Repository Universitas Negeri Manado: The Preparation and Testing of Instruments Research on Factors Affecting the Productivity of Household Farmer

fE

tr$1r'r'i{k

if.1"a':t1. e5.l..:!i {

@4

$:nmd"r fdllar r.lS*!i F"lstl l\rbELsi!.

Frrq+ur*

Fhllidr€

FrS{r linirilioriqr i,

Itl$tl Jotrual *f Brsin**

Ertd Managemert

tIfiSIt-JBllI

^{r:i a drlxh.l.}

$lilrd p,*r ral'it,,ueiI h:t**r:rlion*l J*un*l

ri:+r pr*l,id,;::i ruflid Ful=,iir*iil1n trrithin *

!i1*&th! *t e$i{:lc* in all sr*ai uf hurrnts"

ilrld E!fllirg{jrlriiJlt ;B:{, itii i}pF!ir*1il1m. [1rr _i*um*!

rv*lc*nr** pulrlrilIirrrri rlt h*$h q&i!ilu pilpr'rs illi th{:(!t'tiiriii delehrpxrt:r:rs sJld Fr€rqrfnl qrpli.'atrflni irbusic-:r* aEd maflii:t<1Ii{$1. (}ri.grilnl rf5o-llrojh p*;-*r*- sLiis-{!l-t[:r,:il'r rrrj*ws- *rld hi*h qu:rllt,1, tcrhnxa! n$t.s {ri irp;it*d tirr p*lriir*ttims-

g{l'rEs ir linrt: l"r!4{**a it}L)riir:;

lb lhith$-*-,1rli*:ai& Lc1 ;:t :-l it ll1tir

i lrq.1 f,rr lrtr

t$td{Nf1(1i?i {lr!:f;u.,rt1oE rii 9rll'E;ili{ &dirnr.l?

;.!!:

IOSR Journ*ls

tntsrn$tio*il 5"96r'ricati*ri o{ S*ientrfi q $lecd},ei-:h

ia),ltJ(it';ttA!.-!! !*1...j.i1'!lr

lr-'l:iA J!..rtltl a.LS _{"i}li

tl_Ilfi,-)aiist: ^Jt)1 3Nr_;_5 . rHi "

! i

t

I+.\!.,i# i;r:sJE,ilg}li! ^{- r,,}

'.t:' .. I _' ii*r'irs*l$ lbrJd€!'1tA$!l,lliiii i:e$i,J$|rr!{}$&.,Jii}'1t . : ^' lar(*:r k-. I

i::flfia*rjltr, : .. ,:

t{.fl*'i

-|lp.tu llxtislrd<.'ii. lter lridte- lrg;r:*llirng

l.:rr1:t- .i'lrlrv.:a. laq. fulu:d. N:rtrir.

Tltrus

6l

M

ltlc n'lli r*ad ^qh. lruld crrpy r'ti i3i:(!.ft+n.'e {{rtliliillJ lri .lli audiiqt r.r,i&{n l{J ii*ri

rui p*}lic*tiin. It is ii*r ai cr-r* b1' Iot+rnatior*l tlrg.oir*ti** trf licitatific

$lex*rrek {1(}$It}.

W

l1r;i{,*pid+!ie r,f ^p! if ,hsu?-lkid$

ff:Tf-ffiIfi bre,nir*tion orscienri{ic

Resear"ch

rros*}

": ':rl::::"j.,ii::::i::::':::A;:';:f _;:tu'*

rleriverirrg suppofts and seivices to educati*n prol'essioi:ai:

^;urd

'eiearciie ri itr*und w*rid'

especiall-v

ihose ironr th*

i;';fllXTiIII;,"* *r,sr:ic.arisrs. ^Research sch*rers pro{e,:*,'s-

":':i:::::.:T:rlll;T:lli'rs'

Phantac-r perrofls o!'various llelds like Errgineeriug. Managt*rc*i' Phafil;c"-r' 1r:ri:e

^d

iui*i:':e-

^rrird

h{athematics'

IosR ^{heips the}

researchers

fiee of ^{cost uy} frorli,l,ng ^rigirr *ii*':.,..r: ^;:

i.rr',-' ,r:-'"rr'"-h

*'ith

the

help of ^its rrorldwide

^research

a*sociaticn members'

Ah**t til$E.]**r*sit

T.-.

.-,.Lr;.L

^:arche,

|OSRJournals

a L,road-baserJ ,:pen

accsss.lvas

^t'aunded

oft ruo kel i*nets: T* futrlish

^the

^most e.xllttn$

l]l

with respect to ttre

suL,jects

orour fuuctionar Jnurnals.

Secondr-v.

ro p.oridg

³

*pid rurn-around tirne ^possitrle

^fbr

reyiewing aldpublishing.

^and

andto disseminatetheartlclet&'ecli; ioi teathrng"

'

tfis ^R

^{-i c}

^unmals A*t**eve*t*nts

.roday"

the

IosRJournars

^is

^becoming

^a

majcr intemational researchiournaredirors

^and rhesis research.

deve

lop. urarket

^and

distribute

^the

^knowledge tiuough

^{the disse}

mination of acaiicnrics

^and

practitioners tl',. ooild ^{All jotrrnals} publishedby

^us

maiulaiu th*'"

andappiicationofscierrtiticdiscovelies'b-vorovidingfi"eeaccessi-

iegal or

techrtical barr-iers All International'

' '

E*SR

^.F

Gurrgais \'

^e

I**c

At IOSR Jortrnals ^{we havt:}

^a

^clezu'sei ol'value't ibr delivelir:g oul visicn' 'fhesc

are :

*

_R.esearch

Clrieltation * Valuing Our Liser: ^{* {Juality} ('oltr*l ^* Innovaticin

''-

ldlSR.! ^srrtrnalc

^tu{

issi**i

Our rnisiioti is to cotlt'itrutc to ^the

pr{f,giless researrrh ^{i n}

ibnuatiorr

^{onl ine}

*'-ithout

^{fi nancia}

I'

.tstoseltom*-orComput*r'Engis*rif,s{losRJCE}-ia.'f*rr

, ,o.*

rourner of Etecrmnics end

comm"i,*-:l_:r:,.:::og

rIosR'JECE1

h

IOSBJosrntl

ofYlsreitSisr*r rryry1iuC{I$*J',:''11,,,1 - .'

