The present paper embodies some of the results of field work among the PitRiver tribes begun in 1907 and continued at intervals for 20 years. I am of the opposite opinion, and believe that the liberal use of the hyphen in the separation of syllables "is most useful both to the transcriber and the student. 3 PIT RIVER TRIBES MERRIAM 3 In the lists of names of the tribes it occurs often that several spellings for the same name.
NO. 3 PIT RIVER TRIBES MERRIAM
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ACHOMAWAN STOCK
COMPARATIVE VOCABULARIES OF THE ACHOOMAH'-AN AND ATSOOKA'-AN LANGUAGES
6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 78
RIVER TRIBES MERRIAM " ^
8 SMITIISONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL
Bizko (Ali Navzdol) chok-chahak-chook-che a-po-tah (houn-oo-ta') dolgo wah'-wahakchoo'-che choo-pow'-al-le.
10 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL
THE HIGH AND LOW LANGUAGES
LOW WORD No-na'-chah
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 78
CONTRASTING ENVIRONMENTS
3 PIT RIVER TRIBES MERRIAM I3ment;the ceaseless struggle for existence varies greatly in intensity, and even the method of guarding against enemies involves unequal forms of vigilance.
DISTINCTIVE ANIMALS AND PLANTS OF THE HUMID AND ARID AREAS Persons familiar w^ith the climatic requirements of our v^^estern
78 Long-tailed Groundsquirrel (Ci- Oregon short-tailed Groundsquirrel Gray long-tail Groundsquirrel (Ci- Oregon short-tailed Groundsquirrel . tcllusdouglasi) (Citellus oregonus).
NO. 3 FIT RIVER TRIBES MERRIAM I5 Buckbrush (Ccanothus cordulatus)
THE ACHOOMAH'-AN FAMILY
The tribe between the Il-mah'-zve and the Mo-des'-sc; headquarters at junction of Screwdriver Creek with Pit River (at Lindsay's place, 6 or 7 miles as the crow flies below PecksBridge). Pit River; belongs to Mo-des'-se !..Ah-pil'-choo-me Hat Creek: Rising on Mt. Geographic Names Used from Mountain A-choo'-mah-we Bald.seven miles south of Fall River Mills Pak'- ka-mah'.
NO. 3 PIT RIVER TRIBES MERRIAM 29
THE AS-TAH-KE-WI -CHE TRIBE Plates 13-15
78 Villages of the As'-tah-ke-zifi'-che. - There were two permanent villages of the As'-tah-ke-zifi'-che. - There were two permanent villages: As'-tah-re'-zvah, on the knollat Hot Spring three miles east of Canby; and Han-too' (or Han-ten') in Stone Coal Valley. The As-tah-ke-ivi'-che were in contact with five tribes: the At-wum'-we in the west; the Modok in the north; the Ha-zve-si'-doo and Ko'-se-al-lek-te in the east; the Harn-m-ah'-zveon in the south.
NO. 3 PIT RIVER TRIBES MERRIAM 3 1
RuHng Ha-we-si'-doo.— On a mesa about 10 miles north of Alturas. Neighboring Tribes.— The Haf-zve-si'-doo were in contact with four tribes: As'-tah-ke-zmf-cheonthewest;Modok in the north;. The Ko'-se-al-lek'-te are a small tribe centered on the Alturas Plateau and extending eastward to the top of the Warner Mountains.
Ham-mah'-zvc, Ko'-sc-aJ-lck'-tc, and Ha'-i^c-si'-doo are the easternmost of the PitRivertrihes. All three reach the summit of the Warner Mountains, but owing to the slightly easterly trend of the southern part of the range, the Ham-mah'-weat obtains a longitude atriflener farther rising sun than any of their more northerly neighbors. Ham-mah'-wc's territory lies between At-zmm'-zw and Ap-woo'-ro-Mc to the west and the Northern Piute to the east.
The northern boundary is a remarkably straight line 35 miles in length, running nearly due east from Scheffer Mountain to Warren Peak (also known as Buck Mountain, elevation 9700 ft.), crossing the South Fork Pit River at Signal Butte about 4 miles north of the junction of Fitzhugh Creek and the South Fork Pit River, midway between Likely and Alturas. The main part of the territory of the Ham-mah'-we is a wide open plain divided by the swampy valley of the South Fork Pit River and known as Likely Valley. The Ham-mah'-vi are in contact with four tribes: the closely related As-tah-ke-tin' -chc and Ko'-se-al-lek'-te to the north; At-wumf-ive and Ap-zvoo'-ro-ka'c to the west and southwest; the northern Piuteon east southeast.
78 Former permanent (winter) villages of Ham-mah'-we Former permanent (winter) villages of Ham-mah'-we.
THE ATSOOKA'-AN FAMILY
Canyon Crooks, west of Likely Soo'-dah pe-da'-ge BlueLake, three miles south of Jess Valley and. five east of WestCreek fork Tes-ahp'-te. Sagebrush HoleorBasin Pah'-tahlahts ah'-mit Signal Butte two miles north Fitzhugh Creek..San-kow'ja Snowstorm Mt.on Piute-Hammahwe border. probably McDonald Peak) Choos'-Ieu ah'-ko. Doo-loo'-ko'-be; or Tu-lo-ko'-be WarrenPeak, locally called Buck Mt Tahk'-tah-ga'-wah.
The northern boundary, beginning at the southwest corner of Goose Valley, runs east for about 4 miles (skirting the southern edge of this valley a little more than a mile north of Burney's latitude) and then turns north to Lookout Mountain (a peak in the ridge between the Goose and Burney Valleys 4^ miles north of Burney. post office), where it bends abruptly to the east, and follows an apparently straight line for 16 miles to the pass between Bald Mountain and the hill immediately north of it, whence it turns abruptly to the southeast, becomes the eastern boundary and continues in the same direction in a straight line for 19 or 20 miles to the east side of Graschangs Valley west of Graschangs Valley west of, , passes Poison Lake and reaches the lava mountains about 12 miles east of Lassen Peak. Snow Mountain, where it turns southeast and continues about 24 miles, along the west side of Bunch Grass Valley and Noble Pass, to Lassen Peak. At-soo-kd'-e's territory thus includes most of BurneyValley, all of BurneyButte, Tamarack, McGee and Crater Peaks, Bald Mountain to the northeast.
Bunch Grass Valley on the west, GrassValley on the east, the entire watersheds of Lost Creek and Burney and Hat Creeks, except a few miles of their lower reaches near Pit River, the multitude of small lakes, and Tremendouslawa Ridges extending northward from Mt. Lassen. The greater part is covered with conifers interspersed with oaks, and, unusually, with an isolated area of scrub (Pinns sabiniana) extending from about 3 miles west of Casselon Hat Creekeasterly for 16 miles on the west side of Beaver Creek Valley 3 miles east of eastern foot of Bald Mountain East of the then narrow valley of Beaver Creek, the Diggerpines continue to the rim of the deep canyon of the Great South Loop of Pit River, thus penetrating well into Ap-woo-ro-kae territory.
The Aif-soo-ka'-e are in contact with seven tribes: the Nos'-se or Yah'-nah in the west and southwest, the Mo-des'-se in the northwest, the To-mal-lin' -che- nwi', Il-mah'-we and A-choo' -mah'-tveon the north, the related Ap-zvoo'-ro-kd^eonthe-east,theMi'duan No-to-koi'- yo on the south.
THE AP-WOO -RO-KA E TRIBE Plates 24-27
Ap-woo'-ro-kd'e land lacks the continuous coniferous forests of At'-soo-ka'-e. At the same time, some of the higher ridges are wooded with yellow pine [Ponderosa pine], but the greater part of the area is an open rocky landscape with scrub, interspersed with juniper and mountain mahogany, in places large and numerous enough to form low open forests - always attractive and welcome. Beside them is a large and beautiful body of water known as Eagle Lake, bordered on the east by a juniper-clad ridge, and on the west at a short distance by continuous coniferous forests, extending northward from the precious forests of No-to-koi'-yoMidoo.
In unmarked contrast, and beginning only 4 or 5 miles north of Eagle Lake, is the bare alkali plain known as Grasshopper Valley which, though only 10 miles long by half the width, is a stark reminder of the vast desert plains not far away . The Ap-woo'-ro-kd'e are in contact with six tribes, namely: the related At'-soo-ka'-e in the west, the Fall River A-choo'-mah'-we in the northwest , the Big Valley At-wmn'-we to the north, the Ham-mah'-we of Madeline Plains to the northeast, the Northern Piute to the east and southeast, the Mi'doo No'-to-koi'-yo on the south. Rats-ow'-we-ke.— On Indian Creek on the east side of Dixie Valley, at the foot of mountain ridge of the same name.
Sik-kah'-kek.—Another village on BeaverCreek. ^HarryWilson, one of the Ap-woo'-ro-kae chiefs, gave me the names of two villages on the Susanville side of Antelope Ridge, namely . Nor'-ro-witch'hack, near the present site of Susanville; and Nor'-rah-cha'- e-chc, at the south foot of AntelopeRidge Sor6 miles northeast of Susanville. Another member of the tribe tells me that these villages did not belong to his tribe, but to the BigMeadow {No-to-koi'-yoMidoo) tribe, which is probably correct. 78 Names Ap-\voo'-ro-ka'e use for themselves and other tribes Names Ap-\voo'-ro-ka'e use for themselves and other tribes.
Choo-ka'-che.- Bandon Beaver Creek Mo-des'-se Klaw-le'-wahandAh-mit'-che A-choo'-mah'-we.
NO. 3 PIT RIVER TRIBES MERRIAM 4I
ALPHABETIC LIST OF PIT RIVER TRIBES AND BANDS
Ap'amadji Givenby Dixon (1908) as A-choo'-mah'-, we dɛn gi di nem to di At-soo-ka'-e grup na di Bɔni Vali. At-soo-ka’-e (Ah’-tsoo-ka-e) HatKrik Trayb; dɛn nem fɔ dɛnsɛf; i de yuz bak Ap-woo’-ro-risen. 3 DI PIT RIVA MƐRIAM TRAYB DƐN 43 At-wum'-we Big Vali Trayb; dɛn nem fɔ dɛnsɛf;
Tal'-mo-mi'-che (village, Del-mo'- . mah, Tal-mo'-mah) Ko'-se-al-lek'-te village and band at Essex Hot Spring, 10 miles westward from . Alturas; westernmost band of Ko'-se-al-lek'-te. Do-lu'-ko'-be or Tii-lok-ko'-be Name of South Fork Pit River, often applied to the Ham-mah'-we. Ham-mah'-le-lah'-pe Ko'-se-al-lek'-te village and band on Pine Creek near mouth of canyon where creek originates from west base of Warren Peak.
The territory of this belt adjoins the territory of Ham-mah'-we on the south and extends westward to the South Fork Pit River. Village of Ho-ma'-wet Ko'-se-al-lek'-te and bandatwest base Warner Range about 6 miles northeast of Alturas. Ko'-se-al-lek'-te (Ko-sal-lek'-tah). A tribe occupying the Alturus plain from about 8 miles north to 6 miles south of Alturas; their name after themselves.
Lah'-lah-pis'-mah Band of Mo-des' at Hot Springs on the south side of Big Bend of Pit River, opposite Mo-dess', the ruling village, which was on the north side.
46 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 78
NO. 3 PIT RIVER TRIBES MERRIAM 47 Qosalektawi Achoma'wan ' group ' mentioned without
48 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 78
NAMES USED FOR PIT RIVER TRIBES (COLLECTIVELY) BY UNRELATED TRIBES
NAMES USED BY PIT RIVER TRIBES FOR UNRELATED TRIBES OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA
NAME USED Ah-lah'-me (Al-lah'-mc)
TRIBE TO WHICH NAME
NO. 3 PIT RIVER TRIBES MERRIAM 49
WORD BORROWINGS FROM WESTERN SHOSHONEAN TRIBES BY THE AT-SOO-KA-E AND AP-WOO'-RO-KAE
78the closest resemblance to those in the Atsookd'-an languages occurs, not the closest to them in the Atsookd'-an languages occurs not in the nearby Northern Piute, but in the vocabularies of the geographically distant Monache -tribes on the western slope of the southern Sierra Nevada, especially theEm'-tim-bitchand Wuk-sd'-che. Nuthatch Kah'-dah-kah'-da Kah'-rah-kah-rah' Little Rabbit (Cottontail Tah-bo'-che Da-buk'-ke . orBrushRabbit).
NAMES GIVEN BY JA-MUL
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 78, NO
The girls are only half Mo-dcs'-sc, their father being a ]'ah'-iiah-Walter Moody, of Montgomery Creek, Shasta County, California.
