Practical Values of Thesaurus of Modern Chinese in Nursing Scope Vocabulary
Fransiska Wiratikusuma1 , Yohana Wiratikusuma2 Xiamen University, Tiongkok1
President University, Indonesia1
Universitas Medika Suherman, Indonesia2 Email: [email protected]1
Submitted: 07/01/2022 Revised: 17/07/2022 Accepted: 03/08/2022 E-ISSN : 2579-4574 P-ISSN : 2549-7359
Abstract. The perspective formed by the mother tongue frequently influences the vocabulary used in speaking and writing while learning a new language. To make identifying and selecting the appropriate vocabulary according to the terminology commonly used by native speakers in the nursing field easier, Mandarin learners, notably those studying nursing, need vocabulary references that are organised systematically based on vocabulary domains. This study aims to serve as a resource for the processes in learning to increase overall proficiency in Mandarin for nursing. A Thesaurus of Modern Chinese (TMC) contains the lexical-semantic structure of Mandarin. Therefore, Chinese learners can learn the syntactic language that native Chinese speakers regularly use. This study examines the scope of vocabulary case studies in nursing from this thesaurus. The research strategy looks for relevant terminology in the nursing sector. This study also investigates the value of knowing Chinese to help nursing careers and the exposure to learning Mandarin in the nursing industry by related vocabulary. By selecting the nursing scope vocabulary from the thesaurus, This study can take more terms, particularly complex words, which are simple for native speakers but challenging for foreign learners.
Keywords: A Thesaurus Of Modern Chinese; Mandarin Language Ability; Career Advancement; Nursing Expertise; Vocabulary
https://ojs.unm.ac.id/eralingua
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
INTRODUCTION
The achievements achieved by China in the health sector, especially as can be seen from the Sinovac and Sinopharm vaccines, which have contributed significantly to the handling of the Covid-19 pandemic, prompting the author to provide words input on the foreign equivalent of Indonesian in the field of nursing.
Besides providing a reference in the nursing terms, this research can also be used as a source of reference for nurses to develop the nursing profession facing international demands. The vocabulary used in speaking and writing while learning a new language is frequently impacted by the perspective developed through the use of the mother tongue. Syukur (2019) investigated the English language needs of nursing study program students. However, in addition to English, Mandarin is currently also a foreign language needed for various professional fields, which cannot be separated from the nursing field (Syukur & Nugraha, 2019).
Therefore, Mandarin learners, particularly those studying nursing, need vocabulary references that are organised systematically based on vocabulary domains to make finding and choosing the correct vocabulary according to the terminology frequently used by native speakers in the nursing industry easier.
Mandarin is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. This language, which is also often referred to as the Han language, is unique in terms of intonation in pronunciation and the form of Han characters in writing. Han's character is a form of ideogram expressing its meaning. In addition, the vocabulary formed from morpheme units also has characteristics that distinguish it from Indonesian vocabulary formed from phoneme units.
A Thesaurus of Modern Chinese苏新春《现代汉语分类词典》(abbreviated to TMC) that provides references to the glossary of terms in various fields and can be used to provide references to the domain of nursing terms. Mandarin as one of the UN's official languages can help Mandarin learners, including in the nursing profession to improve career. However, the use of thesaurus in learning Mandarin as a textbook supporting textbooks still needs to be encouraged and improved.
Song and Su (2004), in the conclusion of a comparative study between Chinese and English thesaurus, revealed that learners of Mandarin as a second language also need a Chinese thesaurus as a reference book in learning Chinese (Song&Su, 2004).
