Proceecfing - FTSL

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Environmental Protection and Management

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Proceecfing

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Proceecling

Environmental Protection and Management

The l't International _Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure

ancl Built Environment in Developing _Countries

SABUCA lTB, Bandung - Indonesia

Znd

- 3'd November ZOO?

t

Publishect by

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Institut Tel<nologi Bandung - Indonesia

€r

AsE n FounDA]]oB

5l B(_-200

@AUN/sEED-N", jffi

SIBE 2009 published eight (8) _volumes

of

proceeding a;s

following

^:

Volume

A

^: Structt4re and

Material

volume

B :

Transportation system and Engineering Volume

C :

Water Engineering _{and Management} Yolume

D :

Waste Engineering and Management Volume

E :

Ocean Engineering

Volume

F :

Construction Management Volume G

:

Geotechnical Engineering

volume

H

: Environmental Protection and Managernent

-

4

r I $ (.tg$gs*., sustainabre rnr,asJ,li.ll tJn5,.fffiffilHlfrfiffi

il*npi,,s countries

$r*I.\j:+#fr;li;,Ti _November 2il-3n 2009, Bandung,West Java ^_ Indoneiia

PREFACE

The

l

st

International Conference

on

Sustainable Infrastructure and

Built

Environment in Developing Countries (SIBE) 2009 is'aimed to provide a forum to discuss and disseminate recent advance

in

scientific research, technology, and management approach to obtain better environment quality.

Infrastructure that provides the basic need

of

a society and sustainable infrastructure system are essential for the survival, health and well-being of a society. In developing countrieq

civil

and environmental engineers are at the epicenter

in

seeking means to enhance the quality

of

human

life

through modernization

of

infrastructure as evidenced

by

provision

of

sheliers, water, and transPotr, amongst others. The current rate

of

urbanizatioi and industrialization raises a number

of

environmental issues, often resulting

in

environmental mismanagement, especially

in

developing countries. The problems are further aggravated

by

environrnental degradation such as

soil

erosion, depletion

of

water resources,

"tc. In ordir to

meet these multifaceted challenges, proper planning followed

by

implementation and verification must be exercised, via an integrated, multi disciplinary and holistic approach.

The conference

will

provide an opportunity for professionals and researchers to learn, share

and

exchange about

the

latest development

and

research

in civil and

environmental engineering.

The

scope

of the

conference covers

all

aspect

of civil

and environmental engineering practices.

Participants of the conference include researchers, academic staffs, sfudents, industries, public and local govemments' The keynote presentations during the conference are as follows:

Keynote speakers:

.

Indonesian GovernmentRepresentative Minister of Public Works, Indonesia

o

Dr. Puti Farida

Marzuki

Dean of the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Telmologi Bandung, Indonesia

. Dr.

Tony

Liu

National Taiwan University, Taiwan

.

Prof. Shunji Kanie

Hokkaido University, Japan

.

Prof. Syunsuke Ikeda

Toleyo Institute of Technolog (ALIN/SEED-Ne|), _Japan.

Invited speakers:

. Dr.

Setiawan Wangsaatmaja

Environmental Protection Agency of West Java Province, Indonesia

. Dr.

Edwan Kardena

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Tetmologi Bandung, Indonesia

.

Prof. Harianto Rahardjo, ^ph.D.

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological (Jniversity, Singapore

r

Prof. Ikuo Towhata

School of Engineering, University of Totqto, Japan

.

Prof.

Dr.

Seiichi Kagaya

School of Engineering, Hokkaido (Jniversity, Japan

.

Prof. _{Jun Sasaki}

school of Engineering, Yokohama National (Jniversity, Japan

.

Prof. CarI

Martin

_Larsen

Norwegian university of science and Technology, Norway

The 1* International Conference on

Sustainable Infrastrtrture and Built Environment in DevelopirE Ccuntries November 2"d-3'd 2009, Bandung,West Java - Indonesia

Dr.

George W. Annanclale, D.Ing., P.E.

Golder Associates Inc., USA

David \Moodward, D.Phil.

tJniversity of Ulster, ^United Kingdom Dr. Delia

Dimitriu

Centrefor

Air

Transport and ^the Environment (CATE), Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom

Prof. Tsunemi Watanabe

Department of Infrastntcture Engineering, Kochi University of Technologt, Japan Prof. Shyh-Jiann Hwang

Departrnent of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, ^Taiwan Prof. Kuo-Chun Chang

Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan Prof. Suprihanto Notodarmojo

University, Taiwan

F ^a culty of C ivil' and Environmental E ngineering, Ins titutTekno logi Bandung, Indonesia Masyhur bsyam, Ph.D

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Prof. Nakasaki

Kiyohiko

Tolcyo Institute of Technologt, ^Japan.

