RE Model
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
Observed Outcome Sohn et al., 2016
Gierse−Plogmeier et al., 2009 de Tommaso et al., 2007 Di Clemente et al., 2005 de Tommaso et al., 2002
−0.21 [−0.60, 0.18]
−0.08 [−0.69, 0.53]
−0.02 [−0.69, 0.65]
0.00 [−0.70, 0.70]
−0.31 [−0.74, 0.13]
−0.17 [−0.40, 0.06]
Observed Outcome Standard Error 0.3570.2670.1780.089
−1 −0.5 0 0.5
B- Local
RE Model
−10 −5 0 5
Observed Outcome Baron et al., 2017
Vuralli et al., 2016b Vuralli et al., 2016a
Palacios−Ceña et al., 2016 Florencio et al., 2015 Ferracini et al., 2014 (Male) Ferracini et al., 2014 (Female) Sales Pinto et al., 2013 Grossi et al., 2011 Buchgreitz et al., 2010
Fernandez−de−las−Penas et al., 2010 Fernández−de−las−Peñas et al,. 2009b Fernandez−de−las−Penas et al., 2009a Uthaikhup et al., 2009
Fernandez−de−las−Penas et al., 2008 Zito et al., 2006
Kowacs et al., 2001 Sandrini et al., 1994 Jensen et al., 1993 (Male) Jensen et al., 1993 (Female) Bovim, 1992
Schoenen et al., 1991
−1.05 [−1.40, −0.70]
−5.61 [−6.92, −4.30]
−4.04 [−5.56, −2.53]
−1.06 [−1.41, −0.70]
−7.88 [−9.40, −6.36]
−2.84 [−3.46, −2.21] 1.58 [ 1.05, 2.11]
−1.93 [−2.40, −1.47]
−0.63 [−1.26, −0.00] 0.47 [−0.21, 1.16]
−2.29 [−3.08, −1.49]
−1.43 [−2.21, −0.64]
−2.98 [−3.89, −2.07]−0.09 [−0.57, 0.39]
−1.30 [−1.91, −0.68]−0.31 [−0.86, 0.24]−0.10 [−0.63, 0.42]
−1.43 [−2.21, −0.64]−0.17 [−1.08, 0.73]−0.17 [−0.74, 0.41]−0.61 [−1.36, 0.15] 0.04 [−0.57, 0.65]
−1.47 [−2.32, −0.63]
RE Model
−10 −5 0 5 10
Observed Outcome Baron et al., 2017
Vuralli et al., 2016b Vuralli et al., 2016a
Palacios−Ceña et al., 2016 Florencio et al., 2015 Ferracini et al., 2014 (Male) Ferracini et al., 2014 (Female) Sales Pinto et al., 2013
Engstrom et al., 2013 Grossi et al., 2011 Buchgreitz et al., 2010
Fernandez−de−las−Penas et al., 2010 Fernández−de−las−Peñas et al,. 2009b Fernandez−de−las−Penas et al., 2009a Uthaikhup et al., 2009
Fernandez−de−las−Penas et al., 2008 Zito et al., 2006
Metsahonkala et al., 2006 Kowacs et al., 2001 Sandrini et al., 1994 Jensen et al., 1993 (Male) Jensen et al., 1993 (Female) Bovim, 1992
Schoenen et al., 1991
−1.05 [−1.40, −0.70]
−5.61 [−6.92, −4.30]
−4.04 [−5.56, −2.53]
−1.02 [−1.37, −0.67]
−7.88 [−9.40, −6.36]
−2.54 [−3.16, −1.92] 4.88 [ 3.99, 5.77]
−1.93 [−2.40, −1.47]
−0.56 [−1.00, −0.12]
−0.63 [−1.26, −0.00] 0.36 [−0.33, 1.04]
−1.45 [−2.15, −0.75]
−1.43 [−2.21, −0.64]
−1.90 [−2.65, −1.15]−0.07 [−0.55, 0.41]
−1.30 [−1.91, −0.68]−0.31 [−0.86, 0.24]−0.24 [−0.62, 0.14]−0.10 [−0.63, 0.42]
−1.43 [−2.21, −0.64]−0.17 [−1.08, 0.73]−0.17 [−0.74, 0.41]−0.50 [−1.25, 0.25] 0.04 [−0.57, 0.65]
−1.17 [−2.05, −0.28]
B- Local
C- Non-local
Observed Outcome Standard Error 0.7770.5830.3890.1940
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2
Standard Error 0.6010.4510.3010.150
−2 0 2 4 6 8
Observed Outcome Standard Error 0.7770.5830.3890.194
−5 0 5
B- Local
C- Non-local
RE Model
−20 −15 −10 −5 0 5
Observed Outcome Beese et al., 2015
Zappaterra et al., 2011 Cooke et al., 2007 Zohsel et al., 2006 (Male) Zohsel et al., 2006 (Female)
0.27 [ −0.31, 0.86]
−0.66 [ −1.24, −0.08]