Learnrers can benefit from thesaurus use by learning academic vocabulary as well as terminology related to survival language.The learners' vocabulary mastery ability within the scope level will significantly help learners communicate with native speakers of the destination language(Wiratikusuma, 2022). A thesaurus that meets the standards is a thesaurus that can describe the social situation of the community through vocabulary. The urgency of using a thesaurus to improve Chinese language skills, especially vocabulary, is apparent. TMC uses concepts from lexicology research, which not only supports Mandarin learners in Indonesia in better understanding Han (Chinese) culture and society through terminology (Wiratikusuma, 2021). In addition, Wiratikusuma, in research on the use-value of TMC, also explained the reference to the use of this Chinese thesaurus in a clear, systematic and easy to understand manner (Wiratikusuma, 2020). Therefore, a
Thesaurus of Modern Chinese (TMC) for Chinese Language Learner in Vocabulary Learner in Vocabulary Learning is the primary reference and another relevant and current reference for research on improving foreign language skills in the nursing field (Wiratikusuma & Wiratikusuma, 2021).Furthermore, this thesaurus also helps learners reference their textbook to add vocabulary that they get in the text (Wiratikusuma, et.all, 2022).
The number of studies on Chinese thesaurus in learning Chinese is still minimal. This limited number of studies does not provide encouragement and reference to Chinese language learners. Previous studies found that Chinese language learners can use the thesaurus to deepen their cultural understanding of Chinese vocabulary. Another study explained that learners could use the thesaurus to enrich vocabulary in high school Chinese textbooks by looking at the need to fulfil the vocabulary scope set by the 2013 curriculum. However, the Indonesian 2013 curriculum's basic competencies determine the vocabulary range. The previous study has not shown the result in specific fields supported by actual data about what vocabulary is needed. The Chinese thesaurus is classified based on vocabulary range, making it easier for Mandarin learners and teachers to find words that are appropriate to the scope. However, these assumptions need to be supported by data on which a particular field of science needs vocabulary. Therefore, this Research combines the field of nursing and the field of learning Mandarin.
This study intends to provide a framework for those learning Mandarin to advance their proficiency in foreign languages for nursing. Selecting the most appropriate dictionaries and references A thesaurus of modern Chinese that can describe the lexical-semantic structure of Mandarin can help Chinese learners acquire the syntactic language that fluent Chinese speakers regularly use. Learners who master this syntax are better able to interact and express themselves in Mandarin. Mandarin proficiency also makes it simpler to converse with native speakers about various topics, both generally and in the areas in which one has experience. In this study, the scope of vocabulary case studies in the nursing business from A Thesaurus of Modern Chinese (TMC) is examined to methodically define how to learn Mandarin in a way that can support a vocation. The research approach searches the nursing field for pertinent terminology.
RESEARCH METHOD
The research method searches for related vocabulary in the field of nursing in Chinese using a Chinese thesaurus which refers to literacy studies from previous research. This research design used a case study by selecting groups of vocabulary related to the treatment process category, diagnosis category, dosage and administration category and family planning category in a qualitative. After determining the group, this study counted the number of words contained in the related word group. We used this research design to determine the words used in nursing in Mandarin and Indonesian language and how many there were. From these types of terms, learning Mandarin in the nursing field can find out which words have the same meaning and which are different. These words reflect the two countries' medical progress, especially in nursing. By knowing these unique words, Chinese learners can see a picture of the nursing field in China through the
vocabulary in the Thesaurus of Modern Chinese (TMC)（苏新春《现代汉语分类词 典》. TMC has several advantages, including updating the vocabulary in the thesaurus that follows the latest developments in Chinese, systematic and scientific grouping of vocabulary, which makes it easier to search related vocabulary and provides an understanding of socio-cultural values contained in the group of vocabulary. The thesaurus was compiled by professor Su Xinchun, head of the Chinese National Language Resource Monitoring and Education Textbook Center at Xiamen University and published by the publisher The Commercial Press in 2013.
This study chose examples for the four areas that relate with medical vocabulary in order to serve as a reference for the terminology required in nursing.
Based on the second author's experiences as a nurse and lecturer in the nursing department, this medical vocabulary was selected. The language frequently used by nurses in contacts with patients in hospitals, in lectures, and in final project supervision for nursing stutends are also considered in determining the extent of the vocabulary used as a sample.Vocabulary data collection by taking samples in the section related to nursing in陆五K（医治healing）, which is divided into five groups of words. Through the vocabulary sample in this section, a translation and selection process is carried out with terms that are more commonly used in the nursing field in Indonesia. This statistical data examines the language equivalents between the two languages and the level of similarities and differences in the equivalents of Chinese words in the thesaurus. Understanding the similarities and differences in equivalent terms can help improve the ability to master Chinese vocabulary.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
By sampling the terms of the scope of nursing vocabulary, This study calculate the number of words broadly divided into four parts in the陆五K（医治 healing）. The distribution of the number of words shows that the diagnose section has the highest number of words, namely 167 words, the two words in terms of the treatment process are 24 words, the third most are words in the dosage and administartion of medicine, as many as 17 words and the last words in the treatment process. The term Family Planning is 12 words.
The following is a table of the distribution of words in the four spaces of the terms 'treatment process', 'diagnose', 'how to use medicine' and ' Family Planning'. The numbering, such as '陆五Ka01' and parts of it, corresponds to the numbers in A Thesaurus of Modern Chinese.
1. Treatment process
Table 1. Word Spread on the Scope of the Treatment Process Scope of words
Number of terms
Number Scope of Words Number of
words
Treatment process
陆五
Ka01 observation 11
陆五
Ka02 clinical 4
陆五
Ka03 healing 4
陆五
Ka04 treatment 3
陆五
Ka05 doctor in charge 2
Table 1 shows the word distribution in the scope of the treatment process, consisting of several terms such as observation, clinical, healing, treatment, and doctor in charge of the patient, which nurses often use in providing nursing care to clients. Nurses are vital in a hospital because nurses are the first and most extended contact with patients, especially patients. The main task of nurses is to provide nursing care from assessment, intervention, and implementation to evaluation (Potter Patricia A, 2005).
Nurses, as educated practitioners, are expected to have the intellectual ability to use rational and practical thinking when nurses consider observations and information about the condition of each patient (Rahayu & Mulyani, 2020).
However, suppose the nurse does not use critical thinking skills to observe the client. In that case, there is a possibility that the client will receive inappropriate treatment or even in establishing a diagnosis, there will be errors that will harm the client. The term observation itself in the scope of the treatment process there are 11 words.
There are two types of health diagnoses: medical diagnoses and nursing diagnoses. A nursing diagnosis is a clinical decision about an individual, family, or community's response to an actual and potential health problem or life process.
Diagnostic judgment is the process of using the assessment data about the client that you collect to legally explain a clinical decision, which is a nursing diagnosis(Pasaribu, 2020). The clinical term in the scope of the treatment process consists of 4 words, where the word depends on the use in nursing care activities.
The term cure in the treatment process has four words. The word healing does not come from the treatment given by health workers, but the word "cured" can mean the patient's problem has been achieved so that the patient is said to have recovered according to the nursing process.
The term treatment consists of 3 words. Treatment using therapy, or specific actions, is an act of collaboration with the medical team or other health
workers. However, nurses also contribute to the patient's healing process because it is integral to the nursing plan.
The selection of the Patient Responsible Doctor in the Patient-Centred Care service must be a significant consideration in medical services(Prawiroharjo et al., 2020). Doctor in Charge is responsible for informing related diseases and medical services to be received. In carrying out nursing care, nurses have an essential role in collaborating with the Doctor in Charge of the Patient. The term doctor in charge of the patient itself in the treatment process scope has two words..
