When using color tests, it is best to expose part of the amphithetic medulla for testing. A general collector could probably be expected to collect no more than 10-3070 of the total number of species in the Thelotremataceae in Panama, especially if he did not have access to freshly felled trees. Samples were mainly collected along several main routes on the southern half of the island.
Apothecia tend to be clumped, and at maturity an actinoid pseudo columella may develop on the disc surface.
Ocellularia berkeleyana
DESCRIPTION.-Thallus corticolous, epiphloeodal, thick and irregularly bulbous, almost appearing thick isidiate, pale mineral gray greenish or white, up to 15 cm wide; apothecia uncommon, appearing inconspicuously between bullae, semi-emergent, about 0.5 mm diam., carbonized but without columella, pore round, 0.1 mm. DESCRIPTIONS.-Thallus corticolous, epiphloeodal, shiny, smooth or fissured with age, mineral gray white, up to 10 cm wide; apothecia barely emergent to semi-emergent, 0.5-0.8 mm in diameter, carbonized but without a columella, pores round, about 0.1 mm in diameter, white annulate and vaguely annulate to erect obviously; DESCRIPTION.-Thallus corticolous, epiphloeodal, smooth, continuous or fissured with age, mineral gray white, 5-12 cm wide; apothecia numerous, emergent, 0.8-1.1 mm diam., carbonized with a simple or partially actinoid columella, pore round and fairly open, 0.1-0.2 mm diam, apex visible columella pruinose; spores 8, 6-8 X 15-20 pm, 4-6 loculate, I + blue.
DEscRrpTroN.-Thallus corticolous, epiphloodal, thin and shiny, continuous, ash white, 4-6 cm wide; apothecia not numerous, collected in 2s and 3s, 0.5-0.8 mm in diameter, non-charred and without columella, the thalline margin erect, the inner excipium clear, powdery, more or less filling the disk; spores 8.5 X 15 pm, 6-loculate, I t blue. DESCRIPTION - Thallus corticolous, epipliloeedal, rather thick, shiny, verrucous, light brown, 4-8 cm wide; apothecia quite numerous, strongly flared, sometimes subspherical at maturity, about 1 mm in diameter, carbonized but without columella, pore more or less sunken, about 0.1 mm in diameter, subannuleous, the pore area whitish; DESCRIPTION - Thallus corticolous, epiphloodal, smooth and shiny, pale gray-gray, 10-20 cm wide; apothecia numerous, solitary and conspicuous, strongly emerging, 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter, heavily charred but without central columella, the exposed medulla light yellowish orange, the pore irregular, 0.4-0.8 mm in diameter; tracks 4,.
DESCRIPTION.-Lithium cortical, epiphloedic, shining, continuous or fissured with age, pale greenish gray, 6-10 cm wide; apothecia numerous, separate, semi-emergent, 1-2 mm in diameter, ground margin erect, firm, splitting and partially curved with age, disc densely actinoid columellate, carbonized, surface white, pruinose, pores open, irregular, diameter 1-1, 5 mm; spores 8, 6 X 12- 24 pm, 5-6 loculated, I + blue. DESCRrPTroN.-Lithium corticolic, epiphloedic, smooth and continuous or fissured, up to 0.5 mm thick, pale greenish or whitish ash, 10-30 cm wide; apothecia very numerous, submerged, 0.13-0.3 mm in diameter, uncarbonized and without columella, inner exciple evanescent, pores round, aligned, about 0.1 mm in diameter; spores 8, uniseriate, 4-6 X 6-12 pm, 4-loculated, I + blue. DESCRIPtro,u.-Lithium corticolous, epiphloedic, smooth and continuous, shining, whitish to greenish gray, 3-12 cm wide; apothecia numerous, sunk to slightly convex, carbonized, columella usually present, 50-100 µm in diameter, pores round, 0.1-0.2 mm in diameter; spores 8, 6-10 X 20-32 pm, 6-8 loculated, I+ blue.
DESCRIPTION - Thallus corticolous, epiphloodal, shiny, smooth or becoming warty with age, whitish or greenish gray, 3-10 cm wide; apothecia numerous, submerged to slightly emergent, 0.4-0.6 mm in diameter, charred, a columella usually developed but variable, 25-160 µm in diameter, or rarely missing, the pore is round mm in diameter; spores 8, 6-10 X 20-36 pm, 6-8 localized, I + blue. DEscRxPTxo;v.-Thallus corticolous, epiphloodal, shiny, minutely rugulose, greenish gray, 6-10 cm wide; apothecia numerous, emergent but not fundamentally constricted, heavily charred, 0.6-1.0 mm in diameter, the columella distinct, thick, the pores round, 0.1-0.3 mm in diameter, mostly white annular, the white frosted tip of the columella clearly visible; spores 8, 7-8 X 14-20 hours, 5-6 localized, I + blue.
Ocellularia rhodostroma
DESCRIPTION - Thallus corticolous, epiphloodal, rather thick, shiny, smooth and continuous, pale green to whitish ashy, 4-8 cm wide; apothecia very numerous, submerged, 0.2-0.4 mm in diameter, uncarhoned and ecolumellate, the inner exciple volatile or rarely persistent, the pore round, flat, 0.05-0.1 mm in diameter, usually indistinct white annular; tracks 8, 5:00 PM X 12:00 PM, 3-5 located, I + blue. DESCRIPTION - Thallus corticolous, epiphloodal, smooth with a granular surface, shiny, ivory, 6-12 cm wide; apothecia not common, submerged to semi-emergent, round to oblong in outline, 0.3-0.5 mm in diameter, the edge of the thalline charred, a columella present, very broad, up to 300. DESCRIPTION'.-Thallus corticolous , epifloodal, shiny, continuous, pale brownish mineral gray, 8-1 1 cm wide; apothecia solitary, dispersed, emergent, 0.9-1.2 mm in diameter, the exciple charred, columella missing, the disc yellow-pruinose, the pore irregular, black-rimmed, up to 0.5 mm wide;
DESCRIPTION.-Thallus corticolous, epiphloeodal, thick and coherent, whitish to pale greenish gray, up to 20 cm wide; apothecia numerous, separate, sunken, 0.15-0.3 mm in diameter, non-carbonate and without free inner excipel and columella, pores round, 0.07-0.1 mm in diameter, usually more or less distinctly white annular ;. DESCRIPTION.-Thalhs corticolous, epiphloeodal, smooth and continuous, shiny, pale greenish to tan mineral gray, 10-12 cm wide; apothecia numerous, solitary or becoming clumped, submerged to semiemergent, 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter, noncar-. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus corticolous, epiphloeodal, smooth, continuous to broadly fissured, whitish mineral gray, 8-12 cm wide; apothecia uncommon, submerged to semiemergent, 0.4–0.6 mm in diameter, non-carbonate and without columella, the inner excipel more or less free, apically pruinose, occupying much of the pore area, pores round, 0.05–0 .1 mm in diameter; spores X 55-80 pm, densely muriform, I-. 2P)l.
DESCRIPTION.-It is corticolous, epiphloeodal, opaque, smooth to verruculose, finely ridged, whitish mineral gray, 8-10 cm wide; apothecia numerous, scattered to confluent, nearly aligned to lick, 0.5-0.7 mm in diameter, exciple carbonized, columella lacking, pores round, 0.05-0.1 mm in diameter, becoming black; spend 4-8,. DESCRIPTIOlu.-Stem cortical, epiphloedic, very thin and shiny, greenish gray, up to 20 cm wide; apothecia usually numerous, separate, immersed to slightly convex, 0.2-0.4 mm in diameter, uncarbonized and without columella. DESCRIPTIOh'.-Lithium corticolous, epiphloeodal, but thin and partly pale yellowish, 2-5 cm wide; apothecia scattered, nascent, 0.5-1.0 mm in diam., non-carbonized, without columella, regular excip well developed, free, splitting, pores open, round, 0.2-0.4 mm in diam.; spores X 80 pm, with numerous locules, I- or bluish.
DESCRIPTOR\i.-Thallus corticolous, epiphloedal, dull, smooth to finely verruculose, becoming reddish brown, whitish mineral gray, 4-8 cm wide; apothecia numerous, separate, immersed, 0.2 mm in diameter, non-carbonized, the inner exciple entire, free, forming an inner ring, the pore round mm i n diameter; spores 8, 12 X 24-25 pm, 1-2 X 5-7 locally, I- or I + faintly reddish. DESCRIPTION.-Tha~lus cortical, epiphloedal, thick and smooth, deeply fissured, whitish to pale greenish mineral gray, 6-10 cm wide; apothecia numerous, immersed, about 0.2 mm in diameter, non-carbonized, the inner exciple free, partially filling the pore, the pore round, white-annulate, 0.1 mm in diameter; spores 8, 6-10 X 12-14 pm., 0.1 X 3.5 locally, I + blue.
Thelotrema norsticticum
I DEscRImIox.-Thallus crustose, epiphloeodal, rather thick, ridged with age, pale greenish or whitish gray, 10-20 cm wide; apothecia numerous, solitary, strongly exserted, up to 2.5 mm in diameter, carbonized, thick central columella present, pores round, inconspicuous and slightly indented, 0.1 mm in diameter, white ringed; RExtARKs.- Thelotrema szibpraestans is the dominant canopy species on Barro Colorado Island and also occurs at higher elevations to the east in the nearby Cerro Jefe region. DESCRIPTION.-Corticoline, epiphloedic, thin and fragile, shining, smooth to bearded, pale yellowish gray, 10-15 cm wide; apothecium conspicuous, croodiscoid, becoming narrowed basally, 1-3 mm in diam., basal margin rough, erect to slightly curved, inner exciple pale, disc white pruinose, becoming superficially actinoid with slight carbonization; spores 8, 5-6 X 10-18 pm, 0-1 X 4-5 loculated, IS blue. COMMENTS. This species forms large, conspicuous colonies on the lower to mid-trunk of large trees. In Panama I collected 14 species and 64 specimens, about 9 years out of a total of 700 for the family, comparable to the 7 years in Dominica. Leptotrema bahianum is most common in the Caribbean, but also occurs in Venezuela, the Philippines, Sarawak and other tropical countries. It has been collected in Panama over a wide range of altitude (near sea level to 2000 m) on trees in primary and secondary forests. REm%RI(s.-This species was previously known only from Dominica and i t occurs in Panama in the same type of habitat, base of large trees in rainforest at mid-elevations. REMARKS.-The apothecium of this species has an open, gaping pore and a disc that deviates from the main wall at the periphery. DESCRIPTION.-Lithium corticolous, epiphloedic, rather thick, smooth, fissured with age, pale yellowish white, 4-10 cm wide; apothecium simple, solitary or partly lumpy, semi-convex, croodiscoid, 0.5-1.5 mm in diameter, round to irregularly elongated in outline, thalline margin thick, semi-erect, inner exciple evanescent, disc broad, partly actinoid columellate ; spores 8, 5-8 X 10-18 pm, 0-1 X 3-4 loculated. REMARKS.-The disc is usually large and actinoidally columellate with a short basal margin, similar to that of Phaeotrema g l y p h i c u m (Nylander) Zahlbruckner. COMMENTS. Typical apothecia, as determined from the type specimen, are flat and have a diameter of 0.5 mm or less. DESCRIPTION - Thallus corticolous, epiphloodal, smooth, shiny and continuous, light green-gray, 8-12 cm wide; apothecia numerous, separate, submerged, 0.15-0.2 mm in diameter, sometimes slightly charred at the apex, a columella missing, the inner excipium disappears, the pore round, sometimes black-rimmed, about 0.1 mm in diameter; tracks 8, 10-12. COMMENTS. The smooth shiny thallus and submerged apothecia with dark pores distinguish this species. DESCRIPTION.-Lithium cortical, epiphloeodal, thin, smooth and continuous, opaque, light brownish gray, 6-12 cm wide; apothecia numerous, solitary to irregularly aggregated, emergent and sometimes narrowed basally to give an urceolate appearance, 0.7-1.1 mm in diameter, carbonized, ecolomullate, whitish pruinose disc, usually visible through pores, pores wide, round, 0 .2-0.5 mm in diameter; spores 8, 10-12 X 20-30 pm, 0-1 X 4-5 places. NOTES. In my study of the Acharian species (Hale, 1972) I expressed reservations about the identity of this species. DESCRIPTION - Rhizome corticolous, epiphloedic, thick, surface smooth but granular in appearance, cortex columnar, medulla with visible red crystalline masses, greenish mineral gray, up to 10 cm wide: apothecia numerous, separate, submerged, diameter 0.2-0.3 mm, non-carbonized.Leptotrema chiriquiense, new species
Leptotrema hypoprotocetraricum, new species
