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TEACHING WRITING BY COMBINING FRAYER MODEL AND QUICK WRITE STRATEGIES AT SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Oleh
Fika Meliana *)
**) Armilia Riza Staff Pengajar Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat
ABSTRAK
Penulisan makalah ini bertujuan untuk menambah pengetahuan guru dalam mengajarkan descriptive text melalui combining strategy, yaitu menggunakan dua kombinasi strategi dalam satu kali pengajaran. Adapun strategi-strategi yang di gunakan adalah frayer model dan quick write. Frayer model adalah strategi yang menggunakan konsep pengembangan ide, sedangkan Quick write adalah strategi untuk menulis sebuah paragraf tanpa memperhatikan susunan kata, jadi anak bisa menulis bebas tanpa harus takut salah dalam mengembangkan paragraf mereka. Strategi-strategi ini diterapkan pada siswa SMA dalam menulis descriptive text. Kelebihan yang dapat di peroleh dalam menggunakan dua strategi ini adalah mampu memberikan alternative bagi guru dalam mengajarkan peserta didik menulis text berbahasa Inggris, serta menghindari penggunaan strategi yang sama dalam setiap mengajar menulis. Strategi-strategi ini juga membantu siswa untuk mengeluarkan ide, opini, serta pendapat baik melalui kelompok maupun pribadi. Dalam makalah ini penulis membahas bagaimana pengajaran writing melalui penggabungan strategi
Keywords: Writing, Frayer Model, and Quick Write
*) Penulis
**)Pembimbing
INTRODUCTION
Writing is one of the most important basic skills in teaching English.
It is a process to send a message from the writer to readers. Through writing, students can express the student’s mind, opinion, statement and so on. It should be mastered by students to complete their skills in learning a language. Writing is also one media of communication.
Communication is not only can be done by spoken but also by written.
Teaching writing is an activity that is done by teacher to transfer the knowledge how to write well. By doing this activity, the students can share their ideas, opinion, statement and express their feeling into written form. In teaching writing, teacher should be creative to explore their knowledge, so the student can develop their ideas.
Teaching writing is teaching students how to write about something, guide and lead them to understand how to be a good writer. In other words, the
2 purpose of teaching writing is helping students to comprehend how to write a text. Lead them to be a good writer, explore their ideas until they can deliver the messages from a text in monolog,transactional, and functional texts. So, teaching writing is not only teach students to write, but also guide them to comprehend and lead them to explore and deliver their ideas to the readers clearly.
Based on the writer’s experience during teaching practice at Senior High School. It seems that writing is one of significant subjects which is not interesting for some students. There are many problems that make student uninterested. First, the students get difficulty to find an idea to be written.
Second, the students can not write good sentences in writing. Next, the students also find some difficulties to determine when the teachers asks the students to write their own ideas. Most of them do not know how to present their ideas clearly and meaningfully in written language.
Then, the teacher also find difficulties when they teach such as in determining the media, choosing the topic to be learned, choosing format of writing.
Unfortunately, even the teachers explain clearly and comprehensively to the students how to develop the students ideas in a good paragraph, but many students still do not have sufficient writing skill.
Based on the problems above, one of solution of those problems above is by choosing the appropriate strategy. There are several strategies that can be used in teaching writing. They are RAFT, Double- Entry Journal, Frayer Model, and Quick Write. RAFT strategy is popular strategy for writing because students can improve their ability to think critically and reflect while they synthesize what they have learned. The Double-Entry Journal is
enables students to record their responses to text as they read. Students write down phrases or sentences from their assigned reading and then write their own reaction to that passage. The Frayer Model is a graphical organizer used for word analysis and vocabulary building. This four-square model prompts students to think about and describe the meaning of a word or concept by defining the term, providing examples of the idea, and offering non-examples of the idea. The last is quick write. Quick write is a versatile strategy that offers students a change to reflect on the key points and objectives of the lesson.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Writing is one of the language skills beside listening, speaking, and reading. Writing is also one media of communication for all people in the world.
Beside, writing is an important skill in teaching learning prosess and also all people always need writing to explore what they felt. To be a good writer, they must know how to transfer the idea to all readers.
. There are three expert states that writing is the important skills, Hylend (2003:3), Clark (2004:4) and Brummer and Clark (2008: 5). According to Brummer and Clark (2008:5) state that writing is a tool that allows students to translate complex ideas into words and language that they understand. It means that writing is very important for students and teacher in the school.
Based on the experts’ opinions above writer concludes that writing may be defined as a process of making written text that can be read by another people based on the grammatical and lexical knowledge and also full of meaning.
3 Process of Writing
There are many experts that describe about the steps or process of writing, Caswell and Mahler (2004:5-7), Harmer (2004 :4-5), then Johnson and Westkott (2004:21) , According to Caswell and Mahler (2004) the process of writing consists of Prewriting, Writing, Revising, Editing, and Publishing’.
