Geospatial monitoring and modeling system

The exercises in this section explore the IDRISI Image Processing toolset found in the TerrSet system. Data for the exercises in this section are in the \TerrSet Tutorial\Using TerrSet folder.

THE TERRSET SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT 9

The Status and Tool Bars

THE TERRSET SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT 10

S Click the length measurement icon near the middle of the top icons, represented by a ruler. Click the Measure Zone icon located to the right of the Measure Length icon.

Menu Organization

THE TERRSET SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT 11

For output file name boxes, the drop-down button lets you direct the output to a folder other than the working directory. The automatic display of analytical results is an optional feature of the System Settings of the User Preferences dialog box (under the File menu).

Composer and Navigation

Alternative Graphic Displays

Housekeeping

DISPLAY: LAYERS AND GROUP FILES 14

EXERCISE 1-2

DISPLAY: LAYERS AND GROUP FILES

Displaying Map Layers

DISPLAY: LAYERS AND GROUP FILES 15

To confirm that both layers are indeed there, click the check mark next to the SIERRANDVI layer in the Composer dialog. With the identification tool still on, first click on the SIERRANDVI file name on Composer (to select it for querying) and then click on a range of cells with the cursor.

Group Files

DISPLAY: LAYERS AND GROUP FILES 17 Raster Layer Groups

To create a raster group file, we will select the necessary files and then right-click to create this file. Rename the raster group file in SIERRA by right-clicking the RASTER GROUP.RGF file name and selecting Rename.

Displaying Map Layers with TerrSet Explorer

DISPLAY: LAYER INTERACTION EFFECTS 19

EXERCISE 1-3

DISPLAY: LAYER INTERACTION EFFECTS

Blends

DISPLAY: LAYER INTERACTION EFFECTS 20

The reason for this is that the color from SIERRADEM has now merged with the contour color as well. Note the change in the legend and the relationship between color classes and outlines.

Transparency

DISPLAY: LAYER INTERACTION EFFECTS 21

But since we want to add it to our composition, you need to remove the automatically displayed result. Make sure the LAKES layer is highlighted in Composer, then click the little buttons to the right above Add Layer.

Composites

DISPLAY: LAYER INTERACTION EFFECTS 22

This has the effect of saturating the brightest areas (ie assigning a range of scene brightnesses to the same screen brightness), with the positive impact that the available screen brightnesses are now much more beneficially distributed across the main group of scene brightnesses. However, note that the data values are not changed by this procedure (since you used the second option for the output type – to create the 24-bit composition using original values with stretched saturation points).

Anaglyphs

DISPLAY: LAYER INTERACTION EFFECTS 23

Then click the Cyan button in the group above Add Layers (cyan is the light blue color, also known as aquamarine). Then try turning the glasses over so the red lens is over the right eye.

DISPLAY: SURFACES—FLY THROUGH AND ILLUMINATION 24

EXERCISE 1-4

DISPLAY: SURFACES—FLY THROUGH AND ILLUMINATION

Fly Through

DISPLAY: SURFACES—FLY THROUGH AND ILLUMINATION 25

You may want to maximize the Fly Through screen window, but be aware that it will take a few moments. If you click on the main TerrSet window, the Fly Through screen can slide behind the TerrSet.

DISPLAY: SURFACES—FLY THROUGH AND ILLUMINATION 26

Illuminate

DISPLAY: NAVIGATING MAP QUERY 27

EXERCISE 1-5

DISPLAY: NAVIGATING MAP QUERY

The Identify Tool

DISPLAY: NAVIGATING MAP QUERY 28

E Now, with the Identify tool selected, click anywhere in the map composition to see the pixel value across all the bands. Click the View as Graph checkbox at the bottom of the Identify box to change the display to graph mode and then click around in the map assembly containing the 6 images.

DISPLAY: NAVIGATING MAP QUERY 29

Group Linked Zoom

DISPLAY: NAVIGATING MAP QUERY 30

To explore this, click the Zoom Window icon and then move your mouse over one of your images. Finally, click the Full Extent Normal icon in the toolbar (or press the Home key).

Placemarks

DISPLAY: NAVIGATING MAP QUERY 31

TerrSet allows you to store up to 10 map composite locations, where a composite consists of a single map window with one or more layers. However, for now it is simply necessary to acknowledge that placemarks will be lost if a map window is removed from the screen without saving the composition, and that placemarks apply to the composition and not to the individual map layer itself.

MAP COMPOSITION 32

EXERCISE 1-6

MAP COMPOSITION

Map Components

MAP COMPOSITION 33 Scale Bar

A graphic insert can be either a Windows Metafile (.wmf), an Enhanced Windows Metafile (.emf), or a Windows Bitmap (.bmp) file. However, when only vector layers are involved, the layer frame background will be apparent where no feature is present.

MAP COMPOSITION 34

Building the Composition

Modifying the Composition

MAP COMPOSITION 35

Double-click the inset and move it so that its lower right corner is in the lower right corner of the map window, allowing a small margin equal to that between the layer frame and the map window. In the Map Window, click the Background Color box to bring up the color selection dialog.

MAP COMPOSITION 36

Saving and Printing the Composition

MAP COMPOSITION 37

You should always work with True Type fonts if you plan to print your card. Non-True Type fonts cannot be rotated properly (or at all) by Windows (even on screen).

PALETTES, SYMBOLS AND CREATING TEXT LAYERS 38

EXERCISE 1-7

PALETTES, SYMBOLS AND CREATING TEXT LAYERS

Creating Palettes for Raster Layers

PALETTES, SYMBOLS AND CREATING TEXT LAYERS 39

You'll notice that DISPLAY Launcher automatically detects that there is a palette with the same name as the image to be displayed, and therefore assumes that you want to use it.

Creating Symbol Files for Vector Layers

Digitizing Text Layers

PALETTES, SYMBOLS AND CREATING TEXT LAYERS 40
DATA STRUCTURES AND SCALING 43

Now go to the center of the northernmost province and click the left mouse button. Then move the cursor to the center of Shewa Province and click the left mouse button.

EXERCISE 1-8

DATA STRUCTURES AND SCALING

DATABASE WORKSHOP: WORKING WITH VECTOR LAYERS 49

Given that the palette ranges from 0-255, the dark appearance of the image is not surprising. For example, a polygon with two holes will list three parts - the main polygon followed by two holes.

EXERCISE 1-9

DATABASE WORKSHOP: WORKING WITH VECTOR LAYERS

DATABASE WORKSHOP: ANALYSIS AND SQL 53

In this case the spatial definition of the cities in the state of Massachusetts, MASSTOWNS. The new vector file reference parameters are taken from the vector file listed in the link file.

EXERCISE 1-10

DATABASE WORKSHOP: ANALYSIS AND SQL

Filter

DATABASE WORKSHOP: ANALYSIS AND SQL 54

But if you wanted the result to contain only a subset of fields, they could be listed here, separated by commas.2 The from clause is already understood as the current table. Also note that the table contains only those entries that satisfy the condition (ie the red polygons).

Calculate

DATABASE WORKSHOP: ANALYSIS AND SQL 55

H Save the database and then make sure the table cursor (ie the selected cell) is in any cell within the POPCH80_00 field. Then click the Display icon on the Database Workshop toolbar to view the result map.

Advanced SQL

Then click OK and indicate, when prompted, that you do want to edit the database.

Challenge

DATABASE WORKSHOP: CREATING TEXT LAYERS/LAYER VISIBILITY 56

EXERCISE 1-11

DATABASE WORKSHOP: CREATING TEXT LAYERS / LAYER VISIBILITY

Exporting Text Layers

DATABASE WORKSHOP: CREATING TEXT LAYERS/LAYER VISIBILITY 57

Notice how the size of the text increases in direct proportion to the change in scale.

Layer Visibility

IDRISI GIS ANALYSIS 58

TUTORIAL 2 -

IDRISI GIS ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTORY GIS EXERCISES

IDRISI GIS ANALYSIS 59

ADVANCED GIS EXERCISES

CARTOGRAPHIC MODELING 60

EXERCISE 2-1

CARTOGRAPHIC MODELING

CARTOGRAPHIC MODELING 61

Starting with a raster height model called ELEVATION, the SLOPE module is used to produce the raster output image called SLOPES. These images of all slope values are used with the RECLASS module to create the final image, HIGH SLOPES, which shows the areas with slope values greater than 20 degrees.

