While he was in the city of Sapona, some Toteras warriors came to visit their allies. Fortunately, the word-list obtained from Old Tutelow is sufficiently extensive to permit a test of the correctness of the additional information thus obtained. It is well differentiated from that of the South and Midwest, but passes without sudden change into the upper lake region and the great interior of the North.
The hope entertained since 1893 among students of native history and institutions, that the confusion of tribal names mentioned in the early stories of the Carolinas would sooner or later be cleared up, has not yet been realized. 34; On the Historical Location of the Tutelo and the Mohetan in the Ohio Valley." Here he uses some of the same sources of information used in this article.
EASTERN SIOUAN PROBLEM — AOLLER 167 Later, while discussing the islands in the Roanoke, Eights says
On page 29, the writer concludes that "the upper region of the Ohio country of Alleghany, Mongahela and Kanawha" was the "original home." 34; through the New River and Big Sandy valleys into Ohio.” Yet, as he informs us, their homes were in the upper part of Ohio. 9. The statement that "the contemporaneous testimony of the Siouan tribes themselves, in the sense that they came from there, the East." is not true as used here.
It is not true that the Quapaws were "near that stream [Ohio]. when encountered by De Soto.". 11 — After stating that the cause of the exodus of the Siouantribes from their original home was probably pressure from northern and southern foreign tribes, he says "they retreated over the mountains, the only direction in which the tract was open to them." No^fir^ EASTERN SIOUAN PROBLEM — MILLER 171 Included in this batch of Dorseynotes were some on "Migrations of certain Tribes of the Siouan Family."
Mooney[in The Siouan Tribe of the East, Galley4AL] says: "The theory of a Siouan migration down the valley of the Big Sandy is supported by the fact that this stream was formerly known as the Totteroy, a corruption of the Iroquois. The number of nearest resemblances is specified in each case." These were listed in diagrammatic forms, most of which incorporated the abasic foundation with either additions or subtractions from each.
NO FIRSTHAND OBSERVATIONS WERE EVER MADE AMONG THOSE INDIAN GROUPS OCCUPYING THE AREA WEST OF THE FALLS OF THE JAMES RIVER
Edward Bland, John Lederer and General Wood's accounts of the experiences of Thomas Batts, Robert Fallam, James Needham and Gabriel Arthur. John Smith never contacted the Indian groups above the falls of the James River, but he did receive reports about them in sign language from a captive Indian. NO FIRST OBSERVATIONS WERE EVER MADE AMONG THE INDIAN GROUPS OCCUPIING THE AREA WEST OF THE FALLS OF THE JAMES RIVER.
Then there is also the location of Occaneechi, Saponi and Tutelo on the archipelago at the confluence of the Dan and Staunton rivers near ClarksviUe, Mecklenburg County, Va. The topography around this island does not correspond to that which surrounds the island. island assigned by Byrd as the island home of the Occaneechi. Now Byrd not only places Occaneechi on one of the three islands at the confluence of the Dan.
Batts and Fallam, after leaving the Saponi town, arrived at the "Hanathaskies town", which in this case is located 25 miles northwest of the Saponi town. This is "armchair" research and therefore not very reliable, but it points to the impossibility of Lederer landing on the islands at the confluence of the two rivers to meet the Occaneechi.
EASTERN SIOUAN PROBLEM — ^MILLER 179
With the exception of the Catawbas, we have not the least. knowledge of the languages of any of these tribes. Beverley excels in being more definite as to the time: "since these parts were known to the English," which must have been in the early part of the 17th century. Either they could have used the "common language" of the Occaneechi, or they belonged to the same linguistic stock and kinship - Algonquian - each spoke a dialect of the same stock, which would and could explain the difference between a few words.
Where a battle has been fought, or colonized, they erect a small pyramid of these stones, composed of the number of those killed or transplanted. To prove the time more accurately, he produces the Country Records, which are bundles of reeds of various lengths, with some distinct marks, known to themselves, which they seem to think precisely in accidents which happened many years ago. first: no, two or three Age or more. Swanton, on the other hand, while editing the manuscript before the posthumous publication of Myer's article, changed the course of the road so that. it passes near the islands in the confluence of Dan. and Staunton Rivers in order to fit a statement issued by Byrd that at one time the Occaneechi, Saponi, and Tutelo occupied these three islands.
Mooneygoes with Byrd; BushneU quotes Mooney; and Swanton and later writers quote both Mooney and Bushnell without going back and checking the original sources for the validity of the later studies. (2) that the so-called Occaneechi Trail ever passed across the middle island of the group—the one attributed to the Occaneechi; and (3).
EASTERN SIOUAN PROBLEM — MILLER 183 that the Path originated in the vicinity of Petersburg and ended up
THE EAST SIOUAN PROBLEM — MILLER 183that route originates in the vicinity of Petersburg and terminates. This seems to imply that Nottoway recognized Tutelo as being of the same linguistic kinship. During the first half of the eighteenth century the Iroquois were at war with the "Flathead" or Catawba in the Carolinas, in which their young men took part.
The adoption of outsiders to take the place of those who have either been murdered or died a natural death appears to be generally practiced not only in the east but also in other parts of the west. Her formal seat at the convocation of the group was with the members of the Wolf Moiety. No one seems to remember when such an adoption took place and she did not disclose it until the end of her life, but did not pass on the personal name given to her at that time; therefore it was given, but no mention of a personal name was used.
Whether that was the case with Nikonha was never revealed; in fact, Hale knew of no such ritual when he examined Tutelo on the reservation. Cayuga wife and "for man}^ years spoke only the language of her people." But the fact that he was 106 years old at the time of question-.
EASTERN SIOUAN PROBLEM — MILLER 185 tioning would tend to throw a beam of doubt upon the vaUdity of his
This also applies to the culture that preceded the Algonkian, within the territory that later fell to the lot of these Indians. Hale made a great impression on the linguists and ethnologists of America by his statement of a Siouan-speaking group east of the Mississippi River. Powell, echoing James Mooney, provided a very brief historical summary of the Tutelo movements.
9— The statement that "the contemporary testimony of the Siouan tribes themselves that they had come from the East" is not true as used here. 10— The statement that "As early as 1701 Gravier stated that the Ohio was known to Miami and Illinois as the 'Akansea River' is untrue." 11 — Having said that the cause of the exodus of the Siouan tribes from their original home was probably pressure from northern and southern foreign tribes.
12. The statement that “within this period, traditional and historical evidence indicates that the coastal region between the Saint Lawrence River and the Chesapeake Bay is the cradle of the Algonkian race” is untrue. Furthermore, the historical evidence seems to indicate that most of these terms were heard from the lips of the Powhatan long before the colonists saw a Monacan.
EASTERN SIOUAN PROBLEM — MILLER 193
H. Holmes in speaking about the Indians of Virginia and North Carolina states that
There is no known record of a white man visiting Monasukapanough, an ancient Saponian village on the banks of the Rivana, and therefore no description of the settlement survives. Earlier sources give the names of the same tribe differently; sometimes these different versions are very different and often very different from the labels. Otherwise it would not have escaped his notice that the Iroquois were not intact inhabitants of the region in question, and that there was evidence of not one but several peoples of different cultures who preceded them.
The deep-rooted hostility which prevailed between the Powhatan and the Monacan and Manahoac may be attributed to intrusions by the one into the territory of the other in later times. And in this case it would appear to be due to the aggression of the Powhatan, presumably the later arrival in the Virginia lowlands. Nevertheless, at one time there must have been an association between the northern [Tutelo and associated peoples] and the southern [Catawbas, Woccon, and other] divisions of the Siouan tribes of the region.
The introduction of new terms, the free use of geography, geographical names, early spelling of Indian names and the disregard of the ethnic sources of information are positively breathtaking. He then proceeds to explain the situation of the Conestoga and the acceptance of the Tuscarora, Tutelo, Nanticoke, Saponi, etc., by the Five Nations as the Sixth Nation.
EASTERN SIOUAN PROBLEM — MILLER 205
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
In 1714 John Lawson set out from the coast of North Carolina and came into contact with the Saponi and Tutelo on the Yadkin River by a circuitous loop; he reported that the Occaneechi occupied a location on the Eno River, but never managed to visit them due to the presence of an Iroquois war party in the area. Like others of his time, he attributed the origins of the American Indians to the lost tribes of Israel. WilHam Byrd's account of "The Dividing Line Betwixt North Carolina and Virginia" and his "Secret History" of the same event were republished in 1929.
Beginning with Albert GaUatin in 1836, we get the first of the evaluation of the primary sources and the introduction of some extraneous interpretations. Thus the structure of the so-called Siouan tribes of the East was given to all. Hale, with his erroneous inferences and assumptions, created the illusion of a Siouan-speaking people east of the Mississippi River—all based on a small vocabulary gathered under rather questionable conditions.
Hale's conclusions were later accepted by Mooney and became an accepted part of the literature. It is the contention of the present writer that the Occaneechi, Saponi, and Tutelo, and possibly others, are not of Siouan linguistic stock, but rather of a primitive Algonquian stock.
LITERATURE CITED
VirginiaCarolorum: colony under the rule of Charles the First, based on manuscripts and documents of the period.
EASTERN SIOUAN PROBLEM — ^MILLER 211 SwANTON, John R