V

IOS[-Jo*rncI

rf

Envirqrxrentrt

&i*4c*,To:lrolog.r'nn6,q4f*5ry}ffttCISRiEfry]

o ,** ^r*rs*l

sf Humanitier ald S+tial $cielee {IOSR'!HSS}

^"

u **

^{ruurnal of} fhrrnre*-v rud Siologrtgl s€t$rqe{f0$plPB$f

}"

IOSR Journal o[ Businss ard

ltlaragemt*('O:1:*::..

>

^{|OSR jooruU of} 'tpplied?tremistrtr flOSR-lA(*l

>

IOSE Journat of Hatftemeti$ (IOSR'IH'

r -- ^-r..-r,* /trl{El*lA{Hl

>

^{IOSR iourn*l of} *ppliuc guol9g ^' rnd C*ophysi**

tiigg;a*Gt r.

toSR Journsl ^of l{uniog ard healtt ^{Scictr:e^}

lt^o::]}

Hr _'

l-

IO'SRJournelof Polyner andTettile Engineerile

rlO:R'JFl I

fio*io*, 19p5fi-J1{i. r

i

> I

IOSRJsrrrBsl ^of *IohilrCompuing & Appl

We acqutre

from

arcunt

G

,ubmit Iour ^papet'in IosR Jou.nals _,

-

-- ^..Lri^r.^r -"orrinr:crrr ^nr.h,

iubrnissions m*st be *riginar ^acd liro-u^r{not ^ha\re been pubrrshecl pre'iously-or ^be unde'consideration tbr rublicatian while being evaluated by iosx .l"o.,rnals. Aliartioi.r r,= subjectid ^to

^a

peer-revierv process' All

:ubmitted arricres will

be

j*dged based;;;;-;.*rityAuthor*i* ^r.qu*rted to submit rheir arricles in

rur"s

i/ord f,onnat to onrine submission pro.**, ^on IosR ^{lournals rvebsite} _'r rt*.i**ri*artttals'tt ^I'g 'ersls *f Subrnissiom

ve not ^bee.n publisheel elsewhere and are not

,;; must be submitted or the understanding that they ha

;urrertly uuder consid*ration ^by *ort *r;Iffi. ^in* *ur*itting author is'respcnsible lor ensuring that the irticre,s publication il;;;; ^{uppron*e bv all the orher} coauthirs. It is also ihe authors' responsibitity to lnsure that the articles emanati*g au*i ^g-*l*r* rnstitution are submitted rvith the appro'ai of ^the

renessary instifurion. O:rly ^an acknowled$;T:F; t1"-gt"tf'l ^otfice officiaily esta-blishes the date of

Bceipt. Further eorrespondenqg.and prooi* rvi, be sent to the principal arthor before publication ^unless ltherwise indicated.

^trt

is

a

csndition of submission of

^a

paper thai the autliors permit *diting cf the paper for

eadability.

ltlffi:::ff"Jil ^{subjectto blind peer reviei.v}

^aner

a'e expecred ^ro meet standards cf academic excellence' iubroissio*s wi[ be considered by un uuro.lure editor ^una ir not reiected right away by peer-reviewers'

utt***iA.*ities will remain anonyrnous ^{to the} authors'

I

ffi?ffTJJ,:lrT:, publication is ^made by ^rhe Editor-in-Chi:f *ryiL-::T:**1':-,r"::,,::":,:

::;?:

itX:ffiJ.::1ff-t;".:::H},'lHJJ*,Jo'i-, ffiili";. ii,"*, not be pubrished rn anv periodicais here without

^tbe

pennissianofthe editorial ^board

lCIp-vright Fcrm t.1 ^{:les are} distrib*ted ^under

)p6n Access authors retain the copyrights of their-papem, ^and all open ^acces$ a$I{

he terr*S of the f,rrcati,e com.n:ons etr,iu*ti*, ^{license, which pe.rmits} uruestricted ^use, distribution ^and eproduction inany **o**,r*vieled thatthe original work

^is

^properly cited'

Lhe

use of generar descriptive rames, ^tracle names. tradernarts, aud ^so fcrth ^{in this} publication' ^even if not pecificalty identifiei. io*, no, iruply that these names are not ^protected ay iue ^rerevanr

lara'"s

and il.egulations

wh*e the advice ard information ^{in this} joumar aretelieved ^{to be true} a,d accurate on the ^date of its g*i*g

[o

press, neither the authors, the editors, ior rrr. publisher ^can accept

^an,ri

legal responsibitrity ftr Any effors br omissions that {$ay be mads. The p*blisher makes no waranty, sxpres$ or inrplied. with ^{Respect tc the} material cantained herein'

tOSR Journals lndexing Fart$ers

All publisheA pop*r ioiOBR Jounrals index in f'ollowin

^g

world wide libreries'

rr lU TnffiFuttrb,,eil{e ii,rprrcr\l

EffiffiG*i,gle

ULRICHSWEB-'

SIO$AL SERIAL: DiPTCTOFY

,*rtr@"*PERNtcus

r \ I i t x i ri v {} \ \

fif f ^*,.^i ^{f I}

^"

^{l*c*cd' i -- -r --^l- ffr}

'

lLlanagi*g Editor *oard

+ Dr. Muhnmnrad Kashif lrshad.

Pakisras

+ Dr. Mit 6clam Mshiuddin.

Bangladesh

+ Dr.

V. Balac&s*rdran,

India

* ^Dr. }lilsox A*i, Nigeria

+ Dr. Mub*rnmad

Sabbir Rahman.

Malaysia

+ Dr.

Farryel Tadeusc

Kazibudeki,

Poland

luterration*N Editsrisl B*ard

"$

^{Dr- E.}

Chulie Nwude, Nigeria

+ Dr Shatini

Rahul

Tiwari.lndia

* Dr. N*veed Sai{

Paki*tact

+ Dr. R.ishipal,India

* ^Dr. *evadasa Copal

&anade,

India

* ^Dr.

^ft.adha

Moha* Chebr:lu.lndia

,? _{Dr. Nurul Fadly}

l-tabidin-

Malaysia

+ Dr. M,Veerappaa India

+ Dr. Shakil Adn*n Malik.

Pakistan

+ ^Dr.

^P.

Mal-vadri.India

+ Dr.

Bandaru

Srinivasa R.ao,lndia

+

Dr.

Anarnakiri. Onyernechi Dis" Nigeria

* Dr Khumkakpam drrananda Singh. Inriia

+ Dr. &{uherumad,{txried Mazhee

Pakistan

+ Dr S-Ravishankar tadia

+

Dr'.

Priti Eakhshi.lndia

.i Dr. Iivinkle

R"

Sirgk. Inrlia

* Dr. Muharnmad i{ahtxrr

Pakistan

+ ^Dr. N. Ramu.ludia

.i Dr. lhsthi-y'ampillai

Sivakigarhasan.

Sri Lanlia

+ DR. Mihir Kurnar

shr:rne.

India

+ ^Prcf. Br. B.Baia:nurugan.lndi*

+ ^Dr. Anita Erari. Jryi*nsia .it* _Dr"

Muhamnrad Jawad. Pakistan

C*rt*ct

^Us

Website U RI - :

wxru.iosrjoumals.org Email

:

i*srlcumals@gnrail-c*nr

suppott@ i 0sr:-&a i l.

org

Qatar ^GffHce:

IO$R Jaurnals Salwa Road Near to

KFC

*nd

Aziz"

Petrol Station, DOI{A! Qatar

India Of;Ece:

IOSR.iauraals

SC-8q

A, Shastri Nagar,

Ghaeiabad.

UP.

India

l,+*ffiltl(iffirECm*elcqt.

ttc€ ^EIFt*f#{tl .lMFfa4ff9

: 9!it29(j l

Aastralia 0ffioe:

,+9,

Ring Raad, Richmsnd Vic3rrr

ALrsaaiia

Nerry Y*rk S*Hce:

i ^{Sth So*r,}

^{Sfr^aight}

^hub, I

^NS

^{Eaad, NewYork,} , NYlco0S-qSgS

w ffi

IOSR Journal of Busine s s and Management (IOSR-JBM)

e-I^SSi[ 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 23]9-7668. Valume i,8,Issue 9 .Yer.

I

(Sep. 2016), PP 63'72 www.iosriournals.org

The Preparation and Testing Of Instruments ^Research on Factors Affecting the Productivity of Household Farmer

Allen A. Ch. Manongko

Faculty of Ecotomics, Manado Stste University, Indonesia

Abstract:

This research is

for: l)

^Develop

and explain

research instrurflents on

factors that affecting

the

productivity of

household's

farmers; and 2)

^tesfing

of validity and reliability

on

factors that affecting

the

productivity

of household's

farwers.

Research samples

in

total of 381Jarmer's household in Minahasq district,

with data

collecfing techrcique through questionnaire using

Likert

scale. Instruments testing

is

done

by

two ways, that are:

first,

^{testing of}

^validity

^and

reliability

qn instrument; second, testing

of wlidity

^and

reliability

construct. With a test using

a

SPSS prograrn versian 16 and Excel

Application.

The variqbles

in

this research are:

fanner's

perceptions; Jarmer's conditions;

farmer's

^attitude;

farmer's

behaviour; consumptive behaviour;

prodactivityofhousehold'sfatmers;whichconsistsfrom35indicatorsandTlitems. Theresultandconclusion

of the smdy:

I)

The results of testing validity and

reliabiliry

instrumentwith

a

sig.t test (volid) and Cranbach's alpha (reliable) showing

validity 6ig.t <

^{0.05) and}

reliability

(Cronbach's alpha

>

0.6) ins*uments. By this we can conclude that

all

research instntments have validi4t/accurdcy

and

reliability/confo*nance

in

^measuring

productivity

of household's farmers ⁱⁿ Minahasa

District.

2). The results of testing validity construct show that

value of convergent

validity I"

and 2'd has a value loading

foctor >

^0.05 and discriminant validity has a vahte

root of AW ^> correlation

between

latent, and the

results

of

testing

reliability

eonstntcl obtainable value composite

reliability

(CR)

from all

latent constn ct more than 0-7.

Kqtword:

Instrument, Validity, Reliability, Productivity of household'sfarmers

L Introduction

The tendency

of

agriculture's development

in

Indonesia

is

slow and even weakened.

This is

proved

from

the

level of productivity

and eamings

of

^farmer's household

thal is low.

From the existing search, the mentioned tendency

is

leading

to

less integrity that integrated between farmers, stakeholder, and govemment.

Productivity problem is

related

to

some

of the inpnts that's

^processed

to

^produce

a

number

of

ou@uts.

Psychologically, the productivity here

is

interpreted

into

a mental attitude

for

^quality

of life

that is better than previous condition. Reflection

from

quality

of life

especially farmer's household is illustrated

from

the

ability

that

is

owned

by

^the members

of

^the household

to

manage and harness

the

ec.onomic resources

like

fields, labors, business funding, and technology in an effective and efficient way.

The Ibndarnental problem

in

addition to the needs of farmer's

househol{

the fundamental issue is

how

to manage and use natural resources in productive agriculture. Bamum and Squire (1979); Sngh, et.al. (1986);

Sawit (1994) argues that efforts to improve the productivity

of

farm households can be done

with

optimization households through: a) the production process that is generated from the farmer's household b) allocation

ofthe

results

of

such production

for ox,n

consumption and sale,

c)

purchase

of

commodities

not

produced,

d)

the allocation of labour. Such efforts, can also be synchronized

with

the behaviow

of living of

every household, as stated by Notoatmodjo (2007) by indicating the elements

of

attitudes, knowledge, and skills in the act, which is linearly positive attitude can change the mindset in the form of the knowledge of the individual, and alteration

of

existing knowledge can be drawn from the individual skills. Change someone's behaviour, can be done through leaming and environmental factors.

In

relation to this study, the factors that affect the productivity

offarmer's

household need to be clearly

identified and

structured.

It is

necessary

for the

preparation and accwate testing. Faciors

that

have been

identified

(according

to

theoretical

and empirical

studies) can

be

used

as

an instrument

of

research. The instrument

is a tool

used

to

measure

a variable (indicator or manifest).

Suryabrata

(2008)

says

that

the instruments

of

collecting data as a

tool to

record quantitatively about

tle

state and

activity of

psychological atffibutes either cognitive or non-cogrritive in form of a question or statement.

The quality of

research

identified by the ability of ^the

inskument being

built or

developed has an element of

reliability

and validity. Mueller (1936) found the quality of the instrument is determined by two main criteria, namely the

validity

and

reliability.

Thus, the nature of the instrument is a measuring instrument that has the quality

of

a good

validity

and

reliability

and are used

to

collect the data

in

a study. Instruments serves to uncover and transform facts into the datq

if

the instrument used has reliable quahty

(valid)

and

valid

(reliable), the data obtained

will

be appropriate

or

describe the actual state. Conversely,

if

the quahty

of

the instruments used are not reliable and valid, then the data can be considered inconsistent with the facts on the ground, so that

DOI:

i 0. 9790 / 48TX-180901637 2 www.iosrjournals.org 63 _| Page

The P

reparation and

T'esting

{)f {nstntments

Research on ?-ctt'tors

Affecting

the

Productitity of

..

its continuation

will

result rn a wrong conclusion.

By

this, Sevriia (1988) revealed that a good instrument is an instrurnent

that has criteria: validity. reliabilitv;

sensrtivit-v.

oblectivrry: and feasibility. In

^{studies using}

quantitative methods,

the quality of

data collection

is

determrned

by the quality of the

instrument

or

data collection

tool

used.

A

research instrument

is

said

to be qualified

and accountable

if

^proven

validity

and

reliability.

Testing the

validity

and

reliability

of the instrument, must be adapted to the shape of the instruments to be used in research.

In

this study, the instruments are prepared and tested

in

accordance wrth the theory and empirical studies, as

well

as the facts on the ground. As

for

the variables

to

be examined

in

thrs study are: the perception

of

farmers; conditions

of

farmers; farmer's attitude; productive behaviour; consumptive Behaviour, and productivity

of

farmer's household Based on the above. the purpose

of

this study was

to

1) develop and explarn the instruments

of

^research on factors that affect the productivirv

of

farm households" and

2)

test the

validitv

and

reiiability

of the factors that affect the productiviry of fbrmer''s household.

II. Literature Review

Prepuration of Instrument Procedures

A

high-quality research, the most important thing and must-have is the instrument. That is because the

validity

or the

validity of

the data obtained

will

be largely determrned by the quality of the instruments used,

in

addition

to

data collection procedures were adopted. Instruments senes disclose facts

into dat4

so that

if

the instrument used

of

sufficient qualitv

in

the sense

of valid

and reliable, the data obtained

will

be

in

accordance wrth the actuai facts or circumstances on the groturd. Medium

if

the qualiw of the instruments used are not good in the sense of having the

validity

and

reliability

is low, the data obtained is not valid or not

in

accordance

with

the facts on the ground, wfiich can lead to a wrong conclusion. Some of the steps that must be done to set up the instrument so that the instrument unfits

for

use, pointed out b.v Thorndike (1982) include: (a) defining a region

or

attributes latent

to

be measured

(b)

determine

who will

use

or who

the respondents,

(c)

specifi, contents, cover anv toprc and D.laali According

Muljono

(2008), measures

the

development

of

the instrument are as

follows:

(i)

ibrmulate a construct based on a synthesis of the theories that were examined, (2) from the construct developed dimensions and indicators of the variables to be measured, (3) make a grating instrument in the form

of

specification table containing the drmensions, indicators, item number and quantity grains,

(4)

determining the amount or parameter

within

a range of continuum, (5)

writing

grains instrument in the form of a statement or questron, (6) perflorms a validation process, (7) to vaiidate the theoretical. (8) revised based on the results

ofthe

panel, (9) _conducted a doubling instrument for testing, (10) testing in the I'reld which is the empirical validation, (11) test the empirical

validity by

using the criteria of both internal and extemal, (12) based on criteria derived conclusions about the

validity ofan item or

the instrument, (13) based

on

the results

ofthe

analysis

ofthe

particle, the particles that is invalid are to be removed or repaired, valid particles are reassembled,

(la)

calculate the

reliability

coeffrcient, and (15) the reassembly of the grain of a valid rnstrument to be used as an instrument.

In this study,

steps

are

designed formulated

as follows: 1)

establish

the productivity of

^farming

households as variables

that will

be developed instrument,

2) To

fonnulate

the

conceptual and operational definitions

of

variables as apsychological response

in

the form

of

a person's feelings

or

emotions; 3) prepanng grains have a question

or

a statement

of

each variable that exists as the assessment instrument based on the Lrkert scale: 4) validate theoretically and empirically as judges

for

the selection

of

grains have a queshon

or

a

statement; 5) carry out tnais instruments.

6)

analysing the grarns

with

the procedure

validity

and

reliability of

the instrument, 7) to test the construct appropriate confirmatory factor anaiysis. 8) analyse the construct

validity

and

reliability:

9) revise and establish a complete insffument.

Pro

iluctivity

of householil's _farmers

Philosophically, productivity implies a view of

life

and mental attitude always endeavour transform and improve the quality of

life

(Sinr,rngan, 2003). The state of today should be better than yesterday" and tomorrow's quality of

life

should be better than today.

View

of

life

and mentai attitude so would encourage people not to be easily satisfied, but continue to deveiop themselves and improve employability. Operationaily, productivity is a comparison between the results achieved (outputs)

with

the overali resources (inputs) used per

unit of

time.

Krech, et al (1963) found the productivity implies a comparison between the resuits achieved wrth the overall reseurces used. Related to the productivity of businesses farmer househoids, improving productivity is not only measured by the management of the farm but take into accormt other aspects that affect productivity itself as the management efforts

of

farmers, institutronal suppoft as

well

as aspects

of

the farmers themselves conceming psycholo gical factors of farmers.

Psychological factors

of

household farmers are part

of

the mental attitude

of

^farmers

to

improve the

quality of

social and economic

life of

the farmer's

household As individuals in

the households

of

farmers associated

wth

the level

of

education, t'arming experience, and as a socioeconomic associated

with

a land area of business, working capital, and

labour

This is similar to Soebijanto ⁽ 1999), in his research states that there is a

real connection between

formal

educatron, farming experience, extensi\e exploitation

of

land, capital, labour,

DOI:

1 0. 9790 / 48lX-180901 637 2 www.iosrjoumals.org 64 _| Page

The

PreparationandTestingOf'Instntments

Research

onFactors A.ffectinglhe ProducliviQ of

..

and

the

application

of

technology,

the farm productivity.

Thus, an understanding

of productrvity

should be regarded as psychologic and economy, as well as the system. Simultaneously, increased productivity processed

from

mental attitude and

outlook on life

farming household,

which is

always

thinking

and

trying to

change lifesr-v-le

to

improve the

quality of life" by

generating the resources

effectively

and

efficiently. in

an

effort

to achieve goals that are relevant and integrated.

In this study, the productir,-ity of household's farmers can be evaluated from four aspects: land use, use

of

technology,

workforce

management" and capital management. Rate iand

productivity

associated

wrth

the technology used. which requires the knowledge

to

know the type

of

soil.

its

spread, and the inputs needed to overcome and improve productivity, as well as its response to the applicatron of technologv.

Behsvioural Economics

The framework

of

macro, household

is

classified as one

of

the economic actors,

in

additron

to

other actors who comprise the manufacturers. governments, financial institutions, and other countries.

In

operational economic actir.rty, households develop economically rational behaviour. namely: attempt to maximize revenues

in

productive activities, and streamline expenditure

in

consumptrve actrvities

to

maximize his

utility. To

shrdy the behaviour

of

domestic economrc

actiuty,

can be done

in

microeconomics.

In

the consumption activities, households are assumed to act rationally, in the sense of always working to get pleasure and satisfaction

(utility)

of the maximum.

Farnw's Attitude

Attitude is a determinant of behaviour, which is related to the perceptron of personality and motivation.

Attitude

is

a state

of

mental athtude, studied and organized according

to

experience, and that led

to

a special influence on a person's reaction to people, objects, and situations with whom he associated. Changes

in

attitude depends

on

the

effort to

change

his

feelings

or

those

beliefs Winardi

12004), humans have an attitude that consists

of

a wide range of affective and cognitive components.

Affective

w*rich is a component of emotional or feeling. The cognitive component comprises an attitude

of

perceptions, opinions and beliefs. Sarwono (2002) reveals that attitudes consist

ofvarious

eomponents: cognitive, affective and conative. The cognitrve component comprises an attitude

of

perceptions. opinions and

beiiefs Affective r4rich is a

component

of

^{emotional or}

feeling. While conative aspects, related with the process to behave or act on an object.

Furnur's

conditions

The condition

of

farmers is the prevailing state

of

dynamic physical and non-physical expenenced by farmer's household. Some aspects relatedto the condition of the farmers include: age, extensive farming, social status. educatron. and farming experience

Fatmer's perception

Perception

of

farmers

is a view

over

the abilities

possessed

by farmer's

household

in

an

efforl

to cultivate and improve farming. fulatters related to the perception

of

farmers include: the availability

of

capital;

the availabilrty

of facilities

and infrastructure; natural environment

I

physical; market access,

price;

family;

social parncipation: innovation.

III. Method

Meth o tls and

I

mplementati

on

Res ^e arch

The method used in this study rs a survey. Study survey research approach is one that is generally ^used

for

data collectron and

wrdely. While

data collection techniques used

in this study using a

questionnaire instrument. Questionnaire

is

a technique

of

data collection

is

done

by giving

a set

of

,luestions

or a

written statement

to the

respondent

to be

answered

(Sugiyono,2010). Vanables

examined

in this study is

the productivity

of

farming households

in

Mjnahasa district. Implementation

of lhe

research carried

out for

three months, to be located in three districts (Langowan West, Tompaso, and Kawangkoan West) in Mrnahasa.

Population and Sample

The population in this study are all farmer's household in Minahasa. while the sample is done in stages by using the technique of non-probabiliw sampling method stratified random sampling and purposive sampling, and refers

to farming

househoids

with

agricultural

horticuitural

product specifications. Number

of

samples obtained

by

using

the formula of Daniel

and

Terrel

(1989).

Total

population

of

39,787 people,

the

sample obtained is 3 8 1 farmer's household (RTP)

Research

Instrument

Steps drafting research instruments are as

follows:

¹ ) define a variable that

wrll

develop instrument; 2) To formulate the conceptual and operational definitions

ofvariables:

3) preparing particles have a question or a

DOI:

I 0. 9790 I 487X-180901 637 2 www. ios4oumals.org 65 | Page

The

Preparation and

Testing

Of Instruments llesearch

on

Factors Afficttng

the

Productivity of

.

statement that each variable exists as assessment instrument ^baseci on the

Likert

scale; 4) validate theoretically

and empirically

as .ludges

for the

selectron

of

^grains

have a

^questio.r

or a

statement;

5) carry out

ffials instruments. 6) analysing the grains wrth the procedure

validity

and

reliability

of the instrument; 7)

to

test the construct appropriate confirmatory factor analysis, 8) analyse the construct

validity

and

reliability;

9) revise and establish a complete instrument.

I

nstru ment D ev e lop mc

nt

Instruments developed every variable

of

indicator development was based on the results

of

theoretical study, frame

of

mrnd, and operational

definitions

are considered adequate according

to the

context

of

this research. The description is as follows:

l)

?-armer's Perception (X1). Indicators,

namely: availability of capital, The availability of facilities

and infrastructure;

The

natural environment

/

^physical;

^Market

^access.

^{Price; Family,}

Socral participation, Innovation.

2)

^{T'he condition o_f Famrcrs} (X2). indicators, namely: age; Land area; Social status; Education: Experience.

3)

^{Farmer'.s Attitude (Y}

).Indicators,

^namely: Cognitive; Affective, Conative

4) Productive Behaviour (Y2). Indicators, namely: Variety of productive activity;

Expended

time for

productrve

activities,

Resource use, Investment and saving; Economies

of

scale;

The

results obtained;

Productive motive; The influence of socio-economic environment.

5)

('ottsutner's Behaviour (Y3). Indicators, namely: Composition

fulfilment in

accordance r.vith the

level of

urgency;

Variety of

goods and services consumed;

The

process

of

acquisition

of

goods and services;

Economres

of

scale; The amount

of

the expenditure;

Motif

consumptive; The influence

of

socio-economic environment.

6)

Productivity oJ

Farmer's

Household (Ya). Indicators, namely: Land use, Workforce management; Use

of

technol ogy, Capital management.

Measurement instrument

from all

six

of

the above variables using a

Liket

scale

with five

alternafive answers, namely: Strongly Agree

(SA-5),

Agree

(A-4);

Neutral

(N-3);

Disagree

(D-2);

and Strongly Disagree (sD-1).

Testing Validity and

Reliubility Instrumcnt

Validity

Validity

indicates the extent

to

which the ^gauges

to

measure u4rat

is

being measured. According to Sugryono (2010), the results are

valid rfthere

are similarities between the data collected

by

the data actually happened

in

the object studied.

Valid

or not an item instrument can be seen

by

comparing the Pearson product moment correiation index wrth a significance level

of

5%

with

a critical value. urhere rx), can use the formula (Sugiyono, 20 I 0). The instrument is

valid if

the significant value

t

(sig

t)

of Pearson correlation results less than 0.05.

I

^{n str} ument Re li

ability

Sugiyono QAAT) states that a reiiable instrument

is

an instrument which, rarhen used several times to measure the same object,

will

^generate the same data.

Reliability is

an index indicating the extent

to which

a measuring device

is

trusted

or

reliable. Cronbach alpha

for

test use, the instrument

is

declared reliable

if

the Cronbach alpha values> 0.6.

Testing Validity and

Reliability

(construct) Constnrct Validity

To test the

validity ofthe

SEM is used

by

construct

validity or

also called factorial validi6,, using the approach of multi trait-mu1ti-method, for example by testing the convergent and discriminant

validity

(Campbell and

Fiske,

1959). Convergent

validity

test can be seen

from

the loading factor

for

each indicator constructs.

Loading factor

is

said to be vahd w{ren the item is positive and greater 0.5.

While

the discriminant

validity of

each variable

in

measuring the latent variable indicated

by

the roots

of

Average Variance Extracted

(AVE). A

variable

is

said to have discriminant

validity if

the root

of AVE>

correlatron between latent constructs (Fomell and Larcker, 1981).

Construct

Reliability

Construct

reliability

testing conducted using measures of

reliability

construct or use the item number

of

the overa.ll variance explained by latent constructs or so-called discriminant

reliability.

Criteria

for

testing

if

the value

of

composite

reliability

(CR) or greater

reliability

rho 0 7 (Cut

offl it

can be stated constructs have been reliable.

DOI:

^{1 0.} 9790 I 487X-180901 637 2 www. iosrjoumals.org 66 _i Page

The

Preparation and

Testing

Of Instraments

Research an

Factors Afficting

the

Productivily of

..

Characteristics

of

IV. Results And Discussion

ts

Characteristics r'

Aee <30

3 1-40 14

41-50 47

5160 02

>60

Education Elementarv 148

Middle 106

Hiph ¹⁷

l)ioloma 6

S1 4

Laad ownersh 0:01 to 0:49 237

n hectare) 0.5-1.0 l2l

> 1.0

None l1

Denendant Familv 48

(oeoole) 2-3 260

+5 72

Farm income ^<1 I58

(million)

l-1.5

177

1.5-2 52

?-3 17

3-4 15

>4 7

Source; Processed

The table on the

right is

associated

with

the demographic characteristics

of

the respondents and the background

of the

respondents.

Things that are

described are:

the

characteristics

by

age; education; land ownership; the number of dependents; farm income.

Prcparation

of Research Instrrrments

Research rnstrumen as the table below

Va riable/In dicatorlScals ftems Va riable/Indicator/Scale tems

Indenendert Variable (Zr*a/, Scale)

Farner's Percqtian (X)

l.

FrurdsAvailability _CXr r)

2.

Tools Availability _CXr r)

3.

NaturaUPhysical Envirorunent @r3)

4.

^{lvlarket (X1.a)}

5.

Price (Xr.s)

6.

Family (Xr o)

7.

Social Participation ^(X1.7)

8.

Innovation (X, o')

14 3A 5,6 7,8 9,10 11,12 I 3,14 I 5-16

F anes's C oa itilioa ^(X2) 1. Age (Xr.,)

2. Farm Size (X22) 3. Social Status (&.3) 4. EducationlX2.a) 5. Experience fir.s)

7 8,19

"o,21

./,zJ

"4,25

Deoendent Variable (Iikcrt _Scale) Farmn's Afiia*le (Y)

l.

Cognitive Aspects (Yr.r)

2.

^Affective Aspects (Yr.2)

3.

^{Conative Asoects} (Y' .)

26,27 28,29 30.31

Conswwr's Be*aiour (Y)

1. Composition

of the

firlfilment

of

^the

appropriate level of ugency (Y31)

2. Variety of goods/services consumed

(Y.,

3. The process of acquisition of goods and services consumed (Y3.3)

4. The application of economic principles to consume (Y3 4)

5. The amount of consr:rnption expenditures

(%.')

6. Consumption motive ^(Y3 6)

7. The influence of socio-economic envton- ment on consumotion activities (Y. ,)

.q 5n i7,52 13,54, i5 i6,57

;8,59 ,0,61

;) 61

Profu cthe Beha,iour (Y2)

1.

Variety productive activities of formal, informal, subsystems (Y2.1)

2.

Expended time productive activities ^(Y2.2)

3.

Utilization of resources for productive activities (Yz.r)

hvestaent activity of saving (Yr.a)

The application

of

economic principles in productive activities (Yz,s)

Rosults obtahed from prodrrctive activities ^(Yz.s) Motif productive activities fr2.7)

InIluence

of

socioeconomic environ-ment on productive activities CY:.s)

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

32,33 34,35 36,37 38,39,40

4t 42,4344 4sA6 47.48

The pod*eivity of

fum

ho*seholds (Ya)

l.

LandUse(Yar)

2. Labor:r management (Y4., 3. Utilization Techology (Yq.:) 4. Fund Mmaeement fY,,)

t4,65 i6,6't

;8,69 'o.71

Sources: processed

DOI:

^{1 0. 9790 /} 487X-18A90rc37 2 www.iosrjoumals.org 67 _| Page

T'he

l'reparation and

Testing

Of Instruments

Research on

Fallors Affecting

the

Pro&tctitity

oJ'.

Research nstruments ⁽ questr onnar re) and ndents result beiow.

VARIABLE and STATEMENTS ITEMS ANSWERS

SS S N TS STS

5 .l J

)

1

Variable: Farmer's Perception (Xt)

1.

Accoding to the l-anner, the availabilitv o1'capital is an important factor for ihe farmer households in the attempt.

127 192 25 0

2.

Instituhons credit assistanoe lcooperatives / banks) are aluays helplil and ensure the ar-ailabilt! o1'fimds lbr vour household in the attempt.

92 108 116 64

3.

The availabiiit-v oi adequate rneans oi agricultr-uai production. rs helpiry a brother in accelerating the rvork.

68 235 56 22 0

4.

lnfraslructue (roads. rmgation. rvarehouses, eto.) that are avarlable at thrs time has been sui-ficient to srnDort the sustarnabilitr, ol thrmine.

42 t46 1'.73 20 ⁰

5.

How often do vou complain to the skucture olvour land'/ 48 1.37 t44 J7 5

6.

Ho*- can _.vou anticipate as natural disasters or climate change and e{re:ne weather?

4tt

I5

r68 47 3

7.

Near markets al1ows vou to sell lheir han'est drrecth ^1"7 205 I30 9 f)

8.

Fk;rv often do rou sell ,r,ields directh $rthout using intennediaries lcoliectors ^rx' retarlers)?

31 t49 189 12 0

9.

Whenever the han-est arrives, voLr alwavs gei a sultable price. 39 t33 201

I

⁰

10.

^{Prices tluctuate} ven'lrllueltial to lou in business 108 225 36 12 o

11.

Each member ot'your t'amiI--v alsavs pror,ide r.alue and benefits to srnoothness irf household's business.

166 183 14 i8 ⁰

I2.

Jn larmint. tbrnilt ntenrbers nere alrrar s helpful 63 253 50 15 0

13

llorv ot'ten do vour household participate rn commurilv actir:ities? 40 262 54 25 0

14

Hou'oftel do social groups in the lillages

/

*ards provide assistance tbr the development of rour household.

28 I60 t 11 58 3

15.

You ah.rays make innovations in promoiing Rl' ⁵⁶ t47 134 ^.14 i_|

16

hinovative capabilitv lpositive changes) are ve4' helphrl for any indir,-idual or grouD to adiust and improve their lir.es. Do you asree rvith this opimonl

135 199 14 3l 0

Variable: Farmcr's Condition (X2)

17

As age ilcreases, it *'i1l affect the productivitl.ofa person. Do vou agree with that staten]entl)

65 t84 123 9 0

t8.

^{Status of} Land ownership is an important tactor 1'or the sustainabilin of i'armer's householJ cull ivate lamiins.

111 239

I

^{7 0}

I

9.

Do vou agree that an adequate lanning land area. wili ^guarantee r[ore or less vields?

54 165 t4 za 0

2U

You rrc al rra \ s tn ing hard to be horro ured irr r our Iiring en\ irorlmcnl. 93 248 ^{)J 7} 0

l.

Witli dre ownership of 1and. big houses, leve1 oi educalion and lugh income. is believed to have a hieh social stalus

il

^societv. Do you agrerg u,ith that statement?

54 151 155 20

22.

Do vou aglee that the hipfier the education level, the pgeater the household's abrlitr to increase its orodLrctivitv?

39 r09 201 3 (,

23.

With the education that you have. vou are always being entrusted to solve the oroblems that exist rn societl.

l4 t27 199 2) U

24.

You have alxays felt that the experience offarming has been r.er1 supportive tcr rnv household to hecorne more onrductive.

104 214 55 8 0

25.

^Holv successlul is your farming erperience that it can adapt to the technological rlevelmmmts in ihe field olasriculnrel

84 t66 122 9 t)

Variable: Fnrmer's Attitude (Yl)

26.

You ahravs have ideas or creative neu'ideas to manage and usilgi resources in dre household economy

25 160 178 12 0

27. Hor.r, often do vorr make a change to improve the ploductl\,'itv of lirmrr's

household'?

18 87 v04 72 ⁽¹

28.

'Ihe mental attitude to become a thrmer is the pnmary rnotivation 1br household to

iutrl tfe necessities.

76 275 30 0 ^(.)

29.

I uil1 allavs be a farmer- since tarmui!: is the sourcc oimv household's lile 103 t94 8t f 0

i0.

You aluar s nraLe a si,rnple plan that suits rrit abilitr zt) 249 103 ^(.) U

31

In nmmng the fann,

I

al*a_vs matrre a plan about al1 costs (seed. f'ertilizer. and other). bet'ore doins the activitr:.

59 281 41 0 0

Variable: Productive Behaviour (Y2)

2.

In t-und'ing all their household needs. aparl lirxn obtafuing fron lanning, I gained an erlra liorn other businesses.

67 t23 r07 88

3.

^You do not feel guiltr, about dcling otiler uorli outside the t-arm. although it ma..

reduce the incorne / working area of a:rtrlher person.

26 52. 126 I58 l9

-1.

Holr olten do ],ou spend time u.orking in tte garden / lladdr' field'l 80 227 (6 _{18 0}

35.

I aluay's oblige all famil-v mambers to devote his tirne *orking ilthe l-annirg and non-f-anning everv day.

38 146 153 44 0

36.

Il _1'-ou hale a buffalo I cou or production tacilities that can be rented out. vou keq;

tn ing to rent it out to those in leed (rental l'ee).

41 ?49 77 11

37

"Nothing is lree in this rvorld". Do rou agree r,rith the phrase assocrated'nith getting 1n return t-rom the rental (see 16 tl

46 203 111 14

DOI:

1 0. 9790 i 487X-18090 I 637 2 www. iosrjoumals.org

68

Page

T'he

Preparation andT'estingOf Instnments

Resesrch on

i;'octors Affectingthc Productitity

oJ-..

38.

Each han.est rs soid, you alua-vs set asicle part ofthe proceeds irom the brisiness tt, buv land or agricultural inputs.

Z9 199 139 t4 0

39. I

^{allays rnotivate} cllldren

to

attend school up

to

higher education level notwrthstandine I spend very bis.

104 219 jl3 _{15 0}

40.

How otten do rou anticioate savins fbr krnp,-term needs 4i 19 1.17 I4 0

41.

"Sacnlice to the srnallest, to get the results as much as possible". f)o vou agree with that sentence?

70 118 116 75

42.

To obtain maximurn results. you ah.r,ars rvork more than the normal amount oa workins time (>8 Hours'i.

22 167 174 18 0

43.

^Does it uorlh the results you get (the amormt) as cornpared to the time and eflort vou soend on it?

55 203 I I5 8 0

-1.1. Hou often do vou set the results exceeded the nonnal arnorut t05 zZa 1-t 0

45.

You are alwar.s tn ing 1o sain huge profits

il

the business. 50 I82 128 2l 0

46.

^Hol'v oflen do vou mn a business *'ith onlt. tmderlies the courage regardless of the risks that srll occur (loss)

i1 71 156 i03 0

4,1

.

Do you agree that the goal oltrying vour household is to become rich be),ond theil relatives- fnends, neighbours, or anvone else q4ro is cqual to you?

46 t52 1:lt 48 4

48.

How ollen do you compare household '*eaith ^holdings orlned bv relatrves will-r reiatir,es- tnends, neighbours, or relatives in the environment around the residenee l

21 51 100 167 42

Variable: Consumrrtive Behaviour (Y3)

49.

Horv often do you dra* up a famill' budget takmg inlo accomt the Ie\.el o1' nri orilv?

9{l 137 t26 28 0

50.

Hou do vou budget appropdate interchalges uith household ineome thal voil eam (monthlv period)'l

5Z tt/ r92 10 0

5I

.

As the head of the fami11:, have you engaged br' 1'or"r u,ife in selecting the goods or sen'ices to bs co11$uned'l

54 I )-) t56 38 0

ln fullill-ing its range of gorlds and sen'ices required, vou agree with the phrax

"Better ^a little than nothrne".

l22 178 64 77 0

53.

Ho* often do r.ou buy the household products be!'tind basic needs'J 38 92 168 83 0

5.1 Hc;r ollen do vou so to the nrarkel to buv household needs? 3i 105 1"/4 61 0

55.

Hou'ot1en does vour fanuly buv ^goods / senices u,ith a credit? 30 ,a _{211 109}

l 56. In

consrmring every da,v. l-amrh' provides on11' goods lrstantll done lfien

consrrmed

113 lSi ₁₀₆ 7 0

57

.

^{Famih does} not buy the goods / sen ioes because ol the brand. s5 160 t22 U

58.

Ilorv ollen do rcu leel disappointed gith the goods purchased? 30 l9 216 6 U

59.

Hou t-rtlen do vou buv household qoods ryrthout orior ola[unc? 30 42 r95 13 1

6u

^{Fam ilr a Is ar s} consume dre s,oods Jue to (hc nse,l and not because ol- cheaD Dnce 17'7 L4-1 106 0 I 61

.

Hou, often do you do not dispose ol househtrld itcms that are not consrured? 59 143 162 6 I

62.

Pattem olconsumption i lifestyles that exist rn the snviroilnent and sisters, grealh aft'ect the activities of your householtl consunrption. Do you agree with thal statement?

b1 r18 ttt 69 0

63.

Horv often does your household with the envirorunental bu-vs luxury items such a t'anr:v lirnrishinss vehicles ieuelleru etc

32 56 t'73 115 )

Variable: Farmer's Household Productivih, (Y{)

64.

Hou' successful, the land that vou have used to make

it

^meet househokl's necessities'l

6l

\37 t69 8 0

65.

You aluar s relentlessli trtilize fann lan,l trrr nlantinc? ⁶¹ 212 92 tb IJ

66.

You are altays trving to rvork the iand ',vith vow oun labour? 39 155 06 80 I

67.

^4. I{orvoften do vou soend uorkins oeasanls in fanninp? 27 98 )8 06 42

6tl

^l{orv often do vou utilize technolow in t-arminc'? 6 63 28 57 2'7

oq

Hou ol'l.en do vou use technolocv in tannirtel 0 56 14 55 36

70.

You alrvar s managed to tuck doubles venture lilnds tnr.estedT 21 10 50 30 10

7 i

.

Horv ollen do vou rnistakenly manage capital invested tlrus suflered a loss? l 24 92 5'1

Source: processed

Testing Research

Instrument

Data that have been collected through questionnaire, is now being tested

in

its

validity

and

reliability

This test is meant to measure the valid and reliable questionnaire as a

tool

collecting data

1. Resa,lt ol

It sttilhrenl's

^{, 'l} esl

tem

r

sis rcmnrks Item r Sis remarks Item r Sis remarks

0.66s 0.000 Valid 25 0.646 0.Oil) Valid 49 U / 1J 0.000 Vahd

2 0.621 0.000 Valid 26 0.782 0.000 Valid 50 0.773 0.000 Valid

3 0 684 0.000 Vahd 27 0.747 0 ax[) Valid 0 766 0 000 Valid

4 0.676 0.Ofi) Valid 28 o.747 0.00'3 Valid 52 0 669 0 000 Valid

5 0 655 0.000 Valid 29 0.717 {}.i)(x} Valid 53 0.118 0.000 Valid

6 0.623 0.000 Valid

l0

0.738 0.000 Valid 54 0.740 0.000 Valid

0.675 0.oix) Vahd 31 0.691 0.000 Valid 55 0.733 0.000 Valid

8 0.688 0.000 Vahd 3 0.723 0.ilul Valid 56 0.546 0.000 Valid

9 0.680 0.000 Valid -) -) 0 695 0 {}fi1 Valid 57 0.623 0 000 Valid

10 0.661 0.0(a Valid 34 0.491 0.{}0{J Valid 58 0.715 0.000 Valid

DOI:

1 0. 9790 I 487X-184901 637 2 www. i osrj oun.rals. o rg 69 | Page