$/.$/,1(685)$&7$1732/<0(5,1-(&7,21 0(7+2'%<86,1*/$%25$725<7(67
678',3(1,1*.$7$13(52/(+$10,1<$.'(1*$10(72'(
,1-(.6,$/.$/,685)$.7$132/,0(5$63 0(1**81$.$18-,/$%25$725,80
(GZDUG0/7RELQJDQG+HVWXWL(QL
³/(0,*$6´5 '&HQWUHIRU2LODQG*DV7HFKQRORJ\
-O&LOHGXJ5D\D.DY&LSXOLU.HED\RUDQ/DPD32%R[-.7-DNDUWD6HODWDQ,1'21(6,$
7URPRO3RV.%<%-DNDUWD7HOHSKRQH)D[VLPLOH (PDLOHWRELQJ#OHPLJDVHVGPJRLG(PDLOKHVWXWL#OHPLJDVHVGPJRLG )LUVW5HJLVWHUHGRQ2FWREHUWK5HFHLYHGDIWHU&RUHFWLRQRQ'HFHPEHUWK
3XEOLFDWLRQ$SSURYDORQ'HFHPEHUWK
$%675$.
6DODKVDWXXSD\DXQWXNGDSDWPHQLQJNDWNDQSHUROHKDQPLQ\DNSDGDUHVHUYRLUPLQ\DNVHWHODKSHULRGH SHQJXUDVDQ SULPHU GDQ VHNXQGHU DGDODK GHQJDQ PHQHUDSNDQ PHWRGHEnhanced Oil Recovery (25 (YDOXDVL GDQ SHPLOLKDQ screening PHWRGH (25 WHUKDGDS NDUDNWHULVWLN ÀXLGD GDQ EDWXDQ UHVHUYRLU ¶1¶
PHQXQMXNNDQEDKZDPHWRGD\DQJFRFRNDGDODKLQMHNVLODUXWDQDONDOLVXUIDNWDQSROLPHU$637XOLVDQLQL PHQ\DMLNDQKDVLOXMLODERUDWRULXPGDODPXSD\DXQWXNGDSDWPHQLQJNDWNDQSHUROHKDQPLQ\DNSDGDUHVHUYRDU
¶1¶GHQJDQLQMHNVL$637XMXDQXMLODERUDWRULXPWHUVHEXWDGDODKXQWXNPHQJHWDKXLSHQDPEDKDQSHUROHKDQ PLQ\DNGHQJDQPHQJLQMHNVLNDQODUXWDQ$63SDGDEDWXDQUHVHUYRLU¶1¶%HUGDVDUNDQKDVLOXMLcompatibility, WHJDQJDQDQWDUPXNDUHRORJLVWDELOLWDVSDQDV¿OWUDVLGDQDGVRUSVLVWDWLNSDGDODUXWDQ$63PDNDGLSHUROHK IRUPXODVL NRQVHQWUDVL RSWLPXP GDUL ODUXWDQ WHUVHEXW 0HQJDFX SDGD NRQVHQWUDVL RSWLPXP ODUXWDQ$63 WHUVHEXWNHPXGLDQGLODNXNDQXMLcore À oodingEHUGDVDUNDQUDQFDQJDQLQMHNVLÀXLGD\DQJVXGDKGLWHQWXNDQ +DVLOXWDPDGDULXMLcore À oodingWHUVHEXWPHQXQMXNNDQDGDQ\DSHQLQJNDWDQSHUROHKDQPLQ\DNVHEDQ\DN 22,3original oil in place%LODKDVLOXMLODERUDWRULXPWHUVHEXWGLDSOLNDVLNDQSDGDVNDODODSDQJDQ GHQJDQPHQJLQMHNVLNDQÀXLGD$63NHGDODPUHVHUYRLU¶1¶PDNDSRWHQVLSHQDPEDKDQSURGXNVLPLQ\DN VHEDQ\DNMXWDbarell.
.DWDNXQFL,QMHNVLDONDOLVXUIDNWDQSROLPHUSHQLQJNDWDQSHUROHKDQPLQ\DN ABSTRACT
One effort to improve oil recovery in oil reservoirs after primary and secondary recovery period is to apply the method of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Screening of EOR on the characteristics of the reservoir rock and À uid 'N' indicates that the suitable method is the injection of alkali surfactant polymer (ASP).
This paper presents the results of laboratory tests to increase the oil recovery in the reservoir 'N' with ASP injection. The purpose of the laboratory testing was to determine the additional oil recovery by injecting a solution of ASP in the reservoir rock 'N'. Based on the results of compatibility, interfacial tension, rheology, thermal stability, ¿ ltration and static adsorption test on an ASP À uid injection, the optimum concentration of each of the injection À uid is obtained. Referring to the optimum concentration of the ASP, then the core À ooding test design based on a predetermined À uid injection. The main result of the À ooding test cores showed an increase in oil recovery as much as 21.84% OOIP. When the results of the laboratory test was applied to the ¿ eld scale by injecting À uid into the reservoir ASP 'N', then the estimated potential increase in oil production as much as 11.457 million bbl.
Keywords: alkaline surfactant polymer injection, enhanced oil recovery
,,1752'8&7,21
2LO LV WUDSSHG LQ SRUH URFN VDQGVWRQH RU FDUERQDWHLQWKHSULPDU\UHFRYHU\SHULRGLFSXVKHG IURP UHVHUYRLU WR D ZHOO DQG LV OLIWHG XVLQJ GULYH PHFKDQLVPIURPLWVRZQUHVHUYRLUVXFKDVVROXWLRQ JDV GULYH ZDWHU GULYH RU JUDYLW\ GUDLQDJH ,Q WKH VHFRQGDU\UHFRYHU\H[WHUQDOÀXLGVVXFKDVZDWHURU JDVZDVLQMHFWHGLQWRUHVHUYRLUWKURXJKWKHLQMHFWLRQ ZHOO7KHSXUSRVHRIÀXLGLQMHFWLRQZDVWRPDLQWDLQ WKHUHVHUYRLUSUHVVXUHDQGSXVKRLOLQWRWKHKROHZHOO