The objectives of this conference are:

1. To

provide

a platform for

exchange

of

ideas, information and experiences among academics, researchers, consultants, engineers, manufacturers and post graduate scholars in civil and environmental engineering.

2.

To discuss and evaluate the latest approaches, innovative technologies, policies and new

directions in

infrastructure development,

pollution prevention and

eco-friendly technologies adapted to developing countries.

3.

To promote cooperation and networking amongst practitioners and researchers involved in addressing infrastructure ^and built environment ^issues.

The oral and poster presentations are subdivided into ⁸ major sections, as following:

A.

^{Stnrcture and material}

B.

Transportation system and engineering

C.

Water engineering and management

D.

Waste engineering and management

E.

^Ocean engineering

F.

Construction management

G.

Geotechnicalengineering

H.

Environmental protection ^and management.

There are 174 contnbutors in oral presentation and 36 contributors for poster presentation.

Finaly, the Organizing Committee wishes that this conference

is

able

to

provide beneficial scientific information to the participants and other concerned readers.

Bandung, Novemb er 2009 Organizing Committee

The 1$ International Conference on

''lkffifu

sustainab'|:"Tff

:rfiryr;Ug*.nl;",nr-llili*mx,ccuntries

LIST OF COMMITTEE

STEERING

COMMITTEE

Chair

Co-Chair

Dr. Puti F. Marzuki

(Dean of FCEE ITB, Indonesia) Prof. Indratmo Soekarno Prof. K.C Chang

Prof. Bambang Sugeng Dr. Biemo W. Soemardi Prof. Arwin Sabar Dr. Ricky L. Tawekal

Prof. Takashi Mikami Dr. Iswandi Irnran Dr. Masyhur Irsyam

Prof. Suprihanto Notodarmodjo Prof. Enri Damanhuri

ORGANIZING COMMITTBE

Chair

Co-Chair

General Secretary

Prof. Dr. h. Enri Damanhuri Ir. Muhamad Abduh,MT, Ph.D.

Dr. Kania Dewi, ST, MT.

Dr. Hendra Achiari,ST, MT.

Ir. Rildova, MT, Ph.D.

Dr. Russ Bona Frazila, ST, MT.

Ir. Erza Rismantojo, Ph.D.

Ir. Ima Fatima, M.Eng.

Dr. Ir. Tri Padmi Dr. Sukandar, S.Si, MT.

Dr. Endra Susila, ST,

MT

Suphia Rahmawati, ST, MT.

Ivindra Pane,ST,MSE, Ph.D.

Ms. Iin Varida Mr. Ibet Setiawan

Mr. Rahmat Danu Andika

I Made Wahyu Widyarsana,ST,MT.

Dhemi Harlan,ST,MT,M Sc.,Ph.D.

Dr. Mochammad Chaerul Dr.

k.

Dwina Roosmini, MS.

Dr. Herto Dwi Ariesyady,ST,MT.

Dr. Nita Yuanita, ST, MT.

Qomarudin Helmy, ^ST, MT.

Hasbullah Nawir, ST, MT, Ph.D, Dr.

k.

Sony Sulaksono, MT.

Ms. Rahima Hanifa Ms. Neneng Eliana Mr. Boby Tri Andono

SCMNTIF'IC

COMMITTEE

Chair

Co-Chair

Dr. Krishna S. Pribadi Dr. Saptahari Soegiri Prof. Naoyuki Funamizu Prof. Rizal

Z.Tamin

Prof. Arnrinsyah Nasution Prof. Wisjnuprapto Dr. Wayan Sengara Dr. Syahril B. Kusuma

Prof. Shyh-Jiann Hwang Prof. Hang Tuah

Prof. O&ar

Z.Tamin

Prof. Adang Surahman Prof. Juli Soemirat Dr. ^R. Driejana

The 1$ Inbrnauonal Conference on

t I S { -ASS S. ." Sustainable InfrasButure and Built Environment in Developirg Countries

,.+,;".rirg1:i$cl November 2,xd-3,! 2009- Bandung,West Java - Indoneiia

CONTENT

PREFACE

LIST

OF

COMMITTEE

Delia Dimitriu, David Druett, Mihaela Simion, Mihaela Cretu, Victoria Teleaba

Energy Saving, a European

Priority;

the

Link

to EMS in TransporUAviation and Water Sector

Setiawan Wangsaatmaja _, Maria Angela NP

Environmental Platfo rm

for

Sustainable Development in Decentralization Era:

A

Case of West Java province

ORAL

SESSION PAPERS

Anastasia Yunika, M.S. Babel, Satoshi Takizawa

Relationship between Flood Parameters and

rhe

^presence

of Water-Related Diseases in Jakarta Aye Aye Ko

Impacts of Human Activities on Some Protected Areas in Myanmar Chusak Kererat, Suttisak Soralump

Modeling _of

LNAPL Migration in

Soil and Through The Soil Cement

Barrier

Driejana, Ardhini Retno Putri, Adrian F.R.Watson.

Influence of

rraffic-related

Emissions on Indoor

Air euality

in Residential Buildings Adjacent to Roads

Hqn Virak

Proposed

rechnical

and Management Methods

for

^protecting The Environmental Change of The Sangker River

Hedayat Omidvar

N.atural Gas Industry in

Iran

iv

I ut PLENARY LECTURE

Djoko Kirmanto

Keynote Speech

from

the

Minister

of Public Works Republic of

Indonesia I

Puti Farida Marzuki

Toward Sustainable

Infrastructure

and

Built

Environment: Striving for Relevance

in Civil

and Environmental Engineering Bducation and

Research

⁵

Shunji Kanie

Sustainable Development in Vulnerable Environments:

For

Construction and

Engineering in Permafrost

Regions

16

Syunsuke lkeda

Transport Processes of Sediment /l.{utrients in Watershed and Application

to Asian and Pacific

Countries

Zs

Tony C. Liu, Jenn-Chuan Chern, and Kuo-Chun Chang

Concrete Technology

for

Sustainable

Infrastructure

35 SPECIAL LECTURE

42

49

55

67

73

79

6t

85

'r$.k$#,#,fu

,u,o,nuutu,nr.,ffi

ilo5f l[m::",ffi :$$$r*;g,"counbies Heri Andreas, H.Z. Abidin, M.A l{usuma, Irwan G,

T.Purnama Sidiq, M. Gamat

caldera Formation Processes on LUSr

Mud

volcano and Its Impact to People and

rheir

Environment Idris Maxdoni Kamil

Bnvironmental Pressure point Mapping for Developing Environmental Policy: case Study

city

of Banda acen Indah R S Salami, Nopi S Prihatini

Comparison of Heavy Metals Concentration

in

Carp (Cyprinus Carpio

L.)

Cultivated in Different Water Flows

Katharina oginawati, Masayu Dian Rochmanti, Moh. Irsyad, Poerbandono, Asep Nugraha

The Use Of Pesticides Identification

In

Vegetable And Paddy F ield (Case Sfudy:Agricultural _Area in Kertasari District, Citarum Upper Watershed, Bandung)

Mila Dirgawati, Juli Soemirat, Kustriyani

Preliminary Experimentation _{of COz} Adsorption _on Activated Carbon Muna Hanim Abdul samad, Abdul Matek Abdul Rihman,

I4/an Mariah Wan Harun and Fuziah Ibrahim

Architecture Education at the Crossroad: Sustainability _{and fconic} Natasha l{halil, Husrul Nizam Husin, Hemyza Budin

Post occupancy Evaruation: Approach _to rndoor Environment Improvement

for

Higher Educational Buildings

Ndiyan Yoni Aripta, Barti Setiani

Muntalif

The Characteristic _of Potential of Macrophytes as Bioindicator River,s

euality

Which Has Been Influenced by Anthropogenic Disturbances (Case Study

of ciliwung

River,

upper

and Midlestream, west Java)

Nguyen Thi Anh Tuyet, Anindya Bhattacharyq

cost effectiveness and policy proposals for the development of wind turbine in Vietnam

Nguyen Thi My Xuan, Le Thi Hong Tran

Survey and Assessment

water euality

of

Industrial shrimp

at Tien Giang Province, Vietnam

Ounla Sivanpheng _, Anongrit Kangrang

A

Varied-Utilized _{Soit Type} in

Lp

Model

for Irrigation

Planning and Management

Ryuta Hazama, Kiyoshi Shizuma, Kristin Carattini, Happy Ratna Santosa, Y. Totok Noerwasito

Environmental _Radiation in East Asia by in-situ gamma spectrometry and Radiological aspects of the usability _{of the} LUSr mud as

building material revisited

Sri Puji Saraswati, Nizarn

Evaluation of River Habitat

euality

^{due to}

Man-made Protection Strucfu re

syarif Kurniawan, Agus Jatnika Efendi, Idris Maxdoni Kamil

Environmental Economic Study of Acid Mine Drainage Management using cost Benefit Anarysis Approach _(case

study:

Coal Mine Area of PT.

