Today, Indonesia's maritime and fisheries sector is facing unprecedented pressures and challenges. The climate crisis and unsustainable activities in Indonesia's maritime and fishing sectors have brought the ocean into troubled waters. Production from wild fisheries in inland and marine waters accounts for 57 percent of Indonesia's total seafood production.
The Indonesian fishing fleet is dominated by small-scale fishermen, who represent 96 percent of the total number of vessels (KKP 2019g). Significantly less than 20 percent of Indonesia's MPAs are covered by essential ecosystems such as mangrove forests, seagrass meadows and coral reefs.
INTRODUCTION
With the world's second longest coastline and vast marine waters, Indonesia has one of the most fertile fishing grounds in the world. Indonesia's mangrove forest area is the largest in the world - 18 percent of the world's total. Strategically located at the center of major maritime trade routes and connecting two oceans, Indonesia's seas connect countries and continents.
For example, domestic investment in the food crop and plantation sector reached Rp 43 trillion in 2019. This section provides a brief description of Indonesian politics and governance in the context of marine issues.
SITUATIONAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT
- SDG 14.2: “By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to
- SDG 14.4: “By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and overfishing, illegal,
- SDG 14.5: “By 2020, conserve at least 10 percent of coastal and marine areas.”
- SDG 13.1: “Strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity from natural and climate-
- SDG 13.2: “Increasing capacity of
- SDG 13: “Increasing public awareness and efforts about climate adaptation and
Support the development of the aquaculture sector to increase exports by increasing the quality of marine and fisheries research. In 2021, the government submitted an updated version of the national climate commitment to the UN with the same overall emission targets (emission reduction by 29 percent in 2030 and 41 percent with international assistance). Ongoing issues in the maritime sector Latest policies and regulations from the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries.
And it is feared that other changes could endanger the sustainability of the sea and fishing sector. For example, two organizations are authorized to act as enforcement agents for all waters – the Indonesian Maritime Safety Agency (Badan Keamanan Laut Republic Indonesia/BAKAMLA) under Law (UU) no.
TRENDS IN WILD-
CAPTURE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
Indonesia is the second largest producer of wild catch and aquaculture in the world (after China), but its importance is not reflected in the economic performance of the sector. KKP's inability to meet its export targets in 2018 and 2019 reflected the decline in prices of several key commodities, particularly shrimp, which accounted for the largest share of the value of exports (34 percent) (Business 2019). Another problem with snapper and grouper fisheries is that both are recorded together as "other fish" (500,384 t in 2014), so trade in individual species cannot be monitored.
The second most important fishery commodity is tuna, which accounts for 22 percent of the total value of fisheries exports. Accurate and timely information on stock status and fishing effort is needed to protect the long-term viability of the sector. Indonesia's WPPs fall within parts of two areas designated as major fishing grounds by FAO (57—Eastern Indian Ocean; . and 71—Western and Central Pacific Oceans).
However, Indonesia's fishing fleet is dominated by small-scale fishing, with 96 percent of the fleet consisting of non-motorized vessels, onboard motor vessels and vessels below 10 GT (Figure 3.6). There is a lack of comprehensive data on fishing vessels and this is probably the result of the large number of unregistered vessels. The degradation of fish stocks will potentially limit the contribution of the fisheries sector to food security and protein intake in Indonesia (Bene et al. 2007).
Women represent 42 percent of the sector's workforce and 74 percent of the workforce in the aquaculture sub-sector (Table 3.5). The lack of recognition of the key role women play in the fisheries sector prevents more from participating and accessing government financial support. However, cultivation in WPP 717 ended in 2014 due to the low capacity of local communities, conflict between investors and local communities, and seaweed disease (ice-ice disease).
AQUACULTURE CASE STUDIES
Note: There is a large gap between reported seaweed production and the sum of seaweed exports and domestic consumption, leaving more than 60 percent of reported seaweed production unidentified. Indonesia aims to reduce 75 percent of its plastic waste in the ocean by 2025 (Presidential Regulation 83/2018). Most of the growth was due to the fourfold increase in production volume of Litopenaeus vannamei, which is preferred because it grows quickly and at a higher density.
Together they account for more than 90 percent of production in both volume and value. In the early 2000s, the Indonesian government passed a decree legalizing the importation of Litopenaeus vannamei. The largest export market in the world is the United States, which mainly imports Litopenaeus vannamei (Figure 4.3).
Indonesia has been one of the main exporters of Litopenaeus vannamei to the United States for nearly a decade, second only to India in 2013–18.7 Japan is the second largest importer of Indonesian shrimp, mainly Penaeus monodon. Together, the United States, Japan and the European Union account for 90 percent of Indonesia's shrimp export market. Value-added products such as ready-made shrimp products increased from 3 percent of the export market in 2011 to 21 percent in 2018.
As the insurance program is still new, the consortium is assisted and led by a working group consisting of the General Directorate of Aquaculture in KKP, the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan/OJK), the Indonesian General Insurance Association (Asosiasi Asuransi Umum Indonesia), and any participating insurance company. The consortium provides insurance to cover diseases and natural disasters and compensates farmers for 50 percent of any losses. In 2019, smallholder aquaculture insurance was subsidized by the government, with 100 percent of the smallholder premium paid through Indonesia's revenue and expenditure budget.
STATUS OF MPAS AND ESSENTIAL
Designation as an MPA is intended to ensure the protection of the marine ecosystem. The first MPAs in Indonesia were established in the 1970s with the establishment of several national marine parks. Note: Due to rounding, the sum of the cells in each column may not match the number in the "Total" row.
23/2014 appears to be a setback for Indonesia's decentralization system, especially in the area of coastal and marine zone management. Furthermore, sustainable management of agriculture must take into account the local context, including the rights and needs of local communities. Due to rounding, the sum of the cells in each column may not equal the number in the "Total" row.
Indonesia's mangrove areas are among the largest in the world and the country has 18 percent of the world's mangroves. Millions of people around the world depend on coral reef ecosystems and benefit from the services they provide. Poor hard coral cover in western Indonesia is in the north of the Nias and Mentawai Islands, while good coral cover is mostly in the Riau Islands.
In central Indonesia, a lower percentage of hard coral cover was found on Lombok (including the Gili Islands), East Nusa Tenggara, and around the Wakatobi and Maros waters, where cover ranged from 3–25 percent. Seagrass beds play an important role in the biological and physical functions of the coastal environment (Tangke 2010). Indonesia has one of the largest seagrass ecosystems in the world (Green and Short 2003) and hosts 13 species of seagrass, the highest number of any country in the Coral Triangle (Green et al. 2007).
THE WAY FORWARD
Implementing a sustainable ocean economy in Indonesia will add economic value to the marine sector and contribute to the long-term protection of the ecosystem. The small contribution of the fishing sector to GDP (2.8 percent in 2021) (BPS 2021) and of the maritime sector (6 percent in 2016) (Bappenas 2019b), which consists of maritime transport, industry, services, tourism and fishing (Bappenas 2019b), implies that there is considerable scope to gain sustainable economic benefits from the marine and fisheries sector. In 2020, the High-Level Panel on a Sustainable Ocean Economy's key commitment to transform to a sustainable ocean economy provided a path to realizing multiple objectives.
Broader political dynamics taking place in Indonesia influence decision-making related to the management of the country's marine resources and fisheries. Fisheries data are of poor quality and there are no accurate catch or effort statistics, as capture fisheries in Indonesia use multiple types of gear that enable them to catch multiple species, population dynamics of target species are mostly unknown, as are vessel catches (Wibisono et al. . 2022). Women represent 42 percent of the sector's workforce and 74 percent of the workforce in the aquaculture subsector.
The lack of recognition of the key role women play in the fishing sector has prevented more women from participating and accessing economic opportunities. Assessing and implementing actions to ensure the long-term sustainable performance of shrimp aquaculture so that it does not endanger the health of the ocean. Shrimp aquaculture is one of the key economic growth areas in Indonesia's aquaculture sector, and shrimp dominates exports.
However, brackish water shrimp aquaculture is one of the biggest drivers of mangrove conversion in Indonesia. None Table A.1 | Regulations revised by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MMA) in December 2020 (continued). In contrast, only 0.1 percent of the KKPD (provincial MPA) of Sea Turtles in Pengumbahan Sukabumi consists of mangroves, seagrasses and coral reefs.
ACRONYMS LIST
Hambatan Pengembangan Kawasan Konservasi Perairan di Indonesia.” Jurnal Urusan Kelautan dan Kelautan Australia. Konservasi Laut Melampaui KKL: Menuju Pengakuan Tindakan Konservasi Berbasis Kawasan Efektif Lainnya (OECM) di Indonesia." Kebijakan Kelautan. Efektivitas Pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi Perairan di Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan.'' Dalam Pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi Perairan di Indonesia : Status dan Tantangan 125–45.
Keanekaragaman Makanan dan Konsumsi Ikan oleh Ibu dan Anak pada Rumah Tangga Nelayan di Kabupaten Komodo, Indonesia Timur." PLOS One. Mengembangkan Definisi Fungsional Perikanan Skala Kecil untuk Mendukung Pengelolaan Perikanan Tangkap Laut di Indonesia." Kebijakan maritim. Status dan Tren Cakupan Ekosistem Laut di Indonesia.” Dalam Pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi Laut di Indonesia: Status dan Tantangan.
Analisis Historis Penyebab Hilangnya dan Degradasi Mangrove di Indonesia." Kebijakan Pertanian 54: 448–59. Direktorat Konservasi Kawasan dan Perikanan, Direktorat Jenderal Laut, Pesisir, dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil: Kementerian Perkapalan dan Perikanan. Kelayakan Budidaya Rumput Laut di Pantai Utara Pulau Simeulue, Provinsi Aceh, Indonesia.” Akuakultur, akuarium, konservasi dan legislasi: Jurnal Internasional Bioflux Society 5: 824–31.
Social and Economic Dimensions of Carrageenan Seaweed Farming in Indonesia. In Social and Economic Dimensions of Carrageenan Seaweed Farming, edited by D. Distribution and Community Structure of Coral Reefs In The West Coast of Sumatra Indonesia. Ilmu Kelautan: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences. A crew-operated data recording system for length-based stock assessment of deep-sea bottom fisheries in Indonesia. PLoS ONE 17(2): e0263646.
ENDNOTES
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