2. Diagnosis
Table 2. Word Spread on the Scope of Diagnose Scope of
words Number of
terms
Number Scope of Words Number of
words
Diagnosis
陆五
Kb01 diagnosis 9
陆五
Kb02 check pulse 8
陆五
Kb03 treatment 14
陆五
Kb04 visiting 2
陆五
Kb05 initial diagnosis 5
陆五
Kb06 clinic 9
陆五
Kb07 sampling 6
陆五
Kb08 medical check-up 3
陆五
Kc01 type of medicine usage 6
陆五
Kc02 acupuncture 4
陆五
Kc03 scraping 2
陆五
Kc04 massage 2
陆五
Kc05 injection 7
陆五
Kc06 anaesthetic 5
陆五 vaccination 3
Kc07 陆五
Kc08 operation 4
陆五
Kc09 sterilization 3
陆五
Kc10 cough reliever 8
陆五
Kc11 fever reducer 4
陆五
Kc12 disease 7
陆五
Kc13 therapy 14
陆五
Kc14 prevention 5
陆五
Kc15 sewing 12
陆五
Kc16 liquid injection 3
陆五
Kc17 catheterization 8
陆五
Kc18 filling teeth 2
陆五
Kc19 dialysis 4
陆五
Kc20 autopsy 3
陆五
Kc21 first aid 5
In Table 2, there are several words in the distribution of words in the scope of diagnosis, which consist of the terms: diagnosis, pulse check, treatment, visit, initial diagnosis, doctor's practice, sampling, medical check-up, types of dosage and administartion of medicine, acupuncture, scrapings, massage, injection, anaesthesia, vaccination, sterilization surgery, cough suppressant, fever reducer, disease, first aid, prevention, sewing, fluid infusion, catheterization, dental fillings, dialysis, and autopsy. The term has different meanings depending on its use.
Clients can go through the Emergency Room or Outpatient Installation when they arrive or want to go to the hospital. Health workers, especially nurses, provide first aid according to client complaints. First, the nurse performs vital signs on the client, such as checking pulse, blood pressure, temperature, and heart rate (HR). Next, the doctor examines the patient and gives an initial diagnosis, and then the nurse, in collaborative action, administers the medicine and takes effort according to the instructions.
3. Dosage and administration
Table 3. Distribution on the Scope of medicine dosage and administration Scope of
words Number of
terms
Number Scope of Words Number of
words
Medicine dosage and administration
陆五
Kd01 Medicine dosage and administration 5 陆五
Kd02 make prescription 6
陆五
Kd03 concocting medicine 2
陆五
Kd04 The process of medicine 4
In Table 3, there are several terms in the distribution of words in the scope of dosage and administartion of medicine used in the health sector, such as make medicine prescriptions, mix medicine, and process medicine. This word is more familiar to pharmacists, where activities are concocting and processing medicines that will be used for clients. The treating doctor makes the prescription for the client according to the patient's complaints and symptoms. Nurses use the correct principles in administering medicine, such as time, method, dose, medicine etc.
4. Family Planning
Table 4. Family Planning Scope of
words Number of
terms
Number Scope of Words Number of
words
Family Planning
陆五
Kd01 parturition 4
陆五
Kd02 abortion 5
陆五
Kd03 contraceptive 3
In table 4, it is known that there are several terms in the distribution of words in the scope of family planning, such as parturition, abortion and contraception. The term is widely used in maternity nursing. Maternity nursing focuses on the management of nursing care for women of childbearing age (reproductive age), couples of childbearing ages, women in childbearing (pregnant, giving birth, and after giving birth) and their babies up to 28 days of age, families with women during childbirth with attention to legal and ethical aspects. In the translation process, this study translated word for word by taking references from TMC, which makes the translation process more accessible because they are
grouped systematically by category. Although it can help translate foreign word equivalents instantly, easily, quickly and without cost, translating with an online translation application is not the right solution to get accuracy in translation.