−14.92 [−18.77, −11.08]
−0.18 [ −0.73, 0.37]
−0.80 [ −1.35, −0.24]
−3.04 [ −8.44, 2.36]
RE Model
−20 −15 −10 −5 0
Observed Outcome 5 Beese et al., 2015
Zappaterra et al., 2011 Cooke et al., 2007 Zohsel et al., 2006 (Male) Zohsel et al., 2006 (Female)
0.27 [ −0.32, 0.85]
−0.66 [ −1.24, −0.08]
−14.21 [−17.88, −10.55]
−0.12 [ −0.87, 0.63]
−0.61 [ −1.37, 0.15]
−2.86 [ −8.03, 2.30]
RE Model
−25 −20 −15 −10 −5 0 5
Observed Outcome Beese et al., 2015
Cooke et al., 2007 Zohsel et al., 2006 (Male) Zohsel et al., 2006 (Female)
0.28 [ −0.30, 0.86]
−16.70 [−20.98, −12.42]
−0.24 [ −0.59, 0.11]
−0.99 [ −1.34, −0.64]
−4.19 [−11.93, 3.56]
B- Local
C- Non-local
Observed Outcome
Standard Error 1.9611.4710.980.49
−15 −10 −5 0
Observed Outcome Standard Error 1.8711.4030.9350.4680
−15 −10 −5 0
Standard Error 2.1861.6391.0930.5460
−15 −10 −5 0
B- Local
C- Non-local
RE Model
−2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
Observed Outcome Chaves et al., 2016
Schwedt et al., 2015 Beese et al., 2015 Schwedt and Chong, 2014 Teepker et al., 2014 Engstrom et al., 2013 Maleki et al., 2012 (Male) Maleki et al., 2012 (Female) Sand et al., 2008
Zohsel et al., 2006
Weissman−Fogel et al., 2003
−0.97 [−1.61, −0.32]
−0.43 [−0.72, −0.13]
0.22 [−0.36, 0.81]
−0.06 [−0.54, 0.43]
−0.16 [−0.72, 0.39]
−0.35 [−0.79, 0.08]
−0.12 [−0.92, 0.69]
−0.07 [−0.88, 0.73]
0.23 [−0.24, 0.69]
−0.07 [−0.60, 0.46]
−0.26 [−0.75, 0.24]
−0.20 [−0.38, −0.01]
RE Model
−2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
Observed Outcome Chaves et al., 2016
Schwedt et al., 2015 Beese et al., 2015 Sand et al., 2008 Zohsel et al., 2006
Weissman−Fogel et al., 2003
−1.12 [−1.78, −0.46]
−0.38 [−0.68, −0.09]
0.27 [−0.31, 0.86]
0.23 [−0.23, 0.70]
−0.07 [−0.60, 0.46]
−0.26 [−0.75, 0.24]
−0.21 [−0.57, 0.16]
RE Model
−1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
Observed Outcome Chaves et al., 2016
Schwedt et al., 2015 Beese et al., 2015 Schwedt and Chong, 2014 Teepker et al., 2014 Maleki et al., 2012 (Male) Maleki et al., 2012 (Female) Sand et al., 2008
Zohsel et al., 2006
−0.51 [−1.12, 0.11]
−0.47 [−0.77, −0.18]
0.12 [−0.46, 0.70]
−0.06 [−0.54, 0.43]
−0.16 [−0.72, 0.39]
−0.12 [−0.92, 0.69]
−0.07 [−0.88, 0.73]
0.20 [−0.26, 0.66]
−0.07 [−0.61, 0.46]
−0.16 [−0.36, 0.03]
B- Local
C- Non-local
Observed Outcome
Standard Error 0.4110.3080.2050.103
−1 −0.5 0 0.5
Observed Outcome Standard Error 0.3340.2510.1670.0840
−1 −0.5 0 0.5
Observed Outcome
Standard Error 0.4110.3080.2050.1030
−1 −0.5 0 0.5
B- Local
C- Non-local
RE Model
−1 0 1 2
Observed Outcome Chaves et al., 2016
Beese et al., 2015 Engstrom et al., 2013 Sand et al., 2008
1.29 [ 0.62, 1.96]
0.06 [−0.52, 0.64]
−0.46 [−0.90, −0.02]
−0.37 [−0.83, 0.10]
0.10 [−0.66, 0.86]
RE Model
−1 0 1 2 3
Observed Outcome Chaves et al., 2016
Beese et al., 2015 Sand et al., 2008
1.33 [ 0.66, 2.01]
0.09 [−0.49, 0.67]
−0.35 [−0.82, 0.11]
0.33 [−0.64, 1.31]
RE Model
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Observed Outcome Chaves et al., 2016
Beese et al., 2015 Sand et al., 2008
1.15 [ 0.49, 1.80]
−0.01 [−0.59, 0.57]
−0.41 [−0.88, 0.05]
0.22 [−0.68, 1.12]
A- Combined
B- Local
C- Non-local
Observed Outcome Standard Error 0.3420.2560.1710.085
−0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Observed Outcome Standard Error 0.3440.2580.1720.0860
−0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Standard Error 0.3350.2510.1680.0840
−0.5 0 0.5 1
B- Local
C- Non-local
RE Model
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
Observed Outcome Sohn et al., 2016
Gierse−Plogmeier et al., 2009 de Tommaso et al., 2007 Di Clemente et al., 2005 Katsarava et al., 2003
−0.21 [−0.60, 0.18]
−0.15 [−0.76, 0.45]
−0.22 [−0.89, 0.45]
0.26 [−0.44, 0.96]
−0.25 [−0.93, 0.43]
−0.15 [−0.40, 0.11]
RE Model
−1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
Observed Outcome Sohn et al., 2016
Gierse−Plogmeier et al., 2009 de Tommaso et al., 2007 Ayzenberg et al., 2006 Di Clemente et al., 2005 Sandrini et al., 2005 Katsarava et al., 2003
Weissman−Fogel et al., 2003 (Male) Weissman−Fogel et al., 2003 (Female)
−0.21 [−0.60, 0.18]
−0.11 [−0.72, 0.50]
−0.22 [−0.89, 0.45]
0.16 [−0.40, 0.72]
0.26 [−0.44, 0.96]
−0.45 [−1.04, 0.14]
−0.25 [−0.93, 0.43]
−0.45 [−1.04, 0.14]
0.31 [−0.19, 0.81]
−0.10 [−0.29, 0.09]
RE Model
−1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
Observed Outcome Gierse−Plogmeier et al., 2009
Ayzenberg et al., 2006 Sandrini et al., 2005
Weissman−Fogel et al., 2003 (Male) Weissman−Fogel et al., 2003 (Female)
−0.06 [−0.67, 0.55]
0.18 [−0.38, 0.74]
−0.45 [−1.04, 0.14]
−0.45 [−1.04, 0.14]
0.31 [−0.19, 0.81]
−0.07 [−0.39, 0.24]
A- Combined
B- Local
C- Non-local
Observed Outcome Standard Error 0.3580.2680.1790.0890
−1 −0.5 0 0.5
Observed Outcome Standard Error 0.3580.2680.1790.089
−1 −0.5 0 0.5
Observed Outcome Standard Error 0.310.2320.1550.0780
−0.5 0 0.5
B- Local
C- Non-local
RE Model
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
Observed Outcome Uglem et al., 2016b
Uglem et al., 2016a de Tommaso et al., 2016 Vecchio et al., 2016 (Group2) Vecchio et al., 2016 (Group1) Di Clemente et al., 2013 Russo et al., 2012 Moulton et al., 2011 Boulloche et al., 2010 de Tommaso et al., 2007a de Tommaso et al., 2005c Weissman−Fogel et al., 2003
−0.29 [−0.75, 0.16]
−0.08 [−0.59, 0.44]
−0.18 [−0.76, 0.39]
0.04 [−0.78, 0.86]
1.20 [ 0.30, 2.10]
−0.54 [−1.27, 0.20]
−0.63 [−1.35, 0.10]
0.58 [−0.24, 1.40]
0.73 [−0.29, 1.75]
0.43 [−0.38, 1.25]
0.81 [ 0.11, 1.50]
0.02 [−0.48, 0.51]
0.11 [−0.19, 0.40]
RE Model
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
Observed Outcome Uglem et al., 2016b
Uglem et al., 2016a de Tommaso et al., 2016 Matheu et al., 2016
Vecchio et al., 2016 (Group2) Vecchio et al., 2016 (Group1) de Tommaso et al., 2015 de Tommaso et al., 2013 Di Clemente et al., 2013 Nahman−Averbuch et al., 2013 Russo et al., 2012
Moulton et al., 2011 Boulloche et al., 2010 de Tommaso et al., 2008 de Tommaso et al., 2007a de Tommaso et al., 2005c Weissman−Fogel et al., 2003
−0.28 [−0.74, 0.17]
−0.10 [−0.62, 0.41]
−0.00 [−0.58, 0.57]
−0.35 [−1.09, 0.38] 0.10 [−0.72, 0.92] 1.06 [ 0.18, 1.94] 1.56 [ 0.92, 2.20]
−0.10 [−0.78, 0.58]
−0.53 [−1.27, 0.20] 0.54 [ 0.03, 1.05]
