These are now known to be the microspheric and megalospheric forms of the same species. These are the pelagic species that are abundant especially in the warmer parts of the oceans such as those of the W.
10 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 77 GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION
RECENT MATERIAL
When studying shallower waters, an individual can make very excellent collections. If a weight is added to this apparatus, excellent patterns can be obtained, even within two or three hundred fathoms.
12 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 'J'J
However, these slides are difficult to arrange properly because of the clips, and if these become loose the contents can easily be lost, while the cardboard slides are much more satisfactory for general use. The disadvantage of this type of mounting is that the specimens become stuck in the narrow space at the edge of the cell and the slides themselves are easily broken.
FOSSIL MATERIAL
They were then covered with a square of mica, which was held in place by copper. In warm countries it has been found that the ordinary concave glass slide can be used with advantage, the specimens placed in it and a glass cover placed over it.
14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 'J']
CLASSIFICATION
In the Rotaliidae, especially, the trochoid form is often common, sometimes called "rotale". In this (fig. 4) it is possible to distinguish a dorsal side and a ventral side (the latter holds the aperture). In the Lagenidae there may be a lateral z'iczv and apertural viez^' in forms such as Lagena (fig. 5) and Nodosaria (fig. 6), and in bilaterally coiled forms such as Cristcllaria (fig. 7), with genera regular ones such as Uvigerina (fig. 9), and Polymorphina (fig. 8), lateral views are not all ahke.
NO. 4 FORAMINIFERA CUSHMAN 17 There is here given for the benefit of workers on the group an
GROMIDAE
ASTRORHIZIDAE
4 FORAMIXIFERA CUSHMAN I9 part of sand grains, thin, firmly cemented; opening formed by the parting of grains of sand, thin, firmly cemented; opening formed by the open ends of the tube or in some cases closed anteriorly by a loosely aggregated knob of spicules. Test free, consisting of a simple or dichotomously branching, flexible tube; wall largely chitinous, with several foreign bodies attached to the outside.
SACCAMMININAE
20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL
Test free, consisting of a single, elongate, slightly narrowed, straight or slightly curved chamber, closed at a somewhat bluntly pointed proximal end, the distal end broad and rounded; the walls compare-. Test free, usually oblong, subcylindrical, fusiform or oblong-ovate, composed of one chamber; "a thin wall composed of spongy ibicus and fine sand, an opening rounded at the open end of the test.
22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS \0L
Hyperammininae
Test-free, consisting of an ovoid proloculum with a branching tubular second chamber; wall consisting of sand grains, usually with the outside roughened by protruding sponge spicules incorporated into the wall; openings formed by the open ends of the tubular chamber. Test-free, elongated, conical, widest at the opening end, the other end generally closed; wall relatively thick, composed of firmly cemented grains of sand, rough on the outside; opening formed by the open end of the tube, circular.
24 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 77 are known and these are largely confined to cold waters at compara-
AMMODISCINAE
Test consisting of a subglobular proloculum and a long, undivided second chamber, coiled upon itself in different planes, not completely spiral; fine arenaceous wall, predominantly cement, smooth both externally and internally, reddish brown or yellow in color. No test, consisting of a proloculum and a long, undivided second chamber, coiled into an elongated, narrow whorl; wall composed of sand grains and lots of cement, smooth; opening, the open end of a tubular chamber.
LITUOLIDAE
Test-free, spiral, initial chamber followed by a coiled nonseptate tube at least the microsphere shape, with the early portion forming a hollow cone; later portions flaring widely, usually slightly concave in opposite direction to that of early conical portion; wall fine-veined, smooth, opening terminal.
26 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS N'OL
REOPHACINAE
TROCHAMMININAE
NO. 4 FORAMINIFERA CUSHMAN 2^
28 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL
NO. 4 FORAMINIFERA CUSHMAN 29
NEUSININAE
Test expanded, flat, consisting of very wide, low, flattened chamber chambers, early ones in complete specimens apparently coiled, later ones in a wide, flat extension of various shapes; masonry or fine clay and sand with a chitinous network, flexible with a chitinous thread-like border; numerous openings, along the edge of the chamber; color in fresh samples brown. Test arenaceous, cylindrical, one end rounded and more or less swollen; test walls of firm consistency, rough labyrinth, irregularly spaced, grains of sand cemented together at various angles forming rough chambers opening into a tube or main chamber, which runs nearly throughout .
ORBITOLININAE
NO. 4 FORAMINIFERA CUSHMAN 3I Genus CONULITES
ENDOTHYRINAE
TEXTULARIIDAE
Z'2. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL
TEXTULARIINAE
Test elongate, distinctly biserial throughout; wall usually thin and hyaline in young, but thickens with age in many. Test elongated, somewhat compressed, consisting of numerous chambers, usually arranged biserially; limestone wall, drilled, polished or decorated; distinct aperture, an arched opening with a vertical incision or slit in the middle of the lower margin usually with upward tooth-like projections on either side. Test calcareous, hyaline, punctured, many-chambered, early biserial chambers, laterons becoming single, broad, curved-, in the type species finally becoming embrasures, and the embrasure series each consisting of one or more room; numerous apertures at the peripheral edge.
Test biserial, conical, widest near apertural margin, compressed so that the two alternating series of chambers form a zigzag line on the narrow sides of the test; numerous, low and very wide chambers, arenaceous wall, composed of very fine, smooth, labyrinthine chamber wall material, consisting of numerous openings, the smallest near the exterior; aperture elongate, narrow, simple or a row of pores.