Through translation and data collection, this study found some things that this study need to reconsider using TMC to make it easier for users of this thesaurus to increase their Chinese vocabulary. This study found that there were inconsistencies in the arrangement of the groupings. The fifth section, for example, is the Kb03 section. There is inconsistency in the arrangement; for example: '就医、就诊、请 医、求医、求诊、求治、入院、投医、问诊、寻医、延医、住院' . These words are sorted by the alphabetical order of the Latin letters from the spelling of the pinyin characters Han. These words are not based on the similarity of meaning of these words, starting with a word with a pinyin spelling beginning with the letter 'j' and ending with a word with a pinyin spelling beginning with the letter 'z'. In contrast, at the end appear words starting with the letter 'k' for '看医生'which means 'to seek treatment (to a doctor)'、and the letter 'b'for'保外就医'which means 'to seek treatment for a medical parole case'. Based on terms of meaning, the composition of words that have the meaning of 'hospitalization' in the Indonesian language, such as '入院', and '住院', are not placed close together.
To answer the questions and problems that arose in this study, this study contacted the author of this thesaurus (Su Xinchun) by e-mail on November 6, 2021.
Su Xinchun, who is a professor at Xiamen University, explained that in the arrangement of words in the fifth group (the smallest group) besides being arranged based on the meaning of words, they are also sorted based on the peculiarities of the Han characters: namely based on the number of Han characters in one word, the alphabetical spelling of the word, and also the number of strokes on the Han character, for example, why the word' 'begins with the letter 'b' it is not placed in front, but behind, this is because this word consists of the highest number of Han characters in one letter when compared to words in the same group, which consists of four Han characters. This thesaurus strongly reflects the Chinese language through the characteristics of the Han characters. In addition, this grouping of words also provides knowledge of polysemous words, such as '看病', when translated into Indonesian, which has two meanings, namely 'medicate' and 'observation' (seeing the patient). These are grouped into two different groups because they have two meanings. In addition, Su Xinchun added that this thesaurus could help thesaurus users master words in related fields and words that people in China often use. If seen from the table of four-word scopes above, in one-word scope, more words have the same meaning or are closely related; for example, in 陆 五Kb02, there are eight words, namely '按脉、把脉、号脉、接脉、看脉、评脉、
切脉、诊脉' in the term 'check pulse'. In 陆五Kc13, there are fourteen words in therapeutic terms. In Kb02, these words have the same meaning: 'check pulse', but in 陆五Kc13, these words only have similarity in the scope of physiotherapy but
indicate the type of different therapies, for example, 'magnetic therapy）、光疗
（actinotherapy）、化疗（chemotherapy）、理疗（physiotherapy）, and so on.
Knowing the importance of mastering Mandarin will inspire nurses to learn the language to advance their careers. There are two ways to find the related words in the thesaurus of Modern Chinese. First, a search based on the alphabet of Hanyu pinyin. Second is a search category of nine main domains. Both of these searches offer benefits for researching and expanding vocabulary relating to the topics.
These two approaches can serve as a guide for learning Chinese nursing terms (Wiratikusuma & Wiratikusuma, 2021). A civilization's and technology's development are reflected in its vocabulary. This study references Mandarin language learners, particularly those studying nursing, to find the needed terms.
Still, it will also inform nurses about the terminology that can be used to compare and contrast broad descriptions of the health domain in Indonesia and China.
With the demand for Chinese textbooks in different industries in different countries, nationalized textbooks also require vocabulary related to the specific fields required by the relevant sectors. These words are related to particular fields such as nursing field. These specific words are only for essential communication in a specific field.
Wang et al. (2012) made a modern analysis of its success from the perspective of textbook evaluation in the general textbook of early Korean Chinese teaching, mainly from four aspects: language, vocabulary, style arrangement and traditional virtue teaching. Regarding vocabulary, two factors are mentioned: the repetition rate of new words and the usage of quantifiers. They believe that
"vocabulary is the cornerstone of language learning, which requires constant practice, repetition and memory, so the" new word repetition rate "in the text is significant". They believe that "the concentrated appearance of vocabulary groups greatly expands the number of words for learners in a leisurely space, and the appearance of synonyms is beneficial to distinguish the meaning of words with learners, and analogical learning is easier to deepen learners' memory"(Wang et al., 2012) .With the development of international Chinese teaching materials, the demand for Chinese teaching materials is also higher. Chinese teaching materials are used as teaching resources and to help users achieve the goal of Chinese teaching. Zheng Tongtao (2012) believes that effect-based Chinese teaching materials should adapt to different countries' different needs. In addition, the necessary content of textbooks includes vocabulary, sentence patterns, paragraphs and chapters, and various materials that can stimulate students' diverse interests (Zheng, 2012).
