). Cognitive and affective risk judgements related to climate change. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(2), 97-106.
Supriatna, E. (2020). Wabah Corona Virus Disease Covid 19 Dalam Pandangan Islam. SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-I, 7(6), 555-564.
Swami, V., & Furnham, A. (2012). Political paranoia and conspiracy theories. In J.-P. Prooijen
& P. A. M. van Lange (Ed.), Power, Politics, and Paranoia: Why People Are Suspicious About Their Leaders. Cambridge University Press.
Syahputra, I. (2016). Demokrasi Virtual dan Perang Siber di Media Sosial: Perspektif Netizen Indonesia. Aspikom, 3(3), 457 475.
Syarifudin, F. (2019). Urgensi Tabayyun dan Kualitas Informasi Dalam Membangun Komunikasi. UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 29-39
Thohari, F. (2018). Hadis Ahkam: kajian hadis-hadis hukum pidana Islam (hudud, qishash, . Deepublish.
Tobler, C., Visschers, V. H., & Siegrist, M. (2012). Addressing climate change: Determinants of consumers' willingness to act and to support policy measures. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(3), 197-207.
Van der Linden, S. (2015). The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: Towards a comprehensive model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 112 124.doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.012
Warden, C. A., Warden, A. R., Huang, S. C. T., & Chen, J. F. (2020). Job Tension and Emotional Sensitivity to COVID-19 Public Messaging and Risk Perception. Population Health Management, 00(00), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2020.0083
Weerd, W. V., Timmermans, D., Beaujean, D., Oudhoff, J., Steenbergen, J. E. (2011).
Monitoring the level of government trust, risk perception and intention of the general public to adopt protective measures during the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in the Netherlands. BMC Public Health.
WHO. (2020). Coronavirus. Dipetik 2 Juni, 2020, dari who.int: https://www.who.int/health- topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1
Wise, T., Zbozinek, T. D., Michelini, G., Hagan, C. C., & Mobbs, D. (2020). Changes in risk perception and self-reported protective behaviour during the first week of the COVID- 19 pandemic in the United States. Royal Society open science, 7(9), 200742.
Xie, K., Liang, B., Dulebenets, M., Mei, Y. (2020). The Impact of Risk Perception on Social Distancing during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. International Journal of Enviromental Research and Public Health, 17. doi:10.3390/ijerph17176256
Zhong, Y., Liu, W., Lee, T. Y., Zhao, H., & Ji, J. (2021). Risk perception, knowledge, information sources and emotional states among COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China. Nursing Outlook, 69(1), 13-21.