−0.63 [−1.35, 0.10] 0.58 [−0.24, 1.40] 0.73 [−0.29, 1.75]
−0.31 [−1.25, 0.62] 0.52 [−0.30, 1.34] 0.02 [−0.48, 0.51] 0.81 [ 0.11, 1.50]
0.19 [−0.09, 0.48]
RE Model
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
Observed Outcome Uglem et al., 2016b
Uglem et al., 2016a de Tommaso et al., 2016 Matheu et al., 2016
Vecchio et al., 2016 (Group2) Vecchio et al., 2016 (Group1) de Tommaso et al., 2015 de Tommaso et al., 2013 Di Clemente et al., 2013 Nahman−Averbuch et al., 2013 de Tommaso et al., 2008 de Tommaso et al., 2007a
−0.27 [−0.73, 0.18]
−0.13 [−0.64, 0.39]
0.18 [−0.40, 0.75]
−0.35 [−1.09, 0.38]
0.16 [−0.66, 0.98]
0.92 [ 0.05, 1.79]
1.56 [ 0.92, 2.20]
−0.10 [−0.78, 0.58]
−0.52 [−1.26, 0.21]
0.54 [ 0.03, 1.05]
−0.31 [−1.25, 0.62]
0.61 [−0.22, 1.44]
0.19 [−0.16, 0.53]
B- Local
C- Non-local
Observed Outcome Standard Error 0.5190.3890.260.130
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Observed Outcome Standard Error 0.5190.3890.260.13
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Observed Outcome Standard Error 0.4760.3570.2380.1190
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
B- Non-local
RE Model
−0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Observed Outcome Nahman−Averbuch et al., 2013
Coppola et al., 2010
Drummond and Granston, 2005 Drummond and Granston, 2003 Hassinger et al., 1999
0.20 [−0.31, 0.70]
0.22 [−0.49, 0.92]
0.85 [ 0.25, 1.45]
0.66 [ 0.07, 1.25]
0.63 [ 0.08, 1.18]
0.51 [ 0.25, 0.77]
RE Model
−0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Observed Outcome Nahman−Averbuch et al., 2013
Coppola et al., 2010
Drummond and Granston, 2003 Hassinger et al., 1999
0.20 [−0.31, 0.70]
0.22 [−0.49, 0.92]
0.66 [ 0.07, 1.25]
0.63 [ 0.08, 1.18]
0.43 [ 0.14, 0.72]
A- Combined
B- Local
Observed Outcome
Standard Error 0.360.270.180.09
0 0.5 1
Observed Outcome Standard Error 0.360.270.180.090
0 0.5 1
B- Local
C- Non-local
RE Model
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Observed Outcome Berry and Drummond, 2014
Gierse−Plogmeier et al., 2009 Ayzenberg et al., 2006
−0.14 [−0.64, 0.36]
0.28 [−0.33, 0.89]
0.45 [−0.12, 1.01]
0.17 [−0.20, 0.54]
RE Model
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Observed Outcome Berry and Drummond, 2014
Perrotta, 2011 Perrotta et al., 2010
Gierse−Plogmeier et al., 2009 Sandrini et al., 2006
Ayzenberg et al., 2006 Weissman−Fogel et al., 2003
−0.14 [−0.64, 0.36]
0.24 [−0.38, 0.86]
0.74 [ 0.17, 1.30]
0.16 [−0.45, 0.77]
0.23 [−0.36, 0.81]
0.44 [−0.13, 1.00]
0.00 [−0.49, 0.50]
0.22 [−0.01, 0.45]
RE Model
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Observed Outcome Perrotta, 2011
Perrotta et al., 2010
Gierse−Plogmeier et al., 2009 Sandrini et al., 2006
Ayzenberg et al., 2006 Weissman−Fogel et al., 2003
0.24 [−0.38, 0.86]
0.74 [ 0.17, 1.30]
0.04 [−0.57, 0.64]
0.23 [−0.36, 0.81]
0.42 [−0.14, 0.99]
0.00 [−0.49, 0.50]
0.27 [ 0.04, 0.50]
A- Combined
B- Local
C- Non-local
Observed Outcome Standard Error 0.3120.2340.1560.0780−0.5 0 0.5
Observed Outcome Standard Error 0.3170.2380.1580.079
−0.5 0 0.5 1
Observed Outcome Standard Error 0.3170.2380.1580.0790
−0.5 0 0.5 1
