MAKALAH
ANALYSIS CHINA'S AMBITION IN REVIVING THE SILK ROAD THROUGH BELT ROAD INITIATIVE
This paper is to fulfill the individual assignment
Arranged by:
Kinanti Deeva Giary NIM 2131000008
PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS SOSIAL DAN KEPENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS POTENSI UTAMA
MEDAN2023
TABLE OF CONTENT
BAB
I1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION BAB II
PEMBAHASAN 2.1 China Ambio
2.2 China Opportunities BAB III
PENUTUP
● Conclusion REFERENCE
BAB 1 INTRODUCTION
The Silk Road is the longest and most historic overland trade route in the world. Beginning in the Han Dynasty in 130 . At that time, silk was the main trade item. Through trade and travel along the way, cultures across Eurasia developed economically, technologically and culturally, and religions and ideas spread east and west. The Han, Tang, and Yuan dynasties especially prospered because of trade, but during other eras, trade stopped for various reasons.
China itself was isolated from Western civilization by the world's highest mountains, some of the largest deserts, and long distances. However, people of the Shang (1600–1046 BC), Zhou, and Han dynasties mastered the manufacture of several important and unique types of products such as silk, porcelain, and paper, and these were highly valued in the West.
Meanwhile, the New Silk Road is a trade route as well as a crossroads point for trade between various countries in the world which includes both land and sea aspects. China's rise led to competition or trade competition between China and the United States in fighting over the world's "Silk Road". This is because the Silk Road is one of the potential areas of the economy that cannot be overlooked by the superpowers.
China has now formed the New Silk Road by cooperating with Asian and African countries through an infrastructure cooperation mechanism. This effort can be done by China because it has a strong manufacturing base and large production volumes. Faisal said China's rise through the New Silk Road was a foreign policy of a 'middle power' country with military and economic strength that could threaten US domination in the international order. Although, in the international political constellation, the United States is currently still above China.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Why is China's ambition to revive the Silk Road through the BRI?2. What are the opportunities and challenges for China in reviving the Silk Road through BRI?
THEORY
The conceptual framework that the author uses to make this paper is Neoliberalism, National Interest, Soft Power and the method used is the Data Collection or Qualitative Method. The primary data collection method is carried out through observation of secondary data collection derived from documents, statistical data, thematic maps and other relevant data used to explain the Silk Road in China.
BAB 2 ANALYSIS
China revived the Silk Road through the One Belt One Road (OBOR) policy initiated by President Xi Jinping. Through the OBOR, the Bamboo Curtain country has the ambition to dominate international trade by inviting the cooperation of countries in the world, especially those along the Silk Road. In this paper the concept is used.
The Belt & Road Initiative has two main elements: the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. The Silk Road Economic Belt will be an overland network of road, rail and pipelines roughly following the old Silk Road trading route that will connect China’s east coast wih Europe via a new Eurasian land bridge. 5 regional corridors will branch off the land bridge, with Mongolia and Russia to the North, South East Asia, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh to the South, and central Asia, West Asia and Europe to the West. The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road is a planned sea route with integrated port and coastal infrastructure projects running from China’s east coast to Europe, India, Africa and the Pacific through the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean. The geographic scope of the Belt & Road Initiative is fairly fluid and on some interpretations has also been extended to Australia and the UK. A snapshot of the land corridors and a map showing both the Belt and the Road is set out overleaf.
- Neorealism which means that in explaining BRI as China's initiation into a superpower, which explains China's aggressive policy to spread its influence and emphasizes the struggle for power as seen from large-scale projects and China's foreign relations to explain China's BRI policy.
- The concept of Soft Power, the Belt and Road Initiative Project can be categorized as China's soft power in increasing its influence globally and also the BRI Project is said to be the beginning of China's policy aimed at linking the Chinese economy with investment, trade and infrastructure.
- China's National Interest through the one belt one road project has an interest in spreading its power and strength so that many countries depend on it.
The primary goal is to create new trading routes and business opportunities within China and beyond.