$IWHU WKH VHFRQGDU\ UHFRYHU\ SURGXFWLRQ DFKLHYHV HFRQRPLFDOOLPLWDERXWWZRWKLUGIURPRULJLQDORLOLQ SODFH22,3LVVWLOOOHIWLQWKHUHVHUYRLU7KHUHVWRI 22,3LVOHIWLQWKHUHVHUYRLU7KHUHVWRI22,3DIWHU VHFRQGDU\UHFRYHU\FDQEHWDNHQXVLQJ(QKDQFHG2LO 5HFRYHU\(25
7ZRWKLUGIURP22,3OHIWLQWKHUHVHUYRLUZDV FDXVHGE\WZRPDLQIDFWRUVQDPHO\PLFURVFRSLFDQG PDFURVFRSLF0LFURVFRSLFIDFWRUFRYHUVLQWHUIDFLDO WHQVLRQ ,)7 EHWZHHQ ZDWHU DQG RLO SKDVH DQG DOVRLQWHUDFWLRQURFNVDQGÀXLGVZHWWDELOLW\ZKLFK FDXVHG RLO WUDSSHG LQ WKH SRUH URFN VR WKDW WKH RLO FDQQRWORRVHWKURXJKZDVSXVKHGE\JUHDWSUHVVXUH
$ODGDVDQL HW DO $V WKH VL]H RI UHVHUYRLU SRUHKROHLVJHQHUDOO\VPDOOHUWKDQXPLWLVQRW VXUSULVHGLI,)7ZLOODIIHFWRLOPRELOLW\7KHOHIWRLO DIWHUGULYHQSHULRGZDVFDOOHGUHVLGXDORLOVDWXUDWLRQ 6RU 0DFURVFRSLF IDFWRU WRRN SODFH LQ UHVHUYRLU OD\HUVZLWKDGLIIHUHQWSHUPHDELOLW\YDOXHLIWKHGULYH WKURXJKWKHOD\HUZLWKKLJKHUSHUPHDELOLW\YDOXHVR RLOZLOOEHOHIWLQWKHOD\HUZKLFKKDVORZSHUPHDELOLW\
YDOXHRULQQRWZLSHGOD\HU$QRWKHUUHDVRQZK\DOORLO FDQQRWEHZLSHGEHFDXVHWKHUHLVDFDSLOODU\IRUFHLQ WKHIRUPDWLRQZKLFKOLNHVRLOVRWKLVIRUFHZLOOLQKLELW ZDWHULQKLELWLRQVLQWRWKHSRUHRIUHVHUYRLUURFN7KLV FDVHRIWHQKDSSHQHGLQWKHUHVHUYRLUURFNFDUERQDWH EHFDXVHPRUHWKDQIURPFDUERQDWHURFNOLNHVRLO 2WKHUIDFWRUVVXFKDVDUHDOKHWHURJHQHLW\DQLVRWURS\
SHUPHDELOLW\WKHOD\RXWRIZHOOZLOODOVRDIIHFWWR RLOZLSHGE\ZDWHU
2LO UHFRYHU\ IURP D GULYHQ SURFHVV LV PXOWLSOLFDWLRQ EHWZHHQ GLVSODFHPHQW HIILFLHQF\
(' DQG VZHHS HI¿FLHQF\ (6 7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI(25PHWKRGIRFXVHVRQGLVSODFHPHQWHI¿FLHQF\
LQFUHPHQWE\UHGXFLQJOHIWRLOVDWXUDWLRQLQWKHVZHHS DUHDDQGLQFUHDVHVZHHSHI¿FLHQF\E\IRVWHULQJWKH UHPDLQRLOLQQRQVZHHSDUHD/HIWRLOVDWXUDWLRQLV WKH IXQFWLRQ IURP FDSLOODU\ QXPEHU 1F ZKLFK LV FRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQYLVFRVIRUFHWRFDSLOODU\IRUFH
,QJHQHUDOFDSLOODU\QXPEHUIRUZDWHULQMHFWLRQ WR,QWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI(25FDSLOODU\QXPEHU LQFUHDVHV WR &DSLOODU\ QXPEHU FDQ EH DGGHGVLJQL¿FDQWO\E\UHGXFLQJLQWHUIDFLDOWHQVLRQ RU FKDQJH ZHWWDELOLW\ URFN WR EHFRPH OLNH ZDWHU 7KURXJKFDSLOODU\QXPEHUFDQEHDGGHGE\LQFUHDVLQJ YLVFRVIRUFHEXWWKHDSSOLFDWLRQLVOLPLWHG2LOLQWKH QRQVZHHSDUHDFDQEHIRUFHGE\LQFUHDVLQJGULYHQ ÀXLGYLVFRVLW\PRGL¿FDWLRQRUFKDQJLQJZHWWDELOLW\
URFN
2QH RI WKH (25 PHWKRGV ZKLFK KDV EHHQ VXFFHVVIXOO\ DSSOLHG DQG SURYLGHV VLJQLILFDQW FRQWULEXWLRQLQLQFUHDVLQJRLOUHFRYHU\LVWKHLQMHFWLRQ RIDONDOLQHVXUIDFWDQWSRO\PHU$63DVLQ'DTLQJ RLO¿HOG&KLQD)URPVHYHUDODSSOLHGUHSRUWHGSLORW WHVWV=HUSD 4XHLSRVKRZHGWKDWFXPXODWLYH RLOUHFRYHU\DFKLHYHGPRUHWKDQ22,3,Q$63 LQMHFWLRQPHWKRGWKHUHDUHPHFKDQLVPVDQGSURFHVV .RQHWDODONDOLQHKDVWKUHHIXQFWLRQVQDPHO\
LQFUHDVLQJS+GHFUHDVLQJVXUIDFWDQWDGVRUSWLRQ ZKLFKKDVDQLRQLFLQQDWXUHLQWRUHVHUYRLUURFNDQG UHVHUYRLUURFNZKLFKOLNHVZDWHUZHW6XUIDFWDQWUROHV IRUGHFUHDVLQJ,)7EHWZHHQRLOSKDVHDQGZDWHUVRLW FDQLQFUHDVHWUDSSHGRLOPRELOLW\:KHUHDVSRO\PHU UROHLVWRLQFUHDVHGULYHÀXLGYLVFRVLW\DQGGHFUHDVH PRELOLW\UDWLREHWZHHQGULYHÀXLGVDQGEHGULYHQVR LWZLOOLPSURYHVZHHSHI¿FLHQF\
6RXWK6XPDWUDEDVLQKDVVHYHUDORLO¿HOGVDPRQJ RWKHULVµ3¶¿HOGZKLFKFRQVLVWVVHYHUDOSURGXFWLYH RLOUHVHUYRLUV,QWKLVUHVHDUFKVWXG\WKHWDUJHWHG UHVHUYRLU FDQ DSSOLHG (25 PHWKRG$63 LQMHFWLRQ LVµ1¶UHVHUYRLU%DVHGRQYROXPHWULFPHWKRGLWLV DVVXPHG22,3IURPWKLVUHVHUYRLULVPLOOLRQ EDUUHO EEO DQG FXPXODWLYH SURGXFWLRQ XQWLO \HDU DIWHU KDYLQJ DSSOLHG VHFRQGDU\ UHFRYHU\
WHFKQRORJ\ ZLWK ZDWHU LQMHFWLRQ LV PLOOLRQ EDUUHO22,36RWKHUHPDLQLQJRLOLQWKH UHVHUYRLU ZDV PLOOLRQ WKLV ZLOO EHFRPH WKH WDUJHWWREHSURGXFHGZLWKWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI(25 PHWKRGRI$63LQMHFWLRQ
)OXLGV DQG RLO UHVHUYRLU KDYH XQLTXH FKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKHUHIRUHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQÀXLGV UHVHUYRLUURFNVDQG$63LQMHFWLRQÀXLGVDOVRSURYLGH XQLTXHUHVXOW/RJLFDOFRQVHTXHQFHLQWKHODEVFDOH PXVW EH FRQGXFWHG EHIRUH (25 PHWKRG RI$63 LQMHFWLRQZDVDSSOLHGLQµ1¶UHVHUYRLU7KHSXUSRVHRI ODEVWXG\ZDVWRWHVWZKHWKHUIHDVLEOHRUQRWWRDSSO\
(25PHWKRGRI$63LQMHFWLRQLQµ1¶UHVHUYRLUDQG
KRZPXFKWKHLQFUHDVHRLOUHFRYHU\ZLOOEHREWDLQHG 7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVVWXG\WR¿QGRXWWKHLQFUHDVLQJ RIRLOUHFRYHU\E\ODERUDWRU\WHVWWKDWFRQVLVWRI VFUHHQLQJ WHVW RI (25 PHWKRG UHVHUYRLU ÀXLGV WHVWE\XVLQJ$63VROXWLRQDQGFHUWDLQFRUHFRUH ÀRRGLQJWHVW
,,0(7+2'2/2*<
$0HWKRGRI6FUHHQLQJ7HVWRI(250HWKRG
%HIRUHWKHODEWHVWZDVFDUULHGRXWLQWKLVVWXG\
¿UVWVFUHHQLQJZDVFDUULHGLQµ1¶UHVHUYRLUWRREWDLQ RQHRUPRUH(25PHWKRGVVXLWDEOHWREHDSSOLHG 6FUHHQLQJPHWKRGFDUULHGRXWE\FRPSDULQJÀXLGV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV GDWD DQG µ1¶ UHVHUYRLU URFN WR WKH VHOHFWLRQFULWHULDRI(25PHWKRG7DEHUHWDO 7KHODEWHVWZDVFDUULHGRXWLQWRÀXLGLQMHFWLRQZKLFK ZDVXVHGFRQVLVWVRIDONDOLQHVROXWLRQVXUIDFWDQWDQG SRO\PHU &KRVHQ DONDOL LV 1$&2 µ$¶ VXUIDFWDQW DQLRQLFW\SHIURPSHWUROHXPVXOIRQDWH:KHUHDVµ%¶
FKRVHQSRO\PHULQFOXGHGSRO\DFU\ODPLGHW\SH
%0HWKRGRI)OXLGWHVWDQG&RUH
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µ$¶DQG SSP SRO\PHU µ%¶$QDO\VLV LQWR IRUPDWLRQ ZDWHU IURP3ZHOOFRQGXFHGWR¿QDORXWWKHQXPEHURI DQGFDWLRQLFLQLWDQG7RWDO'LVVROYHG6ROLG7'6 E\DSSO\LQJWLWUDWLRQPHWKRGDQGDOVRPHDVXUHPHQW RI DFLGLW\ FHQWLJUDGH S+ 2LO VDPSOH WDNHQ IURP 3ZHOOLQVXEVXUIDFHFRQGLWLRQLQKHDGZHOO7ZR FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIRLOPHDVXUHGQDPHO\YLVFRVLW\DQG GHQVLW\DWUHVHUYRLUWHPSHUDWXUHFRQGLWLRQR) R& &RPSDWLELOLW\ WHVW LQWR DONDOL VXUIDFWDQW SRO\PHU$63ZDVFDUULHGRXWWRFRQ¿UPZKHWKHU LWZLOOIRUPVHGLPHQWRUQRWLQVROXWLRQGXULQJGD\V ZLWKURRPWHPSHUDWXUHFRQGLWLRQ,)7PHDVXUHPHQW ZDVFRQGXFWHGE\VSLQQLQJGURSWHQWLRPHWHUWR$63
VROXWLRQ$QG UHRORJ\ WHVW FRQGXFWHG WR REVHUYH SRO\PHUVROXWLRQSHUIRUPDQFHWKURXJKPHDVXUHPHQW RIYLVFRVLW\E\YLVFRPHWHU
7KH DQDO\VLV RI KHDW VWDELOLW\ ZDV FRQGXFWHG WR ILQG RXW UHVLVWDQW SRZHU RI$63 VROXWLRQ WR UHVHUYRLUWHPSHUDWXUHLQFHUWDLQWLPH$63VROXWLRQ LV HQRXJK ZKHQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH UHPDLQV VWDEOH E\KHDWHIIHFW+LUDVDNLHWDO+HDWVWDELOLW\
WHVW ZDV FRQGXFWHG E\ LQVHUWLQJ VROXWLRQ DW FORVHG JODVV WXEH DQG WKHQ SXW LQ WKH RYHQ DW UHVHUYRLU WHPSHUDWXUH7KHWLPHVSDQDQG GD\V,)7SDUDPHWHUZDVPHDVXUHGDQGYLVFRVLW\IRU
$63VROXWLRQDQGYLVFRVLW\SDUDPHWHUIRUSRO\PHU VROXWLRQ
7KH DQDO\VLV RI ¿OWUDWLRQ WHVW ZDV FDUULHG RXW WR¿QGRXWZKHWKHU$63DQG3RO\PHUZDVVDWXUDWHG SHUIHFWO\IRUPLQJVLQJOHSKDVHLILWZDVVDWXUDWHGLQ IRUPDWLRQZDWHU7KLVWHVWZDVFRQGXFWHGE\SDVVLQJ WKHDPRXQWRIVROXWLRQYROXPHRQ¿OWHUSDSHUVL]H PLFURQDQGLWZDVJLYHQRQHDWPRVSKHUHSUHVVXUH,Q FHUWDLQDPRXQWRI$63VROXWLRQDQGSRO\PHUZKLFK SDVV¿OWHUSDSHUWKHWLPHZDVQRWHG7KHQWKHUHVXOW RIREVHUYDWLRQZDVSORWWHGEHWZHHQYROXPHPOWR WKHWLPHVHFRQG
6WDWLF DGVRUSWLRQ WHVW ZDV FRQGXFWHG WR ILQG RXW WKH ORVW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ IURP DONDOLQH VXUIDFWDQW EHFDXVH LW ZDV DGVRUEHG E\ UHVHUYRLU URFNV 7KH SUHSDUDWLRQRIWKHWHVWZDVFRQGXFWHGE\UH¿QLQJ UHVHUYRLUURFNVWKRQLWZDV¿OWHUHGZLWK¿OWHUVL]H PHVK$IWHU WKDW JUDPV UHVHUYRLU URFNV ZHUHVRDNHGLQJUDPVDONDOLVXUIDFWDQWVROXWLRQ VR WKDW WKH ZHLJKW FRPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ UHVHUYRLU URFN DQG VROXWLRQ EHFDPH 7KH VRDNLQJ ZDV FRQGXFWHGLQWKHFORVHFRQWDLQHUDWR&LQKRXUV DQG ZDV VKDNHQ SHULRGLFDOO\ 1H[W WKH VHSDUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ URFNV DQG DONDOL VXUIDFWDQW LQ WKH IRUP RI ¿OWUDWH ZDV ¿OWHUHG )LOWUDWH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ ZDV PHDVXUHGE\DQLRQLFDQGFDWLRQLFWLWUDWLRQPHWKRG
$670 ' UHDSSURYHG ,Q WKLV PHWKRG ¿OWUDWH ZKLFK FRQWDLQV DQLRQLF VXUIDFWDQW ZDVWLWUDWLRQE\PRO/EHQ]KHWRQLXPFKORULGH VROXWLRQ &+&,12 FDWLRQLF LQ QDWXUH )LOWUDWH FRQFHQWUDWLRQZDVVWDWHGDV¿QDODONDOLQHVXUIDFWDQW VROXWLRQ DIWHU DGVRUSWLRQ 6WDWLF DGVRUSWLRQ ZDV FDOFXODWHGEDVHGRQWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQLWLDODQG¿QDO FRQFHQWUDWLRQIURPDONDOLQHVXUIDFWDQWLQZHLJKWXQLW GLYLGHGE\ZHLJKWXQLWRIUHVHUYRLUURFNV:KHUHDV VWDWLFDGVRUSWLRQWHVWRISRO\PHUVROXWLRQZDVFDUULHG
RXW E\ XVLQJ VSHFWURSKRWRPHWHU XOWUD YLROHW E\
PHDVXULQJWKHOHQJWKRIZDYHLQSRO\PHUVROXWLRQ EHIRUHDQGDIWHUWKHWHVW7KHQVWDWLFDGVRUSWLRQRI SRO\PHUVROXWLRQZDVFRXQWHGLQWKHXQLWRIZHLJKW RI SRO\PHU VROXWLRQ GLYLGHG E\ WKH XQLW RI ZHLJKW UHVHUYRLUURFNV
&7KH0HWKRGRI&RUH)ORRGLQJ7HVW
&RUHÀRRGLQJWHVWZDVFDUULHGRXWWRREWDLQKRZ PXFK WKH LQFUHDVH RI RLO UHFRYHU\ IURP ÀXLG SODQ ZKLFKZLOOEHLQMHFWHG7KHVHULHVRIHTXLSPHQWIRU FRUHÀRRGLQJWHVW7RELQJ (QLFRQVLVWLQJ RILQMHFWLRQSXPSVÀXLGWXEHVRLOZDWHUDQG$63 FRUHKROGHUEDFNSUHVVXUHYDOYHDQGPHDVXUHPHQW JODVV 7KH XVHG LQMHFWLRQ SXPS ZDV SLVWRQ SXPS W\SHZKLFKFDQLQMHFWÀXLGVZLWKFRQVWDQWÀRZUDWH PLQLPXPLQMHFWLRQÀRZZDVFFPLQXWH7KH SXPSFDQLQMHFWÀXLGVRLOZDWHU$63DQGSRO\PHU DOWHUQDWHO\WRFRUHKROGHU6WDFNHG&RUHZDVNHSWLQ WKHFRUHKROGHUHTXLSSHGZLWKRYHUEXUGHQSUHVVXUH VRWKDWGULYHQÀXLGVRQO\SDVVVXUIDFHVWDFNHGFRUH QRWSDVVVLGHRIRXWVLGHSDUW:KLOHEDFNSUHVVXUH YDOYHJRWWKHSUHVVXUHIURPQLWURJHQJDVIXQFWLRQHG WR PDLQWDLQ SUHVVXUH V\VWHP RQ WKH FRUH KROGHU +RZHYHULWFDQÀRZWKHÀXLGWRPHDVXUHGJODVVLQ URRPSUHVVXUH
,,,5(68/76$1'',6&866,216
$3UHSDUDWLRQ&RUHDQG)OXLG5HVHUYRLU
&RUH VDPSOHV ZKLFK ZLOO EH XVHG IRU FRUH ÀRRGLQJZHUHREWDLQHGIURP3ZHOOLQWKHGHSWK VSDQ±PHWHULWZDVWKHUHVXOWRI FRULQJ FRQYHQWLRQDO FRUH ZLWK FRUH GLDPHWHU LQFK%DVHGRQWKHDQDO\VLVUHVXOWRIURFNW\SHIURP WKHUHVXOWRIFRULQJµ1¶UHVHUYRLUURFNLQFOXGLQJVDQG VWRQH)URPWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOFRUHZLWKPOHQJWK
ZDVWDNHQWKHFRUHSOXJZLWKWKHDYHUDJHGLDPHWHU FP DQG WKH DYHUDJH OHQJWK FP )URP WKH REWDLQHGFRUHSOXJFRUHSOXJVZHUHFKRVHQZKLFK KDYHVLPLODUSRURVLW\YDOXHDQGDEVROXWHSHUPHDELOLW\
$IWHUWKDWWKHFRUHSOXJVZHUHFRPSRVHGVHULDOO\
FRUH SOXJ QXPEHU DQG DQG IRUPHG WKHVWDFNHGFRUHZLWKFPORQJ7KHDYHUDJH SRURVLW\YDOXHRIVWDFNHGFRUHDQGWKHURFN FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIVWDFNHGFRUHWKDWXVHGLQWKHFRUH ÀRRGLQJWHVWVKRZQLQ7DEOH
)OXLGV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV GDWD DQG µ1¶ UHVHUYRLU URFNV ZHUH VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH WKHQ WKH GDWD ZDV FRPSDUHGZLWKWKHSDUDPHWHUFULWHULDRI(25PHWKRG VHOHFWLRQ 7DEHU HW DO 7KH UHVXOW RI (25 PHWKRG VHOHFWLRQ ZKLFK ZDV FRQGXFWHG LQWR ÀXLGV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG UHVHUYRLU URFNV LQ JHQHUDO LW ZDVREWDLQHGIURPRQHVXLWDEOHPHWKRG+RZHYHU WKH UHVXOW RI (25 PHWKRG VHOHFWLRQ LQWR IOXLGV FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGµ1¶UHVHUYRLUURFNVVKRZHGWKDW
$63 LQMHFWLRQ ZDV VXLWDEOH WR EH DSSOLHG ZLWK WKH QRWH EHFDXVH UHVHUYRLU WHPSHUDWXUH ZDV R) R&PRUHWKDQWKHOLPLWRIWHPSHUDWXUHFULWHULD RUOHVVWKDQR)RUR&)URPWKHVFUHHQLQJ UHVXOWRI(25PHWKRGZKLFKZDVREWDLQHGQH[WLQ WKHODEWHVWRQ$63VROXWLRQZKLFKZDVIRUPXODWHG DGGHG RUJDQRVXOIXU FRPSRXQGV DV VWDELOL]HU VR LW PHHWVWKHFULWHULDLQWKHVWDELOLW\WHVW
7KHUHVXOWVRIFRQWHQWDQDO\VLVRIFDWLRQLFDQG DQLRQIURPIRUPDWLRQZDWHUDQGZDWHULQMHFWLRQZHUH VKRZQLQ7DEOHLQGLFDWHVWKDW7RWDO'LVVROYHG6ROLG 7'6YDOXHZDVPJ/7KHDQDO\VLVUHVXOW VKRZHGWKDWIRUPDWLRQZDWHULQFOXGLQJLQWKHVRIW EULQHFDWHJRU\RULWKDVORZKDUGQHVVRIZDWHU7KLV ZDV VKRZQ ZLWK FDWLRQLF H[LVWHQFH GLYDOHQW &D DQG0JLQHDFKIRUPDWLRQZDWHUZDVPJ/
DQGPJ/UHVSHFWLYHO\,IDJUDLQRISRO\PHUZDV
7DEOH
'DWDRIFRUHSOXJFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
1R
&RUH 3OXJ
/HQJWK FP
'LDPHWHU FP
6XUIDFH 6TXDUH FP
3RURVLW\
$EVROXWH 3HUPHDELOLW\P'
VDWXUDWHGLQWKHIRUPDWLRQZDWHUZLWKORZ KDUGQHVVRIZDWHULQWKHSUHSDUDWLRQRI PDNLQJSRO\PHUVROXWLRQLWLVH[SHFWHG WKHUH ZLOO EH QR YLVFRVLW\ GHJUDGDWLRQ VLJQL¿FDQWO\WRWKHSRO\PHUVROXWLRQ'RQ 3DXORUWKHYLVFRVLW\RISRO\PHU VROXWLRQ UHPDLQV WKH VDPH ,Q DGGLWLRQ ZKHQ WKH SRO\PHU ZDV LQMHFWHG LQWR UHVHUYRLUURFNVZKLFKFRQWDLQIRUPDWLRQ ZDWHU:KHQVXUIDFWDQWZDVVDWXUDWHGLQ WKHIRUPDWLRQZDWHUZLWKORZKDUGQHVV RI ZDWHU RU WKH SUHSDUDWLRQ RI PDNLQJ VXUIDFWDQW VROXWLRQ VR LW LV H[SHFWHG LW ZLOOIRUPVDWXUDWHGFRPSRXQGVSHUIHFWO\
VRWKDWLWGLGQRWFDXVHFORJRQSRUHWKURDW RIUHVHUYRLUURFNV7KHDFLGLW\S+IURP IRUPDWLRQ ZDWHU ZDV VKRZHG DFLG VLWXDWLRQVRLWPHHWVWREHDSSOLHG$63 LQMHFWLRQ+DQHWDO7KHUHVXOWRI RLO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQDO\VLV VKRZHG WKDW RLOYLVFRVLW\DQGRLOGHQVLW\DWUHVHUYRLU WHPSHUDWXUH R& FS DQG JUFPUHVSHFWLYHO\LQFOXGLQJOLJKWRLOFDWHJRU\
% 6FUHHQLQJ 7HVW RI $63 6ROXWLRQ IRU ³1´
5HVHUYRLU
7KHFRPSDWLELOLW\WHVWIRUWKUHH$63VROXWLRQVWKDW FRQWDLQRIDONDOLQH1D&2ZLWKWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI UHVSHFWLYHO\EXWWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ
RIVXUIDFWDQWDQGSRO\PHUIRU$63VROXWLRQVZHUHQRW YDULHGWKDWLVDQGSSPUHVSHFWLYHO\7KH H[SHULPHQW E\ XVLQJ$63 VROXWLRQV LQGLFDWHG WKDW DOOVROXWLRQVPL[WXUHUHVXOWHGLQ\HOORZLVKDQGWKHUH ZHUHQRWIRUPHGDSUHFLSLWDWLRQ7KHUHIRUHLWFDQEH FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH UHVXOWV FRPSDWLEOH<HOORZ WKH KLJKFRORUZDVFDXVHGLQWHUDFWLRQH[LVWHQFHEHWZHHQ
PHT PJ/
&$7,21
6RGLXP 1D
&DOFLXP &D
0DJQHVLXP 0J
,521 )H
%DULXP %D
$1,21
&ORULGH &O
%LFDUERQDWH +&2
6XOIDW 62
&DUERQDW &2
+\GUR[LGD 2+
)RUPDWLRQ:DWHU
&RPSRQHQWV
7'6PJ/
2LO*UDYLW\ R$3, ! 6XLWDEOHIRU
2LO9LVFRVLW\#7UHV FS $63,QMHFWLRQ
2LO6DWXUDWLRQ !
7\SHVRI5RFN 66& 66
$YHUDJH3HUPHDELOLW\ P' !
7KH'HSWK IWVV
5HVHUYRLU7HPSHUDWXUH R) 5HVHUYRLU3UHVVXUH SVLJ 7KHDYHUDJH3RURVLW\
7KHDYHUDJHRI:DWHU6DWXUDWLRQ
,WZDVVXJJHVWHGWKDWIRUWKHYDOXHRIUHVHUYRLUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLVKLJKHU ,WZDVVXJJHVWHGWKDWIRUWKHYDOXHRIUHVHUYRLUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLVORZHU 7KHDYHUDJHYDOXHRIUHVHUYRLUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZKLFKLVXVHG
66 6DQGVWRQH& &DUERQDW
1RW&ULWLFDO
1R &KDUDFWHULVWLHVRI)OXLGDDQG5HVHUYRLU5RFN 6FUHHQLQJ&ULWHULD 5HPDUN 0HWKRGRI$63,QMHFWLRQ
1RW&ULWLFDO 1RW&ULWLFDO SUHIHUHG66 7DEOH
7KHVFUHHQLQJUHVXOWRI$63LQMHFWLRQPHWKRGWRµ1¶5HVHUYRLUU
7DEOH
7KHDQDO\VLVRIIRUPDWLRQZDWHU
SRO\PHUDQGLRQVWKDWH[LVWHGRQIRUPDWLRQZDWHU
%HFDXVHLWZDVREVHUYHGIURPFRPSDWLELOLW\WHVWLW IRUPHGVHGLPHQWRQ$63VROXWLRQWKDWPD\EORFNRQ UHVHUYRLUURFNVVRLWKDSSHQHGFKDQJHRIFRORUZDV QRWFRQVLGHUHGDVLQLQFRPSDWLEOHFRQGLWLRQ
,)7 0HDVXUHPHQW RI$63 VROXWLRQ IRU ,)7 DONDOLQH PL[WXUH 1D&2 ZLWK RI UHVSHFWLYHO\DQGVXUIDFWDQWDOVRHDFKSRO\PHU RQFRQVWDQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQQDPHO\DQG SSP KDV EHHQ FDUULHG RXW DQG DV VROXWLRQ ZDV IRUPDWLRQ ZDWHU ,)7 PHDVXUHPHQW ZDV FRQGXFHG DIWHU$63VROXWLRQH[SHULHQFHGR)WHPSHUDWXUH ZKLFKUHSUHVHQWHGUHDOUHVHUYRLUFRQGLWLRQVDQGWKH UHVXOWVFDQEHVHHQLQ7DEOH7KHORZHVW,)7YDOXH [G\QHFPRI$63VROXWLRQZDVDFKLHYHG ZLWK WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI DONDOLQH VXUIDFWDQW DQG SRO\PHULVDQGSSPUHVSHFWLYHO\
7KH UHVXOWV RI PHDVXUHPHQW ZKLFK ZDV REWDLQHG VKRZHGWKDWWKHKLJKHUDONDOLFRQFHQWUDWLRQVR,)7 YDOXHZDVORZHU+RZHYHUWKHXVHRIDONDOLQHDVÀXLG LQMHFWLRQZDVQRWVXJJHVWHGPRUHWKDQEHFDXVH LW FDQ FDXVH RI VFDOH IRUPHG RQ WKH SURGXFWLRQ HTXLSPHQW
%DVHGRQRLOUHFRYHU\SORWWRFDSLOODU\QXPEHU
%HUJHU DQG /HH LQ RUGHU WR LQFUHDVH WKH QXPEHURIRLOUHFRYHU\ZKLFKVLJQL¿FDQWHQRXJKDW OHDVWFDSLOODU\QXPEHUPXVWLQFUHDVHRUPRUH
LQMHFWLRQÀXLGVÀRZIURPLQMHFWLRQZHOOWRSURGXFWLRQ ZHOO ZLWK IHHWGD\ UDWH 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW RI SRO\PHU YLVFRVLW\ PXVW EH FRQGXFWHG DW UHVHUYRLU WHPSHUDWXUH R) +RZHYHU GXH WR YLVFRVLW\
PHDVXUHPHQWVRQRSHQV\VWHPVRLWZDVLPSRVVLEOH WRGRPHDVXUHPHQWDWUHVHUYRLUWHPSHUDWXUH%HFDXVH DW UHVHUYRLU WHPSHUDWXUH LW PXVW KDYH KDSSHQHG HYDSRUDWLRQIURPWKHVROXEOHÀ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ÀXLGVLQRUGHUWREH KLJKHU IURP RLO YLVFRVLW\ DQG WKLV ZDV FRQGXFWHG WRDYRLG¿QJHULQJHIIHFWV:HLDQG<RQJDQ
&RQVLGHULQJRLOYLVFRVLW\DWR)WHPSHUDWXUHZDV FSVRLQMHFWLRQÀXLGYLVFRVLW\PXVWEHKLJKHU WKDQWKHRLOYLVFRVLW\7KHUHVXOWRIPHDVXUHPHQWRI SRO\PHUVROXWLRQYLVFRVLW\ZLWKFRQFHQWUDWLRQ
6ROXWLRQRI$ONDOL6XUIDFWDQW3RO\PHU ,)7G\QHFP
$ONDOL6XUIDFWDQWSSP3RO\PHU (
$ONDOL6XUIDFWDQWSSP3RO\PHU (
$ONDOL6XUIDFWDQWSSP3RO\PHU (
3RO\PHU&RQFHQWUDWLRQSSP 9LVFRVLW\FS
7DEOH
7KHUHVXOWRISRO\PHUYLVFRVLW\PHDVXUHPHQW 7DEOH
7KHUHVXOWRI,)7PHDVXUHPHQWRIDONDOL VXUIDFWDQWDQGSRO\PHU
&DSLOODU\ QXPEHU ZKLFK ZDV REWDLQHG DIWHU ZDWHU LQMHFWLRQ ZDV ¿QLVKHG DERXW ZKHUHDV ,)7 YDOXH EHWZHHQ RLO DQG ZDWHUGXULQJZDWHULQMHFWLRQZDVDERXW WRG\QHFPWRLQFUHDVHFDSLOODU\QXPEHU IURPWKHYDOXHWR,)7YDOXHPXVW EHGHFUHDVHGWRG\QHFPRUPRUHVRLW FDQ LQFUHDVH RLO VZHHS HI¿FLHQF\ %DVHG RQ ,)7 YDOXH ZKLFK ZDV REWDLQHG IURP DONDOLQHPL[WXUHVXUIDFWDQWDQG
SRO\PHUSSPZHUH[G\QH
FP7KHUHIRUH$63VROXWLRQZDVHQRXJK WREHXVHGDVÀXLGVLQMHFWLRQWRLQFUHDVHRLO UHFRYHU\%HUJHUDQG/HH
7KH YLVFRVLW\ RI SRO\PHU VROXWLRQ Z D V P H D V X U H G X V L Q J % U R R N I L H O G YLVFRPHWHU%HFDXVH%SRO\PHULQFOXGHV SRO\DFU\ODPLGH ZKLFK LV FODVVL¿HG QRQ QHZWRQLDQÀXLGVRYLVFRVLW\YDOXHLVQRW OLQHDU IXQFWLRQ IURP VKHDU UDWH YDOXH 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW RI SRO\PHU YLVFRVLW\
EDVHG RQ VKHDU UDWH YDOXH VHFRQGV EHFDXVHVKHDUUDWHYDOXHZDVDQDORJ\ZLWK
SSPDWR)WHPSHUDWXUHZDVFSRUPRUH WKDQWLPHVRLOYLVFRVLW\YDOXH6RLWZLOOLQFUHDVH GULYHÀXLGYLVFRVLW\DQGLPSURYHVZHHSHI¿FLHQF\
RULWZLOOGHFUHDVHWKHFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQPRELOLW\
DQGGULYHÀXLGZKLFKZDVGULYHQ2ULQRWKHUZRUGV LWFDQLQFUHDVHRLOVZHHSLQJLQPDFURDQGLQWKHFDVH LWZDVDSSOLHGRQSRO\PHULQMHFWLRQVOXJSODQ
$Vµ1¶UHVHUYRLUWHPSHUDWXUHDVKLJKHUHQRXJK QDPHO\R)R&VRDWWKHWHPSHUDWXUHLV JHQHUDOO\$63VROXWLRQ,)7SDUDPHWHUDQGYLVFRVLW\
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¿FDQWRQWKHWHVWGD\
DQGGD\:KHUHDVWKHUHVXOWRIKHDWVWDELOLW\WHVW IRUYLVFRVLW\SDUDPHWHULQWRSRO\PHUVROXWLRQ DQGSSPWKHUHVKRZHGLQ)LJXUH7KH VWDELOLW\RI,)7YDOXHDQGYLVFRVLW\LQ$63VROXWLRQ GLGQ¶WH[SHULHQFHKHDWGHJUDGDWLRQSKHQRPHQRQRU LWFDQEHVDLGLWSDVVHGLQKHDWVWDELOLW\WHVW
7KHUHVXOWRI¿OWUDWLRQWHVWLQWKHIRUPYROXPH SORW WR WKH WLPH IRU$63 VROXWLRQ DONDOLQH 1D&2 VXUIDFWDQW SSP SRO\PHU
GD\ GD\V GD\V GD\V GD\V GD\V GD\V
,)7G\QHFP ,)7G\QHFP ,)7G\QHFP ,)7G\QHFP ,)7G\QHFP ,)7G\QHFP ,)7G\QHFP
$6SSP3
$6SSP3
$6SSP3 6ROXWLRQ
$ $ONDOLQH6 6XUIDFWDQW3 3RO\PHU
7DEOH
7KHUHVXOWRIWKHUPDOVWDELOLW\WHVWDWR)WHPSHUDWXUH
9LVFRVLW\FS
0
5 10 15 20
25 30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
ASP#2500
ASP#2700 ASP#3000
'D\V
9LVFRVLW\FS
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
'D\V
P#2500 P#2700 P#3000 )LJXUH
7KHUHVXOWRIWKHUPDOVWDELOLW\WHVW RISRO\PHUVROXWLRQ
)LJXUH
7KHUHVXOWRIWKHUPDOVWDELOLW\WHVW RISRO\PHUVROXWLRQ
DQG SRO\PHU VROXWLRQ SSP ,W FDQ EH VHHQ LQ )LJXUH)LOWUDWLRQWHVWZDVPHWLIWKHSORWEHWZHHQ VROXWLRQYROXPHSDVVHG¿OWHUSDSHULQWRWLPHLQIRUP RI VWUDLJKW7LPH LW PHDQW LW ZDV QRW LQ WKH IRUP RI SUHFLSLWDWLRQ %HVLGH ¿OWUDWLRQ UDWLR )5 YDOXH ZKLFKZDVPHWVPDOOHUIURP'RQ 3DXO )LOWUDWLRQUDWLRIRU$63DQGHDFKSRO\PHUDQG
%RWK)5YDOXHIRU$63DQGSRO\PHUZDVVWLOO