34 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. JJ Genus BIFARINA Parker and Jones, 1872
VERNEUILININAE
NO. 4 FORAMINIFERA CUSHMAN 35
BULIMININAE
36 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. ']']
CASSIDULININAE
4 FORAMINIFERA CUSHMAN }^Jventricles usually extending to the umbilicus at the sides, in some chambers usually extending to the umbilicus at the sides, in some. Test free, first part coiled, later part uncoiled, composed of numerous chambers arranged biserially about an elongate axis, evenly united dorsally, but forming a deep groove on ventral border, usually triangular in cross-section; walls calcareous, perforated, smooth, or ornamented with spines or ridges; aperture elongate, curved, almost at right angles to the margin of the chamber, with a slight lip.
LAGENIDAE
NODOSARIINAE
38 SMITHSOXIAX MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. ']'^
- POLYMORPHININAE
- UVIGERININAE
- RAMULININAE
- CHILOSTOMELLIDAE
Test consisting of several chambers, usually spirally arranged, especially in the earlier part, the later attenuated chamber becoming loosely arranged, or even unitary; smooth wall or opening decorated in various ways, usually consisting of a neck with a definite phial rim. Elongate test, composed at least in the microspherical form of a series of chambers arranged in three or two series, followed by a subsequent uniserial development; walls hyaline and perforated; central and terminal aperture successive, usually with an elongated neck and flared rim; the interior of the chamber with a tubular connection running from the base of the opening neck to the bottom opening lip; wall smooth or decorated with ribs, pits, etc. Test chambers calcareous, with conspicuous dots, usually somewhat inflated, irregularly coiled, the last chamber formed in the various generations making a large part of the last formed volution;.
A test consisting of a series of chambers in a roll, each chamber forming half of the roll by 180° and covering so that only a small part of the preceding chamber is visible from the outside; the wall is smooth, finely perforated, thin and transparent or thick and opaque; the opening on the inner edge of the ventral surface of the chamber is curved, often with a slightly upturned lip.
NO. 4 FORAMINIFERA CUSHMAN 4I
GLOBIGERINIDAE
42 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL
ROTALINAE
Test spiral, whorled, rarely evolute, very rarely irregular or acervulin; chambers numerous, distinct or in a few species largely obscured by shell growth, early chambers in all distinctly whorled. Test in conical or plano-convex shape; early chambers spirally arranged, later ones long and becoming annular or nearly so at periphery; chambers of living forms usually simple, but often closely separated by internal septa, visible externally; the opening is elongated, at the inner border of the chamber. Test free or attached, spiral and revolute, plano-convex or bicouA^ex, or variously modified in different species; typically plano-convex with flattened ventral side and dorsum convex; omnisham-.
44 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL
Without test, consisting of numerous chambers arranged in a somewhat irregular spiral, rounded or bicoiwex, perforated; smooth or decorated wall; aperture rounded, usually with a short neck and phial rim. Test nautiloid, composed of many chambers, but slightly bent; both faces are usually very similar, biconvex or slightly asymmetrical; curved anarrow opening at base of last chamber. Test attached, the early chambers roll, the later ones become irregular and inflated, extending upwards in an irregular column;.
Attached test, in column form; early chambers coiled, later chambers extending upward in a coiled column; thick punctate wall; aperture a narrow curved slit in the inner border of the chamber.
46 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. '/']
NO. 4 FORAMINIFERA CUSHMAN 47
48 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. ']']
- NUMMULITIDAE
- POLYSTOMELLINAE
- CYCLOCLYPEINAE
- MILIOLIDAE
- QUINQUELOCULININAE
Test coiled, compressed, consisting of numerous chambers in three or four whorls, bilaterally symmetrical, and all visible from both sides, noting, except the early whorls, in facial view very thin, usually thick in the rumbonal region; the surface is smooth or ornamented with projections; opening single at the bottom of the opening wall of the chamber. The chambers are numerous and extend to the umbo, each whorl completely enclosing the previous ones, the periphery often keeled, opening a simple V-shaped opening at the base of the opening surface of the chamber. Test generally planospiral, compressed, all chambers visible from the outside on both sides, proloculum spherical, followed by a spiral second chamber, usually forming two or more spirals, the following chambers gradually decreasing in relative length, more or less loose spiral, the intermediate area filled in with a shell plate; opening at end of chamber, rounded, without lip or teeth.
Test with the early chambers planospiral, at least in external appearance, later it becomes rectilinear; wall porcelous, opaque, usually decorated with stripes or costs; opening a long narrow slit either at the outer end of the chamber or somewhat.
NO. 4 FORAMINIFERA CUSHMAN 53
Test in its mature development consisting, as seen from the outside, of three visible chambers added in planes 120° from each other, the third of each series added in the plane of the third preceding and covering it. Test in the adult, composed of chambers half a coil in length, in planes 180° from each other, only the two chambers last formed. Test planospiral, at least in the early stages, entire test lenticular, thick or very compressed, circular, cruciform or cylindrical.
Test planospiral, at least in its early stages, the chambers are numerous, and in the later stages at least divided into chambers, the early chambers in all forms extend beyond the early test to the region of the umbilicus, making the test completely involute in the early stages, later .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
58 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS \T)L
The relationships between the genera Calcarina, Tinoporus and Bactdogypsina, as shown by recent Philippine material. On some foraminifera from the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean, including Davis Strait and Baffin Bay.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
64 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 77
66 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 77
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL
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NO. 4 FORAMINIFERA — CUSHMAN 7I
2 SAIITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. ']'J
74 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. ']']
76 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL
