CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Previous Study
In the research that has been carried out in this study using the foundation and theory used as a reference in research in the form of the results of several studies that have been carried out, therefore the researchers present the results of the research below as supporting data when conducting research. The research data that is very important to be presented are previous research which has similarities in terms of theory and research background. One of the supporting data used is the theoretical method used.
The useful theoretical method as the example of analyzing elements of poetry, Therefore, the study conducted by researchers on several previous research results with topics and objects that have similarities are as follows:
2.1.1 “Women Reflected in Digital Poetry” (Ariyani, 2020) In the research that researchers have reviewed that produces and describes Womanish in digital poetry. The result of this research is about elaborating and explaining poetry with Womanish theory. The results of the data generated are that these poems have a Womanish aspect based on the expressions contained in the words and elements in digital poetry. This research contributes to a broad understanding of Womanish which can be used in the research process to understand the Womanish aspect of the poem.
2.1.2 “An Explanation of self-discovery in Maya Angelou's Still I Rise” (Sangeetha, 2016). In a study that discusses hope and belief within oneself. The point of view that can be seen from the results of previous researchers is the narrator's point of view which is reflected in the object of research and highlights the subject with sarcasm which aims to fight arrogance. The expression of this poem which aims to fight each oppression the even though the obstacles are so heavy. In conclusion, the previous researcher concluded that the poem describes interpersonal values, encouraging others to think higher about themselves. The results of this study provide an understanding of the researchers about the ideas contained in Maya Angelou's poetry which raises the point of view of self- discovery.
2.1.3 “Self-love and self-acceptance: Redefining Ideal Beauty through Its Representation in the Scars of Being Your Beauty” (Saputri, 2019). This study discusses romance and defines terms related to beauty. The aspect of beauty that does not only focus on the criteria of course that exist in people's lives such as having a thin body, white skin, smooth and intended for women only but discusses in all shapes, sizes, colors and even gender. The results of this study focus on a point of view that highlights the importance of self-love and self- acceptance in a social context. From the results of studies conducted in previous studies, it resulted in an understanding of the importance of self-love and self- acceptance as aspects of having great self-esteem.
2.1.4 “The Idea of Womanism Through Tommy's Characterization in Alice Childers' Wine in the Wilderness” (Danastri, 2010). In research that discusses Womanish described by Tommy's character, feminist theory is used as a reference in conducting research. After the research process is complete, conclusions can be drawn regarding the results obtained. There are several feminist aspects of Tommy's character. These characteristics are as follows: Tommy is a person who respects his elders and friends for the integrity of all his people and races.
The main point is that Tommy loves a man named Bill. On the other hand, Tommy likes things related to feminine aspects such as liking the color pink which can be categorized as pink. With the inherent aspects of femininity attached to Tommy's character, it can be concluded that these components have contributed to self-confidence or Self-Esteem.
2.1.5 Ideas on the Self-Esteem of African-American Women in Maya Angelou's selected poem by Kinasih. The research that has been completed by Kinasih is a study that discusses the Self-Esteem of African-American women who have high Esteem from several poems by Maya Angelou. From this study, researchers took information about Self-Esteem and saw how to analyze poetry with the subject of Self-Esteem. What makes this research different from previous research is the different object of research and the purpose of this study is to provide more coherent research results regarding the Self-esteem of African-American women because there are still few studies that discuss the High Self-Estemm seen from the perspective of women. African-American.
2.2 Black Feminism and Womanism
Feminism is a term that can be interpreted as a movement and ideology that has the same point of view: namely to achieve women's goals such as defining, establishing, achieving equal political rights with men, economic and social conditions. An effort made by women to get equal opportunities in various fields such as education and work. Feminism is a process that is fought for to achieve equal relations between women and men and to improve people's lives for the better. Mary Wollstonecraft, the first feminist to write A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 1792, this is what underlies the writers of literary works to include the concept of Feminism in the literary works made. After the presence of the movement, the concept of feminism developed widely. According to Maulana & Nurmaily (2021):
Black feminism's purpose in its practice and theory is basically in the liberation of all people. He also pointed out that black feminism in its contemporary and historical face(s) was born in struggle. In its development, the feminist movement not only fought for the rights of white women, but also black or colored women.
In the mid-1960s until the early 1970s, black women were in a bad condition and position in the affairs of civil rights because of the Feminist movement. They became pioneers of the civil rights movement but their contributions were not well known in society because their rights and their freedoms were often negated by white people.
When women carry out feminist movements, white women discriminate against them by raising social class issues that seriously affect the condition of black women who tend to be poor. Historically, black women have focused on issues of race rather than gender, which is a very painful choice. Stereotypes and generalizations about
African-American blacks and their culture have developed in American society in the years since the development of colonial settlements, especially after slavery became an inherited racial issue among American society. According to Walker (in Madsen, 2000) said the term ‘womanism’ describe commitment to end the oppression of woman. “A womanist is concerned to assert woman identity and independence own their terms, being womanist involves waiting to know more and in greater depth than is good for one” (p. 228).
The term womanism was first coined by Alice Walker and she stated several definitions of womanish as followed:
1. A woman who loves another woman, sexually and/or non-sexually.
2. Appreciate and prefer female culture, women who have emotional flexibility (appreciate tears as a natural balance of laughter).
3. Sometimes loves individual men sexually and/or non-sexually.
4. Committed to the survival and wholeness of all people, men and women.
2.3 African-American Woman Self-Esteem
In the definition of self-esteem which comes from some of the effects of good or bad feelings about ourselves and how we evaluate ourselves as favorable or unfavorable for the future of our own lives. The process of self-esteem relates to the types of behavior a person does in dealing with a problem. On the other hand, people have high self-esteem in the face of stress that arises from any problems faced, so that a
person gets less negative health effects. People who have high self-esteem tend to experience fewer negative emotions and experience less depression (McGill, 2017).
Based on the results of research related to someone who has low self-esteem compared to someone who has high self-esteem, people who have high self-esteem are more confident to achieve their goals. What is very important is that they can behave well with the community and socialize effectively with their social environment. Meanwhile, for someone who has low self-esteem they are not able to socialize and show less consistency in their raters. On the other hand, people who have low self-esteem can be categorized as having unclear concepts in their lives and cannot develop properly when compared to someone who has high self-esteem (McGill, 2017).
In the classification of self-esteem is divided into three parts, namely global self- esteem, feelings of self-esteem and self-evaluation. These three criteria can have several definitions of self-esteem. Global self-esteem can be referred to as trait self- esteem, which is a criterion for someone to get calm in dealing with problems. Then the feeling of esteem is also called self-esteem which refers to the evaluation of the events that are being faced. This is what is often meant when someone talks about an experience that threatens their self-esteem. Then, self-evaluation also called domain- specific self-esteem refers to the way people evaluate their various abilities and attributes.
The main focus in the concept used is self-evaluation which focuses on the way a person uses to evaluate physical attributes, abilities and skills and personal characteristics. Self-esteem can relate to the lives of others. In my opinion, the goal is to achieve our goals and make a good impact on others. With the development of one's self-esteem also affects the development of the self-esteem of others. On the other hand, people who have high self-esteem have positive behavior in achieving their goals, in contrast to people with low self-esteem who always struggle with problems within themselves and think too much and do not take any action.
The function that a person has regarding her self-esteem is to know the extent to which a person plays a role in society. It is very important for everyone to be part of a social group in their community. The discussion of black women in America which is very difficult due to the multi-discrimination that is explained from a negative point of view results in black women feeling inferior and inferior to themselves in society due to inferiority. Many obstacles are encountered in the process of African- American women to gain their self-esteem. It is taken from the findings put forward by scholars who have a focus on science and classical self -esteem theory. In addition to the hatred directed at white people in America black women also convey the hatred they feel for themselves as a result of their lack of self -confidence. As individual black women in America they likely have a basis for self -hatred.
However, there has been a change in the level of self-esteem of African-Americans has increased with the presence of the Feminist movement in the United States and
now the level of self-esteem of African-American women are the same as that of European-American women. With two opinions that provide insights into African- American women provide an explanation that there is a positive movement experienced by black women in America about their self-esteem. One of the things that makes the positive movement of African-American women affect self-esteem.
Their groups support each other for better change. The support comes from family, friends, churches and the African-American community. The support that Maya Angelou had as a child that has been mentioned greatly influenced the development of Maya Angelou to become one of the figures of the African-American women's movement who achieved success as a film producer, famous writer and others. Her hard life experiences have inspired many of her poems which discuss the struggle of African-American women out of discrimination and injustice in their lives. Poems that have been written by Maya Angelou that describe high self -esteem.
2.4 The Element of Poetry
Djojosuroto (2006) said that there are four elements of inner structure poetry, namely:
themes, tones, feelings and mandates. The following will be explained in detail brief each element in question, as follows:
1) Theme; is the main idea put forward by the poet through her poetry. Theme his poems usually express human issues of an intrinsic nature, such as: love, fear, happiness, sorrow, misery of life, justice and truth, divinity, social criticism and protest.
2) Tone; is the poet's attitude towards the subject (feeling) and the poet's attitude to the reader (tone). Tone is often associated with mood.
3) Feelings; are the feelings of the poet expressed in poetry. Poetry usually expressing feelings of joy, sadness, love, revenge, and so on. The feelings expressed by the poet are total, meaning not half-hearted
4) Mandate; is a message or exhortation conveyed by the poet to readers. The mandate of a poem can be interpreted individually from each reader. One reader may interpret the mandate of a poem differently with other readers.
The reader's interpretation of the message of a poem depending on the attitude of the reader towards the theme put forward by the poet.
Djojosuroto (2006) said that the theme of poetry is mostly revealing the cry of human conscience thirsting for justice, truth, prosperity, welfare, equality of treatment, elimination of arbitrariness, poverty, love and so on. Themes about human life and nature the universe can make the reader aware of the limitations of the human self in the presence of the creator.
2.5 Figurative Language
Perrine (1983) states that figurative language is language that is not use language in general or is another way of saying something other than the usual way or in this case the language used. In his book explains the types of figurative language such as:
metaphor, simile, personification, synonym, metonym, symbol, hyperbole, irony.
1. Metaphor is a figurative language that compares something with that others directly, and do not use connecting words. Example: in a poem entitled Eagle the work of Alfred, by Lord Tennyson.
2. Simile is a figurative language that compares one thing with another indirectly, by using comparative words such as like, as, than, similar to, or resembles. Example: in the poem, A Red, Red Rose by Robert Burns.
3. Personification is a figurative language that gives properties, behaviors or human equipment to animals, objects, or concepts. Example: in the poem To Autumn work by John Keats.
4. Synecdoche is the use of the same word with the fact that the purpose is to clarify. Example: in the poem The Naked and the Nude works, by Robert Graves.
5. Metonymy is a figurative language that expresses something else, because it has the relationship is very close. Example: in William's poem Spring Shakespeare.
6. Symbols can be interpreted as figurative language that confirms something has its own meaning beyond the actual meaning. Example: in John's poem White Rose.
7. Irony is a figurative language that has the opposite meaning to that actually.
Example: in the poem Lines on a Paid Militia by John Dryden.
8. Hyperbole is a figurative language that exaggerates something without diminishing statement of true meaning. Example: in the poem A Red, Red Rose by Robert Burns.
2.6 Imagery in Poetry
Poetry will feel more alive in the imagination of the reader, if the poet tries to stimulate the senses of the reader. This is intended for the reader to feel like the reader, feel, and experience the events themselves being narrated in the poem being read. There will add more the pleasure of reading poetry. The things that can be seen, felt, and experienced by the reader are certainly not in reality but only in the imagination. The use of words and expressions that are able to evoke these senses in poetry it is called imagery.
Pradopo (2005) said that views that imagery is the images in the mind and the language that describes it. In poetry, to give a clear picture, to evoke a special atmosphere, to make (more) vivid images in the mind and senses and also to interestingly, the poet also uses imaginary images, in addition to other poetic tools.
Furthermore, Sayuti (2002) said that simply states that imagery is an effect formed in keeping the imagination through a words or series of words, which are often descriptions in imagination. Or imagery is a depiction of sensory experience, in a poem not just a mental picture, but something capable as well touching or arousing the other senses. Effendi (2022) said that Imagery is widely used by poets because imagery is considered to be the soul of poetry. With recitation, the poem becomes
soulful, the poem becomes alive. Poems that are soulful and alive can convince and captivate the heart of the reader.
The ability to create imagery in the reader's mind poetry is very important. Poems that are not able to create an image, will be felt bland and unimpressive. Suharianto (2005) also adds that a successful imagery, helping the reader or listener to feel the poet's experience of the objects and situations he is experiencing, gives a picture that is as precise, vivid, powerful, economical, and immediately perceptible and close to his own life (Baribin, 1990).
In general, there are seven types of imagery Sayuti (2002) said that:
a. Visual imagery, that is, imagery evoked by the senses of sight (eyes). This imagery can provide a stimulus to the eyes up as if able to see something that is actually invisible.
b. Auditory imagery, that is, imagery evoked by the senses listener (ear). This imagery can provide a stimulus to the ear so that it seems to be able to hear something being expressed through that imagery.
c. Tactile imagery, that is, imagery that involves the sense of touch (skin), for example rough, soft, smooth, wet, hot, cold, and others.
d. Olive imagery, which is imagery related to the senses sniff (nose).
Words that contain this imagery describe as if the object in question smelled fragrant, foul and others.
e. Tasting imagery, that is, imagery that involves the senses of tasting (tongue). Through this imagery it is as if we can feel something bitter, sour, sweet, sour, and others.
f. Motion imagery, that is, imagery that is concretely not moving, but abstractly the object is moving.
g. The image of feelings, that is, the image that involves the heart (feelings). This image helps us in appreciating an object or event that involves feelings.