VPDOOHUDQGDOVRIRUPHGVWUDLJKWOLQH7KLVPHDQ WKDWERWKVROXWLRQPHWÀXLGVLQMHFWLRQ
7KHUHVXOWRIVWDWLFRIDGVRUSWLRQRI$63VROXWLRQ DONDOL1D&2VXUIDFWDQWSSP SRO\PHUZDVPJJ:KHUHDVVWDWLFDGVRUSWLRQ RISRO\PHUVROXWLRQFDQQRWEHPHDVXUHGEHFDXVHLW KDV YHU\ VPDOO YDOXH RU LQ WKH IRUP RI WUDFH RQO\
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
$63DQGSRO\PHUZHUHUHODWLYHO\VPDOO+DQHWDO VRLQZDVH[SHFWHGWKDWLWZLOOEHHIIHFWLYHDV ÀXLGLQMHFWLRQ
&7KHLQMHFWLRQRI$63VROXWLRQLQWRµ1¶7KH$63 6ROXWLRQ&RUH5RFNV
,QRUGHUWRPHHWLQLWLDOFRQGLWLRQVÀXLGVDWXUDWLRQ LQVWDFNHGFRUHWZRVWHSVZHUHFRQGXFWHGDVIROORZV 7RELQJ (QL 6DWXUDWLRQ RI IRUPDWLRQ ZDWHUWRDFKLHYHGRLO,QMHFWLRQWRDFKLHYH 6RLLQLWLDORLO6DWXUDWLRQDQG6ZFFRQQDWHZDWHU 6DWXUDWLRQ)URP6WHSLWZDVREWDLQHGSRUHYROXPH 39FFDQGDEVROXWHSHUPHDELOLW\YDOXH P'2QWKHVHFRQGVWHSLWZDVREWDLQHGFRQQDWH ZDWHUVDWXUDWLRQ6ZFFFDQGLQLWLDO RLOVDWXUDWLRQ6RLLVRUFF
%DVHG RQ WKH UHVXOWV RI VHYHUDO ODERUDWRU\ WHVW FDUULHGRXWVRLWKDVEHHQSODQQHGWKHFRPSRVLWLRQ RIÀXLGLQMHFWLRQEDVHGRQWKHÀXLGVFKDUDFWHULVWLFV GDWD DQG UHVHUYRLU URFNV %\ DSSO\LQJ FRXQWLQJ PHWKRGZKLFKZDVGHYHORSHGE\'RQDQG3DXOVR WKHSODQÀXLGVLQMHFWLRQRQVWDFNHGFRUHFRQWLQXDOO\
ZLWKWKHVHTXHQFHDVIROORZV¿UVWVWHSWRLQMHFW ZDWHU VOXJ 39 6HFRQG WR LQMHFW VOXJ
$63 VROXWLRQ 39 DONDOL 1D&2 VXUIDFWDQW DQG SSP SRO\PHU 7KLUG VWHS WRLQMHFWSRO\PHUVOXJSSP39)RXUWK VWHSWRLQMHFWZDWHUVOXJ397KHSORWRIRLO UHFRYHU\ WR YROXPH LQMHFWLRQ IURP VWHSV LQLWLDO FRQGLWLRQ DQG VWHSV LQMHFWLRQ ZDV SUHVHQWHG LQ )LJXUH2LOUHFRYHU\GXHWRZDWHULQMHFWLRQZDV 39LWZDVREWDLQHG22,3%DVHGRQWKH
¿JXUHVKRZHGWKDWZDWHULQMHFWLRQIURP39WR 39SURYLGHGDGGLWLRQDORLOUHFRYHU\RQO\
22,37KLVZDVEHFDXVHRLOUHFRYHU\KDVDSSURDFKHG UHVLGXDORLOVDWXUDWLRQ'XHWR$63VROXWLRQLQMHFWLRQ 39DWVWDFNHGFRUHLWDGGHGRLOUHFRYHU\
22,3DQGWKHHIIHFWDWSRO\PHUVROXWLRQLQMHFWLRQ SSP 39 DGGHG RLO UHFRYHU\
22,3 2LO UHFRYHU\ GXH WR SRO\PHU LQMHFWLRQ ZDV VWLOOSRVVLEOHWREHLQFUHDVHGE\DGGLQJWKHDPRXQW RI 39 SRO\PHU VROXWLRQ LQMHFWLRQ EHFDXVH DW ODVW SDUWIURPRLOUHFRYHU\SORWWRYROXPHLQMHFWLRQVWLOO VKRZHGWKHWHQGHQF\WRLQFUHDVH7KHUROHDONDOLQH VROXWLRQDW$63VOXJ+DQHWDOEHVLGHLWFDQ GHFUHDVH LQWHUIDFH SUHVVXUH EHWZHHQ RLO SKDVH DQG ZDWHULWFDQDOVRFKDQJHZHWWDELOLW\URFNVIURPRLO ZHWWRZDWHUZHWVRLWFDQUHOHDVHUHVLGXDORLOIURP URFN:KLOHWKHUROHRIVXUIDFWDQWVFDQDOVRGHFUHDVH LQWHUIDFLDOWHQVLRQEHWZHHQRLOSKDVHDQGZDWHU
0 50 100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 50 100 150 200 250
7LPH6HFRQG
ASP P#3000
FR =1.01 FR =1.14
9ROXPHPO2LO5HFRYHU\
:$7(5,1-(&7,21
$63,1-(&7,21 32/<0(5,1-(&7,21 :$7(5,1-(&7,21
,QMHFWLRQ9ROXPH39
)LJXUH
7KHUHVXOWRI$63¿OWUDWLRQDQGSRO\PHUWHVW
)LJXUH
7KHSORWRIRLOUHFRYHU\WRLQMHFWLRQYROXPH
[G\QHFPVRLWFDQLQFUHDVHRLOPRELOLW\ZKLFK KDV EHHQ ORRVHQ IURP WKH SURFHVV UROH E\ DONDOLQH EHIRUH$QG WKH UROH RI SRO\PHU ZDV WR LQFUHDVH VZHHSÀXLGVYLVFRVLW\FSZKLFKZLOOGHFUHDVH WKHUDWLRPRELOLW\EHWZHHQGULYHÀXLGVDQGGULYHQ ÀXLGVVRLWZLOOLPSURYHYROXPHWULFVZHHSHI¿FLHQF\
22,37KHQDGGLWLRQDORLOUHFRYHU\GXHWR ZDWHU LQMHFWLRQ 39 DIWHU SRO\PHU VROXWLRQ LQMHFWLRQ22,3VRWKDWFXPXODWLYHRLOUHFRYHU\
ZKLFKFDQEHREWDLQHGIURPÀXLGLQMHFWLRQSODQZDV 22,37KHUHIRUHWKHDGGLWLRQDORLOUHFRYHU\
DWVWDFNHGFRUHÀRRGLQJWHVWGXHWRFKHPLFDOLQMHFWLRQ ZLWK WKH VHTXHQFH$63 VOXJ 39 DONDOLQH 1D&2VXUIDFWDQWVDQGSSPSRO\PHU VOXJ393RO\PHUSSPDQGVOXJ39 ZDWHUZDV22,3
:KHQFRUHÀRRGLQJSODQPHQWLRQHGDERYHZDV DSSOLHGDW¿HOGVFDOHLQµ1¶UHVHUYRLUWKURXJKZHOO LQMHFWLRQDQGFHUWDLQLQMHFWLRQUDWHIURP$63VROXWLRQ DOVR PHHWV HQJLQHHULQJ SUDFWLFH UHTXLUHPHQWV VR SRWHQWLDORLOUHFRYHU\DGGLWLRQLILWZDVFRQVLGHUHG ZKLFK HIIHFWV VZHHS HI¿FLHQF\ RQO\ ZDV PLOOLRQEDUUHOEEO,QDGGLWLRQDIHDVLEOHWHVWRULW ZDVQRWDSSOLHG$63LQMHFWLRQPHWKRGRQ1UHVHUYRLU GHSHQGHGRQWKHUHVXOWRIHFRQRPLFVWXG\DQGWKH FULWHULDRIVXFFHVVZKLFKZDVGHFLGHG
,9&21&/86,216
)URPWKHVFUHHQLQJUHVXOWDQGWKHODERUDWRU\WHVW
$ONDOLQH6XUIDFWDQW3RO\PHULQMHFWLRQIRULQFUHDVLQJ RLO UHFRYHU\ DW µ1¶ UHVHUYRLU VR LW ZDV REWDLQHG VHYHUDOFRQFOXVLRQVDVIROORZV
(25 PHWKRG VFUHHQLQJ WR ÀXLG FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG µ1¶ UHVHUYRLU URFNV VKRZHG WKDW (25 PHWKRG ZKLFKZDVVXLWDEOHWREHDSSOLHGZDVZLWK$ONDOLQH 6XUIDFWDQW3RO\PHULQMHFWLRQ$OOÀXLGVFKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQGUHVHUYRLUVURFNVZKLFKZHUHWHVWHGKDYHSDVVHG VFUHHQLQJH[FHSWUHVHUYRLUWHPSHUDWXUH
)URPWKHUHVXOWVRIFRPSDWLELOLW\WHVWRI$ONDOLQH 6XUIDFWDQW3RO\PHUVROXWLRQZLWKEULQHZDVVKRZQ WKHUHZDVQRSUHFLSLWDWLRQVRPL[HGVROXWLRQFDQEH VWDWHGFRPSDWLEOH7KHH[LVWHQFHRIFRORUFKDQJHZDV FDXVHG LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ SRO\PHU DQG LRQV WKDW H[LVWZDWHUIRUPDWLRQVRWKDWWKLVGLGQ¶WFKDQJHWKH FRQGLWLRQEHFDPHLQFRPSDWLEOH
%\ DGGLQJ RUJDQRVXOIXU FRPSRXQG DV WKHUPDO VWDELOL]HU RQ$ONDOLQH 6XUIDFWDQW 3RO\PHU VROXWLRQ DQG EDVHG RQ WKH UHVXOW RI WKHUPDO VWDELOLW\ WHVW
ZKLFKKDVEHHQFRQGXFWHGDWUHVHUYRLUWHPSHUDWXUH RQ$ONDOLQH 6XUIDFWDQW 3RO\PHU VROXWLRQ FDQ EH RYHUFRPH
%DVHG RQ WKH UHVXOWV RI UKHRORJ\ WKHUPDO VWDELOLW\ ILOWUDWLRQ DQG DOVR VWDWLF DGVRUSWLRQ WR
$ONDOLQH6XUIDFWDQW3RO\PHUVROXWLRQVRRSWLPXP IRUPXODWLRQRI$ONDOLQH6XUIDFWDQW3RO\PHUVROXWLRQ ZKLFKZDVREWDLQHGFRQVLVWRIDONDOLQH1D&2 VXUIDFWDQWDQGSSPSRO\PHUVR$ONDOLQH 6XUIDFWDQW3RO\PHUVROXWLRQPHWWREHXVHGRQFRUH ÀRRGLQJWHVW
)URPWKHUHVXOWRIFRUHÀRRGLQJWHVWE\LQMHFWLQJ ZDWHUVOXJ39$6339DQG3RO\PHU UHVXOWHGFXPXODWLYHRLOUHFRYHU\22,37KH LQFUHDVHRIRLOUHFRYHU\EHFDXVH$63LQMHFWLRQDQG SRO\PHUZDVFRQGXFWHGWKHQXPEHURI22,3 DQGLILWZDVDSSOLHGDW¿HOGVFDOHLQµ1¶UHVHUYRLU VR SRWHQWLDO RLO SURGXFWLRQ DGGLWLRQ ZDV HVWLPDWHG PLOOLRQEDUUHOEEO
/,672)6<0%2/6
)5 7PO±7PO7PO±7PO ,)7 ,QWHUIDFLDOWHQVLRQ
1F
V P
v &DSLOODU\QXPEHU
7PO 7KHWLPHWKDWLVQHHGHGRIVROXWLRQLV POWRSDVV¿OWHUSDSHU
v 'DUF\YHORFLW\PVHFRQG P 9LVFRVLW\FS
V ,QWHUIDFLDOWHQVLRQG\QHFP 22,3 2ULJLQDO2LO,Q3ODFHEEO 5()(5(1&(6
$ODGDVDQL$ %DL%5HFHQW'HYHORSPHQWDQG 8SGDWHG6FUHHQLQJ&ULWHULDRI(QKDQFHG2LO5HFRYHU\
7HFKQLTXHV63(SS
$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\IRU7HVWLQJDQG0DWHULDOV$670 ' 6WDQGDUG 0HWKRG IRU 6\QWKHWLF
$QLRQLF,QJUHGLHQWE\&DWLRQLF7LWUDWLRQ
'RQJ+DQ+RQJ<XDQ 5XL:HQJThe Effect of Wettability on Oil Recovery of Alkaline/
Surfactant/Polymer Flooding63(SS
*UHHQ:'RQ :LOOKLWH*3DXOEnhanced Oil Recovery 6RFLHW\ RI 3HWUROHXP (QJLQHHUV 5LFKDUGVRQ7H[DV86$SS
+LUDVDNL - * 0LOOHU$ &ODUHQFH 3XHUWR 0 Recent Advances in Surfactant EOR, 63(
-RXUQDOSS
/XLV ( =HUSD 1HVWRU 9 4XHLSR An Optimization Methodology of Alkaline-Surfactant- Polymer Flooding Processes Using Field Scale Numerical Simulation and Multiple Surrogates63(
SS
%HUJHU3' /HH&+Ultra Low Concentra- tion Surfactants for Sandstone and Limestone Flood 63(SS
%HUJHU3' /HH&+Improve ASP Process Using Organic Alkali63(SS
7DEHU--0DUWLQ)' 6HULJKW56EOR Screening Criteria Revisited-Part 1: Introduction to Screening Criteria and Enhanced Recovery Field Projects63(5HVHUYRLU(QJLQHHULQJSS 7DEHU--0DUWLQ)' 6HULJKW56EOR
Screening Criteria Revisited-Part 2: Applications and
Impact of Oil Prices63(5HVHUYRLU(QJLQHHULQJS
7RELQJ(0/ (QL+3HQLQJNDWDQ3HUROHKDQ 5HVHUYRDU0LQ\DNµ5¶GHQJDQ,QMHNVL$ONDOL6XUIDNWDQ 3ROLPHUSDGD6NDOD/DERUDWRULXP/HPEDUDQ3XEOLNDVL 0LQ\DNGDQ*DV%XPL9ROXPH1RSS :HL: <RQJDQ*([SHULPHQWDO6WXGLHVRI
WKH 'HWHFWLRQ DQG 5HXVH RI 3URGXFHG &KHPLFDOV LQ
$ONDOLQH6XUIDFWDQW3RO\PHU )ORRGV 63( 5HVHUYRLU (YDOXDWLRQ (QJLQHHULQJSS
:\DWW .RQ 3LWWV 0DOFROP- 6XUNDOR +DUU\
Mature WaterÀ oods Renew Oil Production by Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding 63(
SS