TAL

in South Sumatra)

Tri Padmi Damanhuri, I Made Wahyu Widyarsana, Lina Apriyanti 5., Luclqt Lie Junpi The Recycling Potential of poly _Ethylene Terephthutui. (pET)

Drinking

Water Bottle Wastes

Y.W. Chan, C.C. Yang, Y.S, Chen, y.C. Chang

Prediction Model of Air-Borne Salt

Distribution

in the Coastal Region of Northern Taiwan

9l

97

101

107 113

118

125

131

137

142

1s3

t6t

168

174

181

190

i t s {-a,q*p-H*, susrainabr" ,"o"r#"*tl t#,.fffiffifSlfrfiffi

ilveropins countries

"*-":yqW*+t ^November Zd-3' 2009, Bandung,West Java ^_ tnddneiia

POSTER SESSION PAPERS Dwindrata B. Aviantara

confounding Effects of

soil organic

Layers on Toxicity

of

copper-based Fungicides to Soil

Microbial

Activities

as a Measure

for

Soil Health _{and SoiI}

euality

^Lgg

Dyah Lukita Sari, R. Driejana

Modeling Tropospheric ozone concentration in Bandung

city

Using

Artificial

Neural Network

Method

₂₀₆

Imanudin M.S, Armanto E,Susanto, R.H, Bernas, S.M.

Water Status

Evaluation

in

Tertiary

Block _of Tidat Lowland

Reclamation Areas

for

Developing sustainable

Agriculture _zl3

Khairul Nadiah, L, Mohd. Bakri, L, Nadia R.

The Environmental Protection Initiatives _by Electrical and Electronic

Equipment (EEE) Industry in

Malaysia

_ZZ0

Liliana Yetta Pandi

The rnteractivity Betwen The Environment _Aspect

and The Nuclear Power

plant Construction

₂₂₆

Lilin

Indrayani

Evalu ation of Enviro nmental Ra dioactivity Mo nitorin g

at Nuclear Installation Areh in

Indonesia nl

M.

sigit Bachrainsyah, Juli soemirat, Kancitra pharmawati

Rehabililitation

Mining

Site in pT.

X _n7

Mila Karmilah, Hermin Po edj iastoeti

The RoIe of the Community _to Improve the Quality of Environmental _Sanitation (Case Study: Fisherman Housing in Bandengan

Region Kendal

Munipacility)

₂₄₄

Moekhamad Affiyan

Analysis of Strontium-90

in

Grasses to Know Environment Radioactivity

euality

in Nuclear Installation

Surrounding

_ZS0

Ni Made Utami Dwipayanti, Ketut Indrawati S.E.p.

Perception of Sanimas User Community and Sanimas Program

Facilitator

on

The rmplementation of sanimas program in

Denpasar

zs6 Nimol Vamoeurn, Enrico C. Paringit

Framework

for

Assessing risk of damages

from

natural disasters on

environmental

services _26l

Putu Tania Sari, Driejana

Measurement of Nitrogen Dioxide concentrations

Along

Major

Roads in

Bandung

_26g

Safrul Amri, Driejana, Moch. Irsyad

Performance Evaluation of passive Method to Measure

Ammonia in Ambient

Air

₂₇₄

Rohani Jahja Widodo

Art, spiritual,

science, Engineering

&

Technology

for

improving

the quality of the Indonesian Human

Resources

_Z7g

vl

_ltn,

j'

*w

^s,,t inuur"

nr*ffi

ffi;lii,Hrffiji$il"f"HH,f*"'*

Srilrandi Novianti, Driejana, Ade Sjafntdin, Akhmad Riqqi

Transport-hduced Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Emission Estimation Validation

With

Different

Traffic

Survey Method

(Case Study:Kiaracondoug

Fly-Over)

_2g5

Tran Thi Tuong Van, Le Thi Hong Tran

A

Survey of the Environmental Management Stefus And Proposal

Recommendations rn Ho

chi Minh cify universities

2g0 Wiwik D Pratiwi, Anita Vitriana, Kiki Z Solihah

r{ousing rnfrastructure Finance that

works for

the poor:

Consideration

for

Poverty Alleviation

in

Bandung and

Subang

_Zgg

LIST

OF PRESENTER

INDEX

OF

AUTHOR

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure and Built Environment in Developing Countries November, 2-3, 2009, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

/,sBN 9 7 8-9 7 9-9 I 2 7 I - 2 -

I

Environmental Economic Study

of

Acid Mine Drainage Management

Using Cost

Benefit Analysis Approach

(Case

Study:

Coal

Mine Area

of

PT. TAL in South Sumatra)

Syarif Kurniawanr, Agus Jatnika Effendi2,

fdris

Maxdoni Kamil3

r'2'3

Environmental Engineering Master Program, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesa 10, Emailr: syfrang er@yahoo.com,

u-",,L"Tfil9l.8tff"."et.id,

Emait3: idrismdk@yahoo.com

Abstract

Usage of coal as an alternative source of energt has been developing rapidly through the tast decade. Demands

of

coal especially

in

Indonesia has triggered ihe

iscalating of

mining exploration and exploitation. Nevertheless

it is

necessarily concerned there were negative effects arose

from

^the mining area clearance among others was Acid Mine Drainage

f/Unl

problem. The

AMD

occurued

as

the result

of

oxidation process

from

sulphide minerals contained

in

roclcs which is

pyrite (FeS) in

common that generates acid,

io ot

the

pH of

water

will

decreased. The range of pHfound in mining area was within range of 2.8

-

^{i.O ana}

could damage the environment. Environmental data qualities

from

^treatei

^AMD

on settling ponds available in PT. TAL were analyzed. Based on published data validated by the ministry of environment, all parameters required had met the environmental quatity stindard (BITIL) through KepMenLH No.I I3/2003. Data observed from

field

^{sampling have} shown that som,e

parameters had values more than allowable limit, thus analysis to estimate the failures ^were disclosed at the end of the study. The environmental valuation method was usedTo identifi the components of resources. Resource benefits components which were taken.fro* _Enim's riyer were consisted

of

direct benefits such as King Prawn farming, Patin Fish

or

Toman Fish

farming

^and indirect benefit which were the use of

raw

water taken

from

^Enim's

^river

^by

PDAM Lematang-Enim. The benefit transfer method was chosen to allow King Prawn

faris

as

well

as fish farms simulation took place on Enim's

river.

Cost Benefit

inalysis

_TCA4) approach have been conducted and gave the result in monetized rate of values

from

^thie

coit

component

of Acid Mine Drainage

Management

within years of

2006-ZOOA

as

Rp 37.206.049.595, where as the benefits of the internal and external (as positive externalitiei) gave

total

monetized values minimum

of Rp

122.763.969.198.

Henie,

the monetized net values arosefrom the practice of the AMD management in

PT-TALfrom

2006-2008 minimum was Rp 34.905.723.603. The benefit-cost ratio

from

the management of

AMD

was ranging between 1.40 - 1.53 and The Profitabitity Index was ranged between 5.21

-

6.3T on

projictei

yeqrs of 2009-2014 which provided PT. TAL with minimum reason to continue the

iurrent

practice, although some improvements would still needs to apply in some Areqs according to

best practice on AMD management.

Keywords: acid mine drainage, coal mining, cost-benefit analysis, environmental valuation.

1.

Introduction

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) formed as a result from oxidation and hydrolysis process

of

sulphide minerals

by

waier and oxygen

and

catalyzed,

by

certain bacieria during mining activities. The most common sulphide minerals occurred in form

of

Ferro-sulphidei such as

pynte (FeSz) and pyrotite (FeS). AIvID also have a wide impact to ecology

uni

could results in high cost remediation

if

it were not treated properly. kr USA, AI\{D

*.i"

considered as one

of

the biggest environmental problem faced

by

the mining industry due

to its ability

in diluting hazardous metals such as Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper,

Silver

and, Zrnc (EpA, Dec 1994).

While in

¹⁹⁹⁴ Canadian authority

in mining had

estimates

the cost for

total rehabilitation on damages produced by AMD reached US$ 3 billion.

The main principles of AMD Management was through preventive measures and controls

on AMD.

Technical and Non-technical aspects needed

on its

implementation. The non- technical aspect is Economic aspect. Gobd environmental study could provide point of view and consideration

on the

good practice

AMD

management, so

it

would

be

able

to

give advantages to the mine operator without sacrificing the environments.

2. Method of Research

Resume and Recommendations

Figure

I

Method of research flow chart 3. Results and Discussion

Method and Types of Acid Neutralization Material

When dealing with Acid neutralization, The PT.

TAL

had chosen the Active Method due

to

economic reason,

way of

handling and the availability

of

CaO as acid neutralization material. The CaO selected to use by PT.TAL was having a purity between 85%-95% to give more effective reaction in netralizing acidity of the AI\{D. The CaO solution was made

in

^a special pond by using free

flow of AMD

^pumped frorn main sump

pit

which then stirred manually until

it

reached pH between 10-12 and distributed through the distribution pipes on the oulet of KPL (Settling Ponds). The neutralization acid solution was prepared periodically 2-4 times a day.

Acid Mine Drainase Manasement (AMD):

.

Development Process

r

Impact

.

Preventive Measures

r

Treatments

. Literature Study

. Existing Condition

Gathering and Processins Data

.

Types of Data

.

Data Sources

.

Data Verifications

. Primary (lnterviews, Sampling)

. _{Secondary (Official Reports)}

Review and Analvsis:

.

Environmental Quality

.

EnvironmentalValuation

.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

r

Treatments Perform Evaluation

.

5 Years Value Projections

. Environemntal Quality Standard and Related Regulations

. _{Unit Costs} . _{Unit Benefits}

Drainage ancl Senling Ponds

Mine liquid waste at PT.TAL from sump pit area which has

pI{

ranging from 2,8-4,0 was pumped to each dedicated setlling ponds location. These drainages network and settling ponds has specific sizes and design determined by

AMD's

debit factor calculation pumped from sump pit, catchment area as well as rainfalls run-off debit estimation for the types and design of drainage construction. The settling ponds dimension has an area from 200 m2

-

^{40.000 m2}

with volume capacity 400 m3

-

^{52.000 by} averaging the ponds depth at

l-3

m.

Enviro nmental Data Quality Analysis

Data processed and analysed from PT.TAL was taken from daily monitoring and from there the PT.TAL water quality data and Enim's river qualities from years of 2006-2008 was analysed. Generally the

liquid

waste monitoring activities and supervisions

from

mining activities were based

on

Government

of

Indonesia regulation issued

by

The

Ministry of

Environment through KepMenLFI No. I 1312003 which regulates the 4 main parameters. The Parameters were pH (6-9), TSS (Not exceeding 400 mgll), Fe (Not exceedingT mgll) and Mn (Not exceeding a mgll).

Based on monitoring data analysis of AMD management and treatment through the years

of

2006-2008

from all

^existing

KPL at PT.TAL

(Environmental Planning

Division of

PT.TAL), the average of all parameters has met the environmental qualrty standard

of

South Sumatra Governor Decree Number 16 and 18

of

2005. Those

results

has shown that the output quality

of

AIvID Treatment at PT.TAL was fair but still need much improvements in some sectors. Caption

I

were showing the trends of main parameters at

PT.TAL

area, while on caption 2 showed the trends of pH, Fe and Mn on the Downstream of Enim's river based on monitoring conducted by the PT.TAL during 2006 - 2008.

a 7,5 7 6,5 6 5,5 5

E ^o,u tt

€ _"'u

3 2,5 2 1,5 'l o,5 o

os' ud*

o$' $ _{*$ *"s ,.*}

oo* oo$

,ll$ _*"$

,."* .rdo .o"o* ,.,s *+e *."e

tr'igure 2 pH, Fe, and Mn values from Settling Ponds at PT. TAL Years of 2006

-

²⁰⁰⁸

Figure 3 pH, Fe, and Mn values on downstream of Enim's river Years of 2006

-

²⁰⁰⁸

Wate

r

_Qu alities D staVer ifi catio n

Results from

AMD

samples examined at

TL-ITB

and PPGL Laboratories were conducted to verified the Water quality data, as shown on Table 1 and Table 2 below.

Table 1 Water

pH TSS

Fe

Mn

les of KPL-ALP examined at TLITB Laborato

6-9

300 7 4

mglL mglL

6-9

400 7 4

2.97 22.5 12.36 10.85

Table 2 Water quali samples of Enim's river examined on TLITB and PSG Laboratorv

pH TSS

Fe

Mn

HzS

sio2 Zn Pb Cu

Ni

A1 Hg

mglL mglL mg/L mglL mg/L mglL mglL mg/L mg/L mglL

ptglL

0.002

0.05 0.03 0.02

0.002

< _0.02 29.44 0.0499 0.0071 0.0018/0.07

< 0.01*

1.173*

0.1*

* _{Examined at PSG Laboratory}

While

all

data

of

PT.TAL on caption

I

were taken from published/official record and had been audited by The Ministry of Environmental (KLH), the data taken from the samples for verification had shown different kind of results.

All

the main parameters had values more than allowable trimit, which are:

pH

(3,19), TSS (70,5 mg/l), Fe (1,05mg/l) and

Mn (0,7m{l).

These values could possibly

be

mean

that

there were

still lack of

control whether on implementation/operational or on the planning side of work.

Statistical Test on

AMD

Quality Data

The statistic test conducted on several parameters which were: pFI, TSS, Fe and Mn from all KPL-TAL. The Barlett test was done to brought up the description on data varians to be analysed, while the regression and correllation test was conducted to explore the possibilities of the relation among the variables. The Statistical test result were able to described several things as follow:

' ^{All of the pH,}

^TSS,

^{Fe and Mn}

^data

^at PT.TAL during

2006-2008 were

had

a

homogeneity values.

'

^{The analysis of} regression and correlation results of the relation between pH-Fe and pH-

Mn tend to be

influenced

by the

neutralization process

and

different lithological characteristic according to depositional environment during geological development and not only due to the pH factor.

'

This verificatiou has ensurcd the use of Enim's river as primary resource for the external benefits as the etwironmental qualities

of

the

river

rvas predonrinantly on satisfactory leveVbelow the allowable limits.

FI: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT

I

^1,77

Enim's River Valuation

Direct

benefit

of Enim's river

were

King

prawn fisheries,

atin

fisheries

or

Toman flrsheries. The

King

prawn potential 427,5 tonnes/year worth

Rp

21,671 -Rp 26

billion

and Patin fish could get as much as 2.250 tonnes/year worth

Rp

11,5

billion bt

using estimate selling price of Rp 7.000/kg for the smaller size of trap (3

x2 x

^1,5 m) and bigger trap sizes

of 4 x 2 x

1,5

m

could give approximately 4.876,2 tonnes worth

Rp

22,8

billion wiin

selling price Rp 7.900ikg. While the Toman fish was able to yields as the same as Patin fish or 2.250 tonnes/year worth Rp ^17,97 billion.

The indirect benefits was taken from the usage of Enim's river as the main source of local water supply authorities (PDAM) of PDAIvI Lematang-Enim. The results from data analysis taken on the year

of

2006 was: Treatment capacity

with

total services

of

supplies and-the income based on production cost with Rp 491/m3 of governrnent subsidised has given the net income to PDAM Lematang-Enim some profit _{of Rp} 8,075 billion/year.

Thus,

if

there were any kind of degradation or pollution on lhe Enim's river the potential loss of Rp 10,36 billion/year and production

of

4,65 million m3/year

of

treated water supply services to 87.010 people were on a threat. Other losses that could occured were the massive loss from the usage

of

natural resources on Enim's river which were the King prawn, patin and Toman fisheries that could reach

Rp

47,66

-

^{Rp 49,88}

^billion

hence the totat negative extemalities surmounted to Rp 58,12 to

Rp 6},24billion.

Those analysis should empha-sized the importance of AIvID Management and its impact on surrounding environments.

Unit Cost Analysr's (Capitat Cost and CashJlow)

Based on operational the unit cost

of

AN{D Treatment was

fall

into two categories:

The Capital Cost

Unit

and The Cashflow Unit. The capital cost from AIvID treatment was came from the development

of

16 settling ponds and drainage networks (total length

of

56 km) with total amounts of cost Rp 50.652.196. With average of routine expenditure/cashflow

out

during 2006-2008 was

Rp

37.206.049.595/yea4

the

combined

totai

cost

from AI4D

treatment at

PT.TAL

was

Rp

84.249.637.595,- this value

will

be used as baseline cost

of

2006-2008.

Benefit Units Analysis

The benefit units were divided into internal and external. Internal benefits was defined as any profits taken from the coal production selling values as

it

was within _control of pT.TAL management. The profits were able turned into benefit as there were portion

of

deduction from the profits

in

terms

of

Environmental Provision Frurd and Post

trrti*og

Reclamation Bonds.

The benefit

of

Post

Mining

Reclamation Bonds (Jamrek) was the ESDM retribution which amounted to Rp 2.816.508.500 for the year

of

2006-2008.

while

the benefits for the

South

Sumatra

Province from coal

retributions

was Rp

6.908.033.000

from

total 13.816.066.000 Tons of coal produced by PT. TAL. The Muara Eni;n's and Lahat districts as

local government income retributions from coal production were Rp 27.63 2.132.000. Thus, the whole internal benefit had produced total income

Rp

79.275.890.51g, - ^.

The external benefits were all resources that were outside the PT.TAL area

in

terms

of

management and geographic. This study covered the Enim's River as the primary resource of, extemal benefit. Table 4 below were showing the net benefit

of

externaf factois or positive externalities with three schemes.

Table 3 Net external benefit values of PT.TAL

*The Average value of external benefit was Rp 49.377.653.680. #From pemkab Muara Enim.

Benefit Cost Analysis

The Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) was defined as

, 4 _{C =1}

^{, where total net benefit (average) from}

the

AMD

Management w'as

Rp

128.653.544.198 and the net cost: Rp 87.858.245.595, thus the BCR

for

this study including the external benefit

for

2009 was 1,46. The Net ^present Value (I\IPV) from projection scenario for the year

of

2014 (5 Years Projection) was between Rp 234

-

^{361 billion} by considering the external benefit and and Profitability Index

Table 4 BCR, NPV and PI of AMD Treatment Mangement at PT.TAL by applying several scenarios based on 5 proiected years Z0l0 - 2014

Low Scheme Mid Scheme Hieh Scheme Average Scheme Scenario A

NPV

(Billion _{Rn) 277.4 310.1 274.0}

BCR _{1,47 1,53 1,46}

PI _{5.48 6.12 5.41}

Scenario B

NPV

(Billion _{Rn) 229.0 272.0 304.7 268.5}

BCR l,3g 1,46

l.5l

1,45

PI 4.52 5,37 6,02 5,30

Scenario C

NPV

(Billion _{Rn) 285.4 328.4 361.1 325.0}

BCR 1,47 1.55 1.60 1,54

PI 5,64 6,49 7,13 6,42

Scenario A Actual CaO Dose (156 _{eram/tvl )}

Scenario B Simulate< CaO Dose based on LAPI-ITB (400 gram/lvl3) Scenario C Coal Production Growth 1 Yo and CaO Dose 400 gram/M3

4. Conclusion

1. AMD

treatment management planning and operational

will

determine the externalities factor (positive

or

negative) and should

be

done

by

giving more accurate details in planning and operational stages.

2.

Capital cost

for AMD

treatment management at PT.TAL consist

of

settling ponds and

drainage

networks which was Rp

50.652.196,

the net cashflow

out-

was

Rp 37.206.049.5951year, and total net benefits was Rp 128.6 53.s44.198.

3.

Total Net Value from AMD Treatment Management at PT.TAL was Rp 40,795 billion.

4.

With the BCR has shown

> I

value could means that from economical point of view the practice for AMD treatment management in PT.TAL was fairly enough to continue under condition although much improvernents on planning and implementatiol

still

has to be done.

Tlpes of Resources Low Scheme (Rp) Mid Scheme (Rp) High Scheme (Rp)

#King Prawn/Udane Galah 23.839.062.500,0 23.939.062.500.0 23.839.062.500.0

#Patin FisMkan Patin in 3 x 2 xl,S

m Keramba r 1.574.000.000.0

#Toman Fish/Ikan Toman 17.970.000.000.0

Patin FisMkan Patin in 4 x 2 xl,5 m

Keramba (Scheme of tsI-OKI) 22.846.725.000.0

Water Supply/PDAM 8.07s.016.180.0 8.075.016.180.0 8.075.016.190,0 :43'.488,.078.,680-0 49:884:.078,680.0.i

H: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT

I

¹⁷⁹

5.

Using combination Scenarios and variations of scheme on AItdD Treatment Management at PT.TAL, the Most Profitable was Scenario C with High Scheme which gave Uighest BCR (1.60), NPV (Rp 361,1 Billion) and PI

(7,t3)

5. References

Environmental Planning Division(200 6). Annual Report on Enviroqmental Management and Monitoring 2006. PT.TAL.

Environmental Planning Division (2006).

Monitori ng 20 07 . PT.TAL.

Environmental Planning Division (2003).

Monitoring 2008. PT.TAL.

USEPA (1994). Technical Document, Acid Mine Drainage Prediction EPA 530-R-94-036, NTIS PB94-201829.. Office of Solid Waste Special Waste Branch 401

M

Street SW, Washington, DC 20460

LAPI ITB

(2008). Evaluation

of

AIvID Treatment Management and Environrnental System Management, Final Report.

The Region

of

Muara Enim (2007). Fisheries Resources Using Keramba as One

of

Fishery Resource Management along the Kelakar River. Retrieved on

April

2007

from

nttp:it www.muaraenim.go.id

The Region

of

Muara Enim (2007). Investment Opportunity

in King

^prawn Resources at Muara Enim. Retrieved on

April

2007 from http://www.muaraenim.go.id

The Government of South Sumatra Province (2005). GovernorDecree No. 16

&

18, 2005 The Ministry Of Environment (2005). Minister of Environment Decree No. I13, 2005

Annual'"Report on Environmental Managernent and Annual Report on Environrnental Management and