Prewriting is thinking about something ideas that will be written and this is done before writing. Then, Writing is step where the writer writes their ideas that have found at prewriting step and create the ideas into a draft. After that Revising, it means making changes. Making changes is process when the writers make draft that have they write to be better or more complete than before. Next step is editing, after revising the writers must add something that important but here the writers forget to write before. Good editing, can help the writers deliver message to the reader until they can able to reach a purpose from the writers. Final steps is Publishing, it means writers publish the result of written to other people. It makes the readers know of the result that have written by writers. Then, writers will get satisfied with their writing form by good scores that given by reader, friend in the class or their teacher.
Teaching Writing
Teaching writing is teaching students to write about something, guide and lead them to understand to be a good writer. There are three experts states about teaching writing. Hylend (2003:4), Carwell and Mabler (2004:3) and Nation (2009: 113). Carwell and Mabler (2004:3) state that teaching writing provides opportunities for students to develop clear thinking skills. When students are granted time to write and process their thoughts. It means that in teaching writing the teacher
gives chance and time for the learners to build their ideas into a written text.
Frayer Model Strategy
Frayer model for concept development helps students build to understanding of a concept. Acording to Frayer, Frederick, Klausmeuer, (1969) in Shoob and Stout (2008 : 49) frayer model is another strategy that helps students understand concepts and is an excellent graphic organizer that can be used as a basic for writing even with the youngest of students. Frayer model allows students to see what a concept is and what it is not.
Students also demonstrate their understanding by providing example and non-example. It means that in frayer model the students will build differences and similarities of the concept to give the meaning about the concept. Frayer models will facilitate students in concluding a problem on the topic.
Procedures of Frayer Model Strategy Clark (2007) states to do a Frayer Models trategy, the teacher should:
1. The teachers and the students must define the concept and list its attributes. The students may refer to their textbook, using information in the margins or the glossary, or apposition in the itself, consult other resources to find the defenition, or use the defenition provided by the teacher.
2. Distinguish between the concept and similar concepts with it might be easily confused. Distinguish between the concept and similar concept with which it might be easily confused.
When doing this, help the students to understand the concept in some depth.
This can easily be accomplished through question and answer during a short discussion. Also, provide the
4 students with example of the concept and explain why they are example.
3. Provide the students with non example of the concept and explain why they are non-example. Discuss the example and non-example at length. Encourage students to generate their own example and non-example, and allow them to discuss their findings with the class.
Once students are killed at using the strategy, the entire class can work in pairs to complete a frayer model graphic organizer for different assential concept and then present their findings to the class.
Advantages of Frayer Model Strategy In writing text, the students must have basic knowledge to improve their achievement in writing and produce a good text with good grammar, good mechanics and easy to understanding by the reader. Frayer Model Strategy can be use in writing text and help students writing to organize the topic. According to Nessel and Graham (2007) the advantages of Frayer Model Strategy are: the student can develop the understanding of key.
And than, by using Frayer model strategy the student can draw on prior knowledge to make connections among concepts. The students compare attributes and examples.
The students also can think critically to find relationships between concepts and to develop deeper understanding. And the last is making visual connections and personal associations
Quick Write Strategy
There are many experts who explain the defenition of quick writes strategy. Crawford, Saul, Mathews and Makinster (2005:27) state that quick writes is a brief written reflection on a topic. It means that this strategy asks short feedback in written form of a topic which
is stated by the teacher. Students asked to give feedback in writing form of the topic which is stated by the teacher and students also free write everything but relate with topic.
Then, Fraizier (2010:71) explains that quick write is a short, focus writing in response to a specific prompt. Quick writes is feedback or response which specific about topic that is stated by teacher. In addition, Bowers and Keisler (2012:46) add this strategy provides students with the opportunity to write evrything they know about a specific topic. It means that the teacher states a specific topic, and ask the students to write many things about the topic in a period. So student will be brave to write everything which relate to topic.
Procedures of Quick Write Strategy According to Crawford et.al (2005:27) the procedures of Quick Writes are:
1. Tell the students if you want them to write very briefly about a topic you will ask them. They are to write without stopping during the alloted time. In this step, teacher explains about how they will write about one topic.
2. State the topic. The teacher explains to the students abut what that will they write.
3. Time the students as they write. (it may help to give them an extra minutes). Students are informed by teacher how long time they have to do their activities.
4. Students may keep the paper in their journal, or you may collect them to use in assesing your lesson. Their result in writing can be collected to the teacher in order to get score from the teacher.
5 So, the steps of Quick writes here is started by explaining about rules in Quick Writes, then continued by state the topic that will be written by students.
After that, tell the students how long they have time to write and finally they can collect their writing when the time is over in order to ge assesment from their teacher.
Advantages of Quick Write Strategy Every strategy always has strength, weakness and also advantages.
According to Bowers and Keisler (2011) the advantages of quick write strategy are;
firstly, this strategy helps students to think clearly about the topic. Secondly, students have more respect with time that they have. And students can solve their difficulties by their own way. The last is students are trained to have coorporation to check something.
DISCUSSION
The teacher usually uses some strategies in teaching students in class. It has the purposes to helps students to understand about what they are learning.
The strategy should be matched with condition and level of students. Here, the writers will discuss about teaching writing by combining Frayer Model and Quick Write strategies. The writer uses steps that proposed by Clark (2007) and Crawford et.al (2005:27). There are ten steps that can be applied by teacher in the classroom, are: 1. Teacher asks the students to prepare the stationery like pencil, pen, eraser, ruler, book. 2. Teacher tells the students to write very briefly about a topic that teacher will ask them.
Students write without stopping during the alloted time. In this step, teacher explains about how they will write about one topic.
3. Teacher explains about the material and Teacher gives graphic of Frayer Model and asks the students to draw the grapick
on paper .4. Teacher and students discuss the material by using frayer model with the component, by using the picture of brainstorming as a sample.
Example :
5.Teacher explains why they are example and non-example and then discuss the chart of frayer model. 6. Teacher asks the students to find example and non example of the concept be sides gived by teacher and explain why they are non-example.
Discuss the example and non-example at length. Encourage students to generate their own example and non-example, and allow them to discuss their findings with the class. After that ask the students to work in pairs to complete a frayer model graphic organizer. 7. Teacher asks the students to write down the draft into a
A young man from indonesian, his name is Ahmad Al-Ghazali Kholer. His father is ahmad Dhani and mother is Maia
Erstianty. Singing
beggar
Athlete
He is an actress
populer in music world.
musicians
Handsome
Skin white
Tall
Diligent
populer Al-
Ghaza defenition
Example Non - example characteristic worde
6 good descriptive text without stop during 7 minutes. 8. Teaher collects their work and ask some questions to students related to topic.
CONCLUSIONS
Writing is a tool to communicate and also to transfer ideas to someone else indirectly. In learning process, writing is very important, but as we know that for students it is not an easy activity.
Sometimes, students have problem to express their ideas, feelings and opinions.
In other word, students have many difficulties to explore and develop their ideas become a paragraph in a good written form, that causes them having limited grammatically, limited vocabulary, spelling and also limited background knowledge. Besides, they do not know what a good strategy that will be used to write. In learning process the teacher also does not have an inappropriate strategy that causes students feel boring, they do not understand about what will be written in writing process, and teachers cannot transfer the knowledge to the students.
Because of that, to solve the problem, teacher should use the appropriate strategy in the teaching learning process, and in this paper the writer uses two strategies that will be combined to help the teachers getting a better result.
Teaching writing is a process where teacher is suggested to give the benefit to the students by transferring knowledge to create something with clear instruction to develop ideas in order to make a good writing into a good written form. In this paper, writer has been combining two strategies to solve and minimize the problem those are Frayer strategy with Quick Write strategy.
Frayer Model strategy is one of many strategies that can be used in teaching writing. Frayer Model strategy
required students to imagine and more creative to explore their idea in writing assignment. Although they are free to choose the specific topic, but here teachers must control and lead their students that their work should be related with the general topic that was given by teacher.
Then, Quick Write strategy is the one of strategies which is used in teaching writing. Quick Write is an essay strategy to make a paragraph or essay and have feedback of the topic that is given by teacher, this strategy will help students easier to make a writing assignment especially in write a paragraph because students choose the topic, they know about the reasons and they will give the explanation, then they develop the idea into a paragraph. Finally, by combining these strategies, the writer expects the problem that be faced by students can be minimized.
Suggestion
Based on the conclusion above, the writer gives suggestion as follow:
Firstly, as a good teacher, she or he should have an interesting strategy in teaching and learning process. It means that the teacher has to avoid the monotonous strategy while delivering the lesson.
Combining strategies is one of the best ways to avoid it. Then, teacher must always have creativity and also gives the motivation to the students to make them feel happy, not boring and students will be enthusiasm during teaching learning process in the class. After that, writer suggests the English teacher to use the combination strategy of Frayer Model and Quick Write strategies in teaching writing.
When teacher uses this combination, teachers must understand with both of strategies before applies this strategy in the process of teaching, because the function of these strategies will never be
7 found, if teacher does not understand about the strategies. Through these strategies, teacher can help students to solve and minimize their difficulties in writing activity, and these strategies can help teacher to lead students during the teaching learning process in the class.
Finally, the students ought to realize that writing is not a simple activity to do. So, they have to increase their ability in writing by expressing their thought, opinion, feeling and ideas into written form.
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