Behind this, the drivers (both official and unofficial) are complex, diverse and interconnected. On a domestic level, China wants to stimulate regional investment to better integrate poorer inland provinces into the Chinese economy, and to mitigate urban migration, wealth disparity and unrest from ethnic minorities.
The B&R regions will serve as new markets for China’s production over-capacity, foreign exchange reserves and more recent economic slowdown, and give Chinese contractors and sponsors in the infrastructure sector opportunities for expansion into, and connectivity with, both established and emerging
markets. A focus on manufacturing capacity relocation as opposed to exports will also help to mitigate rising labour costs and pollution concerns and help China to achieve its global emission reduction commitments. The routes themselves will facilitate trade, cooperation and relationships with host countries and partners in developing projects along the routes. The sea route is also inspired by China’s ambition to become a global maritime power player. The Belt & Road Initiative is part of a refocus of outward investment, for the Chinese economy and for Chinese diplomacy.
1. China's ambitions in reviving the Silk Road
China revived the Silk Road through the One Belt One Road (OBOR) policy initiated by President Xi Jinping. Through OBOR in 2013. In September 2015 nameOne Belt One Road Changed intoBelt Road Initiative(BRI) this change occurred because the term one belt one road was deemed irrelevant, after a lot of input from other countries and the creation of a new route initiated by China. The Bamboo Curtain country has the ambition to dominate international trade by inviting the cooperation of countries in the world, especially those along the Silk Road.
The BRI project was the start of China's policy aimed at linking the Chinese economy with investment, trade and infrastructure. BRI also aims to increase China's economic growth with the European, Middle East and Asia Pacific regions. BRI implementation is divided into two lines, namely the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road is a route that connects China with several parts of Southeast Asia by sea. The Silk Road Economic Belt as a route that connects China with Europe by land. Of the two components, it is divided into six economic corridors, China and Europe by land route. The two components are divided into six economic corridor the rebuilding of the Silk Road was for the sake of ease distribution of goods to many countries. This is because China, with its economic power, feels able to continue to show its existence in the eyes of the world. In recent years, since 2013 to be precise, China has consolidated with various countries to realize this mission. Its implementation is by convening the Silk Road Summit and the New Maritime Belt for International Cooperation (Belt and Road Forum) in Beijing. This initiative is purely economic cooperation. Over time, China's economic expansion has increasingly seen success in bringing together many countries and collaborating within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative.
2. China's opportunities and challenges in reviving the silk road through (Belt Road Initiative) - Expanding Chinese influence through the BRI
China has now formed the New Silk Road by cooperating with Asian and African countries through an infrastructure cooperation mechanism. This effort can be done by China because it has a strong manufacturing base and large production volumes. China's rise through the New Silk Road is a foreign policy of a 'middle power' state with military and economic strength.With the presence of BRI, China
open new markets for domestically produced goods. This policy will have an impact on the ease of access for exports of goods to other countries due to the construction of infrastructure between countries.
- Helping the economies of developing countries.
Therefore BRI is considered to have the potential to provide long- lasting economic growth in Southeast Asia and BRI is also considered an example of successful regional cooperation in Southeast Asia for many countries in the Silk Road region, this competition can bring great benefits, because interconnectivity will gain a big push. For example, if competition remains at the business and financial level, manufacturers in the Philippines, or Myanmar, could see in the near future where their products can be more easily shipped around the world, bringing further investment and prosperity.
- There are many domestic barriers in China
China also has many problems in terms of workers, one trade union organization considers that the ACFTU (All-China Federation of Trade Unions) is considered ineffective in presenting and protecting workers' rights, protests occur because of unfair wages, high working hours, discrimination, and the most underlined is that there is no legal protection, China is making great efforts for the future through the Belt and Road Initiative in the hope of overcoming labor problems in the country.
CONCLUSION
Every policy certainly has good and bad sides, such as the modern Silk Road Project developed by China.
Through this route, China helps many countries to improve their economy by investing and developing infrastructure for these countries.
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