Wiratikusuma et al. (2021) mentioned that by mastering the Chinese language, effective communication between nurses and international counterparts or patients could establish a cooperative relationship and enable patients to receive good services. In addition, nurses can learn relevant knowledge from Chinese- speaking countries. They believed that basic Chinese teaching materials for nursing should provide basic vocabulary related to nursing work (Wiratikusuma &
Wiratikusuma, 2021). A reference book containing classified vocabulary for each field is required to write primary Chinese textbooks for a specific area. Besides,
these words should preferably be commonly used in China, not Chinese translations of terms widely used in Indonesian. To learn Chinese well and reduce the language barrier in communication, Indonesian Chinese learners should learn the vocabulary commonly used in China. Learners must understand China and use these words to communicate from Chinese thinking.
CONCLUSION
This study discuss the data from the terms in the four following scopes and conclude specific to this study: 'treatment process', 'diagnose', 'how to use drugs' and 'Family Planning'. The translation method references the systematic categorization in TMC, which this study translate word by word along the process.
Therefore, an online translation tool can help get quick, simple, rapid, and accessible translations of foreign word equivalents, but it is not the best option for getting accurate translations. The TMC Chinese Thesaurus was methodically organized based on related subjects. However, during translation and data collection, this study discovered that some aspects needed to be reconsidered to make it simpler for users of this thesaurus to expand their Chinese vocabulary.TMC has several advantages, including updating the vocabulary in the thesaurus that follows the latest developments in Chinese, systematic and scientific grouping of vocabulary, which makes it easier to search related vocabulary and provides an understanding of socio-cultural values contained in the group of vocabulary.There are three points about the practical values of the Thesaurus of Modern Chinese.
First, learners can take more words, especially compound words, which are easy for native people but difficult for foreign learners, so learners should take more words by choosing the nursing scope vocabulary in the thesaurus. Second, learners can
"guess" some compound words learners haven't learned before because the
"compound" rule of Chinese compound words is firm. Third, learners should further add "definition" and "example sentences" to the "Classification Dictionary". But learners can not only rely on the synonymous classification of reminders and evidence. The use of thesaurus in learning Chinese is still not widely known by Mandarin learners, especially in nursing.
A Thesaurus of Modern Chinese (现代汉语分类词), which provides terms in various fields, including nursing in Mandarin, offers references to terms arranged systematically. For example, there are four scopes for data results in this nursing field: 'treatment process', 'diagnose', 'how to use drugs' and 'Family Planning'. This study found that the vocabulary terms in the Chinese thesaurus have a relationship with frequently used terminology and introduce learners to new words in the nursing vocabulary in Chinese. Although A Thesaurus of Modern Chinese is not a unique dictionary for the nursing field, this thesaurus can provide an easy reference to systematically browse related fields to improve foreign language skills in the nursing field. This study can increase the limited amount of research on using a Chinese thesaurus when studying Mandarin. Additionally, it is expected that the outcomes of this study's exposure would inspire and serve as a resource for Mandarin language learners in Indonesia, particularly those pursuing careers in nursing. This research can be the foundation for creating a Chinese-Indonesian
thesaurus for Chinese learners in Indonesia in the field of nursing by combining the study of learning Chinese and nursing based on actual data on essential vocabulary.
Learners of Mandarin who work in the nursing industry can use this reference to determine which words are similar and which are different. In addition, this thesaurus can provide a vocabulary reference in the nursing field used by native Chinese speakers. With this word choice reference, nurses can choose the correct word according to the terminology commonly used by native speakers in the nursing field. Therefore the research strategy looks for relevant terminology in the nursing sector.
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