DATABASE QUERY 62

EXERCISE 2-2

DATABASE QUERY

DATABASE QUERY 63
DATABASE QUERY 64
DATABASE QUERY 65
DATABASE QUERY 66
DATABASE QUERY 67
DATABASE QUERY 68
DATABASE QUERY 69
DATABASE QUERY 70
DATABASE QUERY 71
DATABASE QUERY 72

The simplest form of an attribute value file in TerrSet is an ASCII text file with two columns of data (separated by one or more spaces).4 The left column lists existing image "features" (using feature ID numbers in integer format). We want all areas in the image DSOILS with the value 2 to be assigned the new value 1 and all other areas to be assigned 0.

Using Macro Modeler with this Exercise

DATABASE QUERY 73

Also note that the AREA module does not provide tabular output in Macro Modeler. For more information on Macro Modeler, see the TerrSet Modeling Tools chapter in the TerrSet manual, as well as the on-line entry to the Macro Modeler Help System.

Using Image Calculator with this Exercise

DATABASE QUERY 74

Also note that in developing our model, it is much easier to identify errors in the process if we execute each individual step with the relevant module and examine each result. Because of this, we will often choose to use individual modules or the Macro Modeler rather than Image Calculator in the rest of the tutorial.

DISTANCE AND CONTEXT OPERATORS 75

EXERCISE 2-3

DISTANCE AND CONTEXT OPERATORS

DISTANCE AND CONTEXT OPERATORS 76

A To familiarize yourself with the study area, run ORTHO from the Display menu with RELIEF as the surface image and LANDUSE as the drape image. As you can see, the study area is dominated by deciduous forest and is characterized by a rather hilly topography.

The Slope Criterion

DISTANCE AND CONTEXT OPERATORS 77

Right-click the input box for the .rcl file in the RECLASS Module Parameters dialog box. Click OK and notice that the file you just created is now listed as the .rcl file to use in the RECLASS Module Parameters dialog box.

The Reservoir Buffer Criterion

DISTANCE AND CONTEXT OPERATORS 79

The RESERVOARS figure defines the features from which distances should be measured when creating a buffer zone. Specify a value of 0 for the target area, 0 for the buffer zone, and 1 for areas outside the buffer zone.

The Land Use Criterion

Combining the Three Boolean Criteria

DISTANCE AND CONTEXT OPERATORS 81

To do this, you need to combine two images to create a temporary image, then combine the third with that temporary image to get the final result.3 Call this final result COMBINED. Draw the cartographic model illustrating the steps taken to produce COMBINED based on the three Boolean criteria images.

The Minimum Plot Size Criterion

DISTANCE AND CONTEXT OPERATORS 82

To do so, add an OVERLAY command to the model to multiply BIGAREAS and COMBINED. Again, you may wish to link the COMBINED layer that is already in the model, or you may place another COMBINED symbol in the model.

EXPLORING THE POWER OF MACRO MODELER 84

EXERCISE 2-4

EXPLORING THE POWER OF MACRO MODELER

Using the Modeler to Explore “What If” Scenarios

EXPLORING THE POWER OF MACRO MODELER 85

C Now change the name of the final output to SUITABLE2-4a (remember that this can be done by right-clicking on the output layer symbol).

SubModels

EXPLORING THE POWER OF MACRO MODELER 86

E Click the LANDUSE91 symbol to select it and click the Display icon on the Macro Modeler toolbar. The WESTRES values file simply contains a single line of data specifying that class 5 (lakes) will be assigned the value 1 to indicate that they are the reservoirs (almost all the lakes here are actually reservoirs).

DynaLinks and Dynamic Modeling

EXPLORING THE POWER OF MACRO MODELER 87

At the first iteration, RESIDENTIAL91 is one of the input maps and is used for the production of NEW RESID_1 and GROWTH_1. So before the second iteration starts, NEW RESID_1 is replaced by RESIDENTIAL91 and becomes an input for the creation of NEW RESID_2 and GROWTH_2.

Batch Processing Using DynaGroups

EXPLORING THE POWER OF MACRO MODELER 88

Then select your MADNDVI array file and connect it as input to the first SCALAR operation (use the standard Connect tool for this). Finally, it will also produce a raster array file using the specified prefix (NEW).

EXPLORING THE POWER OF MACRO MODELER 89

Optional: Automating Analyses with Macros

EXPLORING THE POWER OF MACRO MODELER 90
COST DISTANCE AND LEAST-COST PATHWAYS 94

The desired threshold value can then be entered in the Run Macro dialog box in the Macro Parameters input box. We will modify the macro to extract both the slope threshold and the output filename from the Macro parameters input box.

EXERCISE 2-5

COST DISTANCE AND LEAST-COST PATHWAYS

MAP ALGEBRA 101

To calculate the cheapest route from the factory to the existing power line, we need to provide the PATHWAY module with the cost distance surface we just created and a grid representation of the existing power line. We also converted the raster output image of the new streamline to vector format for display purposes using the LINEVEC module.

EXERCISE 2-6

MAP ALGEBRA

MAP ALGEBRA 102
MAP ALGEBRA 103
MAP ALGEBRA 104
MAP ALGEBRA 105
MAP ALGEBRA 106
MAP ALGEBRA 107
MAP ALGEBRA 108
MAP ALGEBRA 109

In the introduction to the problem, moisture availability was defined as the ratio of precipitation to potential evaporation. From the first look at the numbers, we can see the nature of the relationship – the higher the station, the lower the average annual temperature.

Optional Problem

MCE: CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT AND THE BOOLEAN APPROACH 110

EXERCISE 2-7

MCE: CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT AND THE BOOLEAN APPROACH

MCE: CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT AND THE BOOLEAN APPROACH 111

As you can see, the city of Westborough and its immediate surroundings are quite diverse. Finally, the City of Westborough has already implemented some specific regulations that limit the amount of land available for development.

Original Data and Criteria Development

MCE: CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT AND THE BOOLEAN APPROACH 112 Constraints

When the constraints are multiplied by the suitability map, restricted areas are masked (that is, set to 0), while non-restricted areas retain their suitability scores. Already developed areas, water bodies and major transport corridors cannot be considered suitable to any extent.

MCE: CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT AND THE BOOLEAN APPROACH 113 Factors

MCE: CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT AND THE BOOLEAN APPROACH 114

The Boolean Approach

MCE: CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT AND THE BOOLEAN APPROACH 115
MCE: CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT AND THE BOOLEAN APPROACH 117 Assessing the Boolean Approach
MCE: NON-BOOLEAN STANDARDIZATION AND WEIGHTED LINEAR COMBINATION 119

At the other end of the risk continuum is the Boolean OR (maximum) aggregation method. The Boolean multicriteria result shows all locations that are suitable given the criteria developed above.

EXERCISE 2-8

MCE: NON-BOOLEAN STANDARDIZATION AND WEIGHTED LINEAR COMBINATION

MCE: NON-BOOLEAN STANDARDIZATION AND WEIGHTED LINEAR COMBINATION 120

The next step is to create the six factor maps that will determine which areas are suitable for housing development. The six images used in the previous exercise to create the Boolean factor images will be standardized to continuous factors using the FUZZY module.

Standardization of Factors to a Continuous Scale

This module transforms a cost distance surface using roads as the source image and a friction image of road types to derive a relative travel time image to the city center. Choose real as the output data format and monotonically increasing as the shape of the membership function.

Weighting Factors for Aggregation

MCE: NON-BOOLEAN STANDARDIZATION AND WEIGHTED LINEAR COMBINATION 125

The weights derived from the pairwise comparison matrix are displayed in the module results box. You can return to WEIGHT later to explore the effect of changing any pairwise comparison.).

MCE: NON-BOOLEAN STANDARDIZATION AND WEIGHTED LINEAR COMBINATION 126

Aggregating Weighted Factors and Constraints using WLC

MCE: NON-BOOLEAN STANDARDIZATION AND WEIGHTED LINEAR COMBINATION 127

Values are interpreted faster if you select the View as Graph option in the Identify box, select Relative Scaling.3. We will continue to explore location selection methods related to continuous suitability images in the next exercise.

Assessing the WLC Approach

MCE: NON-BOOLEAN STANDARDIZATION AND WEIGHTED LINEAR COMBINATION 128

It allows continuous standardization of criteria, while maintaining important information about suitability levels. It also enables different weighting of criteria and their mutual trading.

MCE: ORDERED WEIGHTED AVERAGING 129

EXERCISE 2-9

MCE: ORDERED WEIGHTED AVERAGING

Average Risk and Full Tradeoff

MCE: ORDERED WEIGHTED AVERAGING 131

These results, like those from WLC, pose a problem for site selection, as in our case. In the rest of this exercise, we will explore the result of changing order weights in the MCE-OWA process.

Low Risk and No Tradeoff

MCE: ORDERED WEIGHTED AVERAGING 132

You can view all factors in the same canvas and further explore the values of all factors for a minimum risk score. When it's done, use the Identify tool to explore the values in the image.

Varying Levels of Risk and Tradeoff

MCE: ORDERED WEIGHTED AVERAGING 134

They will then want to develop a set of order weights that would allow them to compromise some but maintain a low level of risk in the solution. In addition, these order weights determine the trade-off level midway between the no-trade-off state of the AND operation and the full-trade-off state of the WLC.

Grouping Factors According to Tradeoff

MCE: ORDERED WEIGHTED AVERAGING 137

For the second set of factors, which are relevant to environmental considerations, we will use an OWA procedure that produces a low-risk outcome without compromise (i.e. the order weights are 1 for the first rank and 0 for the second). We assume that our city planners are not willing to give more weight to the developers' or environmentalists' factors; the factor weights are the same.

MCE: SITE SELECTION USING BOOLEAN AND CONTINUOUS RESULTS 139

EXERCISE 2-10

MCE: SITE SELECTION USING BOOLEAN AND CONTINUOUS RESULTS

Site Selection using the Boolean Result

Site Selection using Continuous Suitability Images

MCE: SITE SELECTION USING BOOLEAN AND CONTINUOUS RESULTS 141

Let's assume that another post-aggregation constraint must also be applied here, namely that a suitable site must be 20 hectares or larger. D Given the post-aggregation restrictions of both a suitability threshold of 0.75 and a site size of 20 hectares or more, there are clearly no suitable locations for residential development.

Using Macros for Iterative Analysis

MCE: SITE SELECTION USING BOOLEAN AND CONTINUOUS RESULTS 142

The other card is named by the user each time the macro is run (see below). Click Run Macro and wait while the macro runs several TerrSet modules to produce the result.

Specifying a Total Area Threshold

MCE: MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES 145

EXERCISE 2-11

MCE: MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES

MCE: MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES 146

Enter BEST1600RESID as the first image, BEST600INDUST as the second image, and choose to create a cross-classification image called CONFLICT. Select multiple objectives as the assignment type and select use area requirements for the assignment.

MCE: MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES 147

MCE: CONFLICT RESOLUTION OF COMPETING OBJECTIVES 148

EXERCISE 2-12

MCE: CONFLICT RESOLUTION OF COMPETING OBJECTIVES

The Kathmandu Valley Case Study

MCE: CONFLICT RESOLUTION OF COMPETING OBJECTIVES 149

In recent years, considerable concern has been expressed about the expansion of the carpet industry. The focus of this exercise is the development of a planning map for the Kathmandu Valley, which covers 1500 hectares outside the.

The Multi-Criteria Evaluation for the Carpet Industry

MCE: CONFLICT RESOLUTION OF COMPETING OBJECTIVES 152

Perhaps more importantly, however, commercial transactions often take place within the city and most exports are shipped from Kathmandu Airport. Current government policy refuses permission for the development of new factories within the ring road that surrounds Kathmandu.

Creating the Criterion Maps

MCE: CONFLICT RESOLUTION OF COMPETING OBJECTIVES 154

Then run ASSIGN and use KVLANDU as the function definition image, TMPLAND as the attribute value file, and LANDCON as the output file. Enter KVRIVERS as the vector line file and enter KVRIVERS as the image file you want to update.

Weighting the Criteria

MCE: CONFLICT RESOLUTION OF COMPETING OBJECTIVES 157

Ratings are then given for all cells in the lower triangular half of the matrix. In this case, the value of -3.39 associated with the assessment of proximity to power factor (POWERFAC) in relation to proximity to water factor (WATERFAC) is the largest.

The Multi-Criteria Evaluation for Agriculture

MCE: CONFLICT RESOLUTION OF COMPETING OBJECTIVES 161

Next, run ASSIGN and use KVLANDC as the feature definition image to create the TMPSOIL output image using TMPVAL as the reassignment attribute value file. For the output image parameters, select real as the output data type and specify the minimum and maximum value as 0.0 and 1.

Solving the Single-Objective Problems

A Solution for Conflicting Objectives

Conclusions

MCE: CONFLICT RESOLUTION OF COMPETING OBJECTIVES 164

The approach illustrated in this exercise provides both immediate intuitive appeal and a strong mathematical foundation. The logic is easy to understand as the procedure offers an excellent tool for discussion of the identified criteria and objectives and their relative strengths and weaknesses.

SPATIAL DECISION MODLER (SDM) 165

EXERCISE 2-13

SPATIAL DECISION MODELER (SDM)

SPATIAL DECISION MODLER (SDM) 166
WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE MODELING WITH BELIEF 173

Right-click on the MCE operator and set the aggregation operation as Average Decision Risk / No Compensation. Right-click the MOLA operator and select to force consecutive partitions and set the number of clusters to 4.

EXERCISE 2-14

WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE MODELING WITH BELIEF

WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE MODELING WITH BELIEF 174

SHARD_SITE: probability image in support of [site] hypothesis, derived from shard count frequency SLOPE_NONSITE: probability image in support of [nonsite] hypothesis, derived from slopes. This is because it is often the case that the clearest and strongest evidence we have only supports the denial of the disturbance hypothesis.

Creating Probability Images from the Evidence

Steep slopes, on the other hand, indicate a high probability that a location is NOT a site, so such slopes support the [non-location] hypothesis. Our knowledge about a hypothesis is greatest when the support for the hypothesis from the evidence is indistinguishable from the support for other hypotheses.

34;Permanent Water"

WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE MODELING WITH BELIEF 175

C Run the DISTANCE module from the GIS Analysis menu on the WATER image and call the result WATERDIST. Enter SITES as the input vector file and SITES as the image to be updated.

WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE MODELING WITH BELIEF 176

Aggregating Different Lines of Evidence

WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE MODELING WITH BELIEF 177

To do this, we need to display the required files in the same canvas. Each search reports the cell values for all three images in the Identify box to the right of your map canvas.

WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE MODELING WITH BELIEF 178

Conclusion

DATABASE UNCERTAINTY AND DECISION RISK 179

EXERCISE 2-15

DATABASE UNCERTAINTY AND DECISION RISK

DATABASE UNCERTAINTY AND DECISION RISK 180

Incorporating Uncertainty in the Database

DATABASE UNCERTAINTY AND DECISION RISK 181

Although a more detailed estimate would be possible for heights less than 1 meter, to err on the conservative side, we will apply an RMS of 0.30 meters across all heights.

Simulating the New Sea Level

DATABASE UNCERTAINTY AND DECISION RISK 182

This exercise shows how easy it can be to work with measurement errors and their propagation in the decision rule. By knowing the quality of the data, the decision maker can look at the entire surface of the decision risk and make judgments and choices about that risk.

EXERCISE 2-16

MULTIPLE REGRESSION AND GIS

One of the findings from the analysis was price transmission values from the central market to the local markets. We will extract point data based on markets for each of the four variables (price transmission, cost distance, oxen ownership and average rainfall).

Multiple Regression Results

The coefficients indicate the effects of each of the independent variables on the dependent variable. R squared represents the amount of variability in the dependent variable explained by all the independent variables.

DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLES AND LOGISTIC REGRESSION 188

EXERCISE 2-17

DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLES AND LOGISTIC REGRESSION

DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLES AND LOGISTIC REGRESSION 189

We want to create a new picture that represents those areas that were forested in 1971, but were not in 1985. In the resulting figure, the value 1 represents those areas that changed from forest to another type of cover in 1971-1985.

Creating Images for the Independent Variables

DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLES AND LOGISTIC REGRESSION 190

Note that the regression result can be used to make new predictions in the time series if we have independent variables for new time periods. Therefore, we will assume that they remained unchanged, so we will use ROADDIST and STREAMDIST images of the same distance for the new prediction.

DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLES AND LOGISTIC REGRESSION 191

GEOSTATISTICS 192

EXERCISE 2-18

GEOSTATISTICS

GEOSTATISTICS 193
Spatial Dependence Modeler
GEOSTATISTICS 194
GEOSTATISTICS 195
GEOSTATISTICS 196
GEOSTATISTICS 197
GEOSTATISTICS 198

Finally, click on cancel omnidirectional in the lower right of the dialog box. K From the Series options of the Spatial Dependence Modeler dialog, select the 95º series, then press